Energy and climate change最新文献_第7页

Perspectives of electrochemical and photocatalytic technologies for the water-energy nexus potential of water splitting of brines 电化学与光催化技术对卤水分解水-能联系电位的研究进展

IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100176

Andrea N. Arias-Sanchez, Kenneth Flores, Han Fu, Thais Betoni, Paul Westerhoff, Sergi Garcia-Segura

The economic, environmental, technological and social development of society are linked with two crucial resources: energy and water. The increasing energy costs and the scarcity of fresh water have caused concern across the globe due to limited access to these resources. Consequently, academia and industry are combining efforts to enhance technological processes, optimize resources, and valorize waste management by improving the water-energy nexus. In this context, brine waters from ocean, brackish groundwater and industrial desalination have been identified as potential waste from which value-added products can be sourced. In this perspective paper, firstly, an overview of the main current treatment methods for brines and their chemical composition is presented. Most processes solely focus on the recovery of water, being over 70 %, with energy consumption from 2 to 100 kWh/m³. The high variability is based upon disposal costs of concentrated brines – with the highest associated with zero liquid discharge (ZLD) plus salt disposal. The salinity, concentration of ions, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of brines differ depending on their respective sources. Second, the water-energy potential nexus of the water splitting of brines was contextualized. The perspective proposed herein is based on the integration of the production of H₂ through water splitting using renewable energy and the subsequent H₂ oxidation in a fuel cell to produce energy (recirculated within the process) and water (for drinking or industrial use). Finally, the prospects of electrochemical and photocatalytic technologies for water splitting of brines are outlined. Reactor designs and the influence of brine composition are considered the main aspects to be compared, identifying important advantages and challenges for a sustainable water-energy nexus in the treatment of brines.

社会的经济、环境、技术和社会发展与两种关键资源：能源和水联系在一起。能源成本的增加和淡水的短缺已经引起了全球的关注，因为这些资源的获取有限。因此，学术界和工业界正在联合努力，通过改善水-能源关系来加强技术进程、优化资源和促进废物管理。在这方面，来自海洋的盐水、微咸地下水和工业脱盐已被确定为可从中获得增值产品的潜在废物。本文首先概述了目前卤水处理的主要方法及其化学成分。大多数工艺只关注水的回收，回收率超过70%，能耗从2到100千瓦时/立方米。高可变性是基于浓缩盐水的处理成本——最高的是零液体排放（ZLD）加盐处理。盐水的盐度、离子浓度和化学需氧量（COD）因其各自的来源而异。其次，分析了盐水水分解的水能关系。本文提出的观点是基于通过使用可再生能源的水分解和随后在燃料电池中氧化H2以产生能量（在该过程中再循环）和水（用于饮用或工业用途）的整合。最后，展望了电化学和光催化技术在卤水分解中的应用前景。反应器设计和卤水成分的影响被认为是要进行比较的主要方面，确定了在卤水处理中可持续水-能源联系的重要优势和挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Macroeconomic effects of achieving Carbon Neutrality in France 在法国实现碳中和的宏观经济效应

IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2025-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100174

Gaël Callonnec , Hervé Gouëdard , Meriem Hamdi-Cherif , Gissela Landa , Paul Malliet , Frédéric Reynès , Aurélien Saussay

In alignment with the Paris Agreement's objectives and the global commitment to limit global warming to +2 °C, France is committed to achieving Carbon Neutrality by 2050. To pave the way towards this ambitious goal, France has drawn up a roadmap known as the National Low-Carbon Strategy (NLCS). This paper aims to assess the macroeconomic impacts of the NLCS scenario. We use a Computable General Equilibrium model to assess the economic impacts of an energy transition scenario aiming for Carbon Neutrality in France by 2050. Our simulations show that climate change policies to reach carbon neutrality, including carbon taxation with full redistribution, could lead to an economic dividend. We find an increase in investments and jobs creations in green industries that are much higher than job destruction in fossil fuel intensive industries and energy sectors. Despite higher prices, demand increases, and GDP is higher than in the reference scenario. Ultimately, the energy transition induces a 3.4 % increase in GDP and a 2.8 % increase in employment compared to the baseline scenario in 2050.

根据《巴黎协定》的目标和将全球变暖限制在2°C以内的全球承诺，法国致力于到2050年实现碳中和。为了实现这一雄心勃勃的目标，法国制定了一份名为“国家低碳战略”（NLCS）的路线图。本文旨在评估低收入国家情景的宏观经济影响。我们使用可计算一般均衡模型来评估能源转型情景的经济影响，目标是到2050年在法国实现碳中和。我们的模拟表明，实现碳中和的气候变化政策，包括全面再分配的碳税，可能会带来经济红利。我们发现，绿色产业的投资和就业创造的增长，远远高于化石燃料密集型产业和能源部门的就业破坏。尽管价格上涨，但需求增加，GDP高于参考情景。最终，与2050年的基线情景相比，能源转型导致GDP增长3.4%，就业增长2.8%。

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引用次数: 0

Incentivizing hydrogen: A perspective review of lifecycle analysis methodology disparities affecting hydrogen incentives in policy frameworks 激励氢：影响政策框架中氢激励的生命周期分析方法差异的视角回顾

IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100172

Santiago Gonzalez Hernandez, Abby Kirchofer

Hydrogen is anticipated to play a pivotal role in decarbonizing the global energy supply chain, and governments worldwide are implementing policies and incentives to foster the adoption of low-carbon hydrogen technologies. However, the divergent lifecycle carbon intensity (CI) calculation methodologies and sustainability requirements at federal and state levels may inadvertently promote certain low-carbon hydrogen technologies over others due to the CI variability arising from the calculation methodologies. This perspective focuses on key sustainable hydrogen technologies favored by industry leaders for commercial deployment. It offers a comprehensive review of the applicability, challenges, and opportunities associated with these technologies under relevant government incentive programs. The study evaluates published lifecycle CI data for hydrogen production methods including low-temperature water electrolysis, high-temperature water electrolysis, biomass gasification, and steam methane reforming of natural gas with carbon capture and sequestration. Methodologies and requirements from prominent programs such as the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS), the US federal clean hydrogen production tax credit (45V), and the EU's renewable energy directive (RED) are compared by the authors. This perspective's analysis contributes valuable insights to the discourse on life cycle assessment (LCA) modeling for low-CI hydrogen. It highlights the discrepancies between key government incentives for hydrogen technologies deemed critical to meeting the world's climate goals.

预计氢将在全球能源供应链的脱碳中发挥关键作用，世界各国政府正在实施政策和激励措施，以促进采用低碳氢技术。然而，不同的生命周期碳强度（CI）计算方法和联邦和州一级的可持续性要求可能会无意中促进某些低碳氢技术，而不是其他技术，因为计算方法引起的CI可变性。这一观点侧重于行业领导者青睐的关键可持续氢技术，以进行商业部署。在相关的政府激励计划下，对这些技术的适用性、挑战和机遇进行了全面的回顾。该研究评估了已发表的产氢方法的生命周期CI数据，包括低温水电解、高温水电解、生物质气化和天然气蒸汽甲烷重整与碳捕获和封存。作者比较了加州低碳燃料标准（LCFS）、美国联邦清洁氢生产税收抵免（45V）和欧盟可再生能源指令（RED）等著名项目的方法和要求。这一观点的分析为低ci氢的生命周期评估（LCA）建模的论述提供了有价值的见解。它凸显了各国政府对氢技术的主要激励措施之间的差异，这些激励措施被认为对实现世界气候目标至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

A defossilised EU petrochemical production system: Consequences for the meta-cluster in the Antwerp-Rotterdam-Rhine-Ruhr Area 非石化的欧盟石化生产系统：对安特卫普-鹿特丹-莱茵-鲁尔地区元集群的影响

IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2024-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100173

Clemens Schneider , Max Åhman , Stefan Lechtenböhmer , Mathieu Saurat

Today's petrochemical industry relies on fossil hydrocarbons, not only for energy purposes but also as feedstock. This use of fossil materials is being challenged by the European Union's target to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. The most affected region in Europe is the cross-border region between Antwerp, Rotterdam and the Rhine-Ruhr area in western Germany, an interconnected petrochemical meta-cluster. Although several defossilisation scenarios for petrochemicals have been developed both at the EU level and for single countries, the effect that an EU-wide transition from fossil to non-fossil feedstock would have on technology routes, feedstock alternatives and final product shares, as well as the resulting locational and geographical consequences are not yet understood. To fill this gap, the paper presents a scenario where the European petrochemical industry transitions away from fossil by 2050 and analyses how the energy supply and the defossilisation of carbon supply will change this industry. With this scenario as a backdrop, a zoom-in shows how the Antwerp-Rotterdam-Rhine-Ruhr Area might evolve technically and spatially. To this end, a techno-economic bottom-up model is employed that derives cost-optimal pathways towards defossilised petrochemical production networks. The analysis shows that a scenario for petrochemicals that achieves full non-fossil feedstock use in the EU by 2050 is very likely to be associated with a significant change not only in the feedstock base but also in the production technologies. The meta-cluster will face major challenges as its current strength in specialty polymers might suffer from cost increases for aromatics and the high energy intensity of the respective polymerisation steps. This requires specific strategies in regard to feedstock and energy supply as well as infrastructure.

今天的石化工业依赖于化石碳氢化合物，不仅用于能源目的，而且作为原料。这种对化石材料的使用正受到欧盟到2050年实现气候中和目标的挑战。欧洲受影响最严重的地区是安特卫普、鹿特丹和德国西部莱茵-鲁尔地区之间的跨境地区，这是一个相互关联的石化元集群。尽管在欧盟层面和单个国家已经开发了几种石化产品的去化石化方案，但欧盟范围内从化石原料到非化石原料的过渡对技术路线、原料替代品和最终产品份额的影响，以及由此产生的位置和地理后果尚不清楚。为了填补这一空白，本文提出了到2050年欧洲石化行业从化石燃料过渡的情景，并分析了能源供应和碳供应的非化石化将如何改变该行业。以这一场景为背景，放大图展示了安特卫普-鹿特丹-莱茵-鲁尔地区在技术和空间上的演变。为此，采用了一种技术经济自下而上的模型，推导出通往石化生产网络的成本最优路径。分析表明，到2050年，欧盟石化产品完全实现非化石原料的使用，很可能不仅与原料基础，而且与生产技术的重大变化有关。元簇将面临重大挑战，因为其目前在特种聚合物领域的实力可能会受到芳烃成本增加和各自聚合步骤高能量强度的影响。这需要在原料和能源供应以及基础设施方面采取具体战略。

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引用次数: 0

Decarbonizing Ukraine's electricity sector in 2035: Scenario analysis 2035年乌克兰电力部门脱碳：情景分析

IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100170

Iryna Sotnyk , Jan-Philipp Sasse , Evelina Trutnevyte

In this study, we considered the case of decarbonizing Ukraine's electricity sector that has significant import dependence, high energy and carbon intensity, and an unprecedented destruction of electricity facilities due to ongoing war. Using a newly built UKRAINE-EXPANSE model, which covers 24 Ukrainian oblasts (regions) and five neighboring countries at high temporal and spatial resolution, we offered four cost-optimal scenarios for the national electricity sector in 2035. Considering the targets of the current National Energy and Climate Plan and the Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of Ukraine to the Paris Agreement, we analyzed the structure of the installed capacities, annual electricity generation, storage, transmission, and trade with neighboring countries and calculated sustainability impacts (greenhouse gas and air pollution emissions, employment, land use, and total system costs). We showed that in 2035, the undamaged total installed capacity (as of May 2024) should be increased by 2.7–3.2 times while supplying up to 16.3 % higher electricity demand compared to the pre-war period. Nuclear and gas power would still remain the primary electricity sources in 2035, supported by intensive growth in wind power, pumped hydropower storage, bioenergy and expansion of transmission grids. Implementing environmentally friendly scenarios with 30 % of renewable generation and/or no hard coal power would require only 5 to 13 % higher total system costs compared to the least cost scenario, which could be socially and politically acceptable.

在本研究中，我们考虑了乌克兰电力部门脱碳的情况，该部门具有显著的进口依赖，高能源和碳强度，以及由于持续的战争而对电力设施造成前所未有的破坏。基于乌克兰24个州（地区）和5个邻国在高时空分辨率下的新建立的乌克兰-广阔模型，我们为2035年国家电力部门提供了4种成本最优情景。考虑到当前国家能源和气候计划的目标以及乌克兰对《巴黎协定》最新的国家自主贡献，我们分析了装机容量、年发电量、储能、输电和与邻国贸易的结构，并计算了可持续性影响（温室气体和空气污染排放、就业、土地利用和总系统成本）。我们表明，到2035年，未损坏的总装机容量（截至2024年5月）应增加2.7-3.2倍，同时提供的电力需求比战前高出16.3%。到2035年，在风力发电、抽水蓄能、生物能源的密集增长和输电网扩张的支持下，核能和天然气发电仍将是主要的电力来源。实现30%的可再生能源发电和/或不使用硬煤发电的环境友好型方案，与成本最低的方案相比，只需要增加5%到13%的总系统成本，这在社会和政治上都是可以接受的。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Land use trade-offs in decarbonization of electricity generation in the American West” [Energy and Climate Change 4 (2023) 100107] 美国西部发电去碳化中的土地利用权衡"[能源与气候变化 4 (2023) 100107] 更正

IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100130

Neha Patankar , Xiili Sarkela-Basset , Greg Schivley , Emily Leslie , Jesse Jenkins

引用次数: 0

Impact of drought on hydropower generation in the Volta River basin and future projections under different climate and development pathways 干旱对沃尔塔河流域水力发电的影响以及不同气候和发展路径下的未来预测

IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100169

Akwasi Adu-Poku , Ebenezer K. Siabi , Nathaniel Oppong Otchere , Francis B. Effah , Edward A. Awafo , Francis Kemausuor , Mashael Yazdanie

Hydropower is a major electricity source for Ghana, supplying about 28 % of the national generation capacity. Looking to the future, Ghana's vulnerability to drought may intensify with climate change projections in the Volta Basin indicating higher temperatures, more frequent extreme weather events and greater rainfall variability, which could exacerbate drought risks, alter river flow and disrupt electricity production from dams. This poses major energy security concerns for Ghana, which depends heavily on hydropower and has limited capacity to adapt. Therefore, this study evaluated the potential impacts of future droughts, measured by the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), on hydropower generation and electricity pricing in Ghana under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios. A statistically significant Random Forest Regression model driven by SPEI projections was developed to forecast hydropower output from Ghana's largest hydropower plant, the Akosombo Dam, through 2050. Results indicate drought risks across SSPs, with more frequent hydropower generation deficits compared to optimal historical baseline averages. As generation fluctuates, electricity prices are forecast to continue rising substantially, although favourable socioeconomic pathways like SSP1 can limit price spikes. The findings underscore the importance of diversifying Ghana's electricity mix and implementing climate adaptation measures to hedge against increasing uncertainty in hydropower resources. The insights provide vital information to guide power sector planning and policies to build climate resilience.

水力发电是加纳的主要电力来源，约占全国发电量的 28%。展望未来，加纳易受干旱影响的程度可能会加剧，因为沃尔特河流域的气候变化预测表明，气温会升高，极端天气事件会更加频繁，降雨量的变化也会更大，这可能会加剧干旱风险，改变河流流量，干扰大坝的发电量。这给严重依赖水力发电且适应能力有限的加纳带来了重大的能源安全问题。因此，本研究评估了在不同的共享社会经济路径 (SSP) 情景下，以标准化降水蒸散指数 (SPEI) 衡量的未来干旱对加纳水力发电和电价的潜在影响。由 SPEI 预测驱动的随机森林回归模型具有统计意义，可预测加纳最大的水电站 Akosombo 大坝到 2050 年的水力发电量。结果表明，各 SSP 均存在干旱风险，与最佳历史基线平均值相比，水力发电赤字更为频繁。随着发电量的波动，预计电价将继续大幅上涨，尽管 SSP1 等有利的社会经济路径可以限制电价飙升。研究结果强调了加纳电力结构多样化和实施气候适应措施的重要性，以应对水电资源日益增加的不确定性。这些见解为指导电力部门的规划和政策提供了重要信息，以增强气候适应能力。

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引用次数: 0

Green certificates for optimizing low-carbon hydrogen supply chain 优化低碳氢供应链的绿色证书

IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100164

Darya Maksakova, Sergei Popov

One of the primary challenges to the advancement of hydrogen technologies is their high costs. The study explores the potential of implementing green certificates for hydrogen, drawing parallels with the use of green certificates for electricity. The paper proposes a novel modeling tool to quantify the effect of trade in green certificates for hydrogen on trade flows and supply costs. The model is based on linear programming and covers both physical hydrogen trade and trade in green certificates for hydrogen simultaneously. An illustrative example is used to demonstrate the applicability of the model. The main conclusion is that the existence of a green certificate market could substantially reduce costs within a hydrogen supply system by reshaping transportation routes, all while maintaining the same level of low-carbon hydrogen production. This cost reduction effect raises hydrogen competitiveness and stimulates its production in remote areas.

氢能技术发展面临的主要挑战之一是成本高昂。本研究探讨了实施氢气绿色证书的潜力，并将其与电力绿色证书的使用相提并论。本文提出了一种新颖的建模工具，用于量化氢气绿色证书贸易对贸易流和供应成本的影响。该模型基于线性规划，同时涵盖氢气实物贸易和氢气绿色证书贸易。通过一个示例来证明该模型的适用性。主要结论是，绿色证书市场的存在可以通过重塑运输路线大幅降低氢气供应系统的成本，同时保持相同的低碳氢气生产水平。这种降低成本的效果提高了氢气的竞争力，刺激了偏远地区的氢气生产。

引用次数: 0

Perceptions of decarbonisation challenges for the process industry in Sweden and Norway 瑞典和挪威加工工业对去碳化挑战的看法

IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100167

Markus Steen , Johnn Andersson , Hans Hellsmark , Teis Hansen , Jens Hanson , Elizaveta Johansson

The energy-intensive process industries (EPIs) account for a high share of global carbon emissions but have so far been slow to decarbonise. One of the reasons for the slow pace is that central problems and solutions are contested among stakeholders. To develop effective and inclusive transition policy, a better understanding of different perspectives on decarbonisation challenges is needed. In this paper, we use Q methodology to address this gap with an analysis of EPI decarbonisation in Sweden and Norway. The research draws on 50 interviews where different types of stakeholders sorted and reflected upon statements that describe potential decarbonisation challenges. Through factor analysis, we identify four salient narratives in each country, which emphasise different problems and trade-offs. However, we also find similarities across the narratives, both within and across countries. A key challenge that is emphasized in both countries is to ensure a sufficient supply of electricity at competitive prices. Ultimately, we demonstrate how these findings are important for providing policy recommendations.

能源密集型加工工业（EPIs）在全球碳排放中占有很高的比例，但迄今为止，其去碳化的步伐却十分缓慢。进展缓慢的原因之一是利益相关者对核心问题和解决方案存在争议。为了制定有效、包容的过渡政策，需要更好地理解有关去碳化挑战的不同观点。在本文中，我们使用 Q 方法对瑞典和挪威的 EPI 去碳化进行分析，以弥补这一不足。研究借鉴了 50 次访谈，不同类型的利益相关者对描述潜在去碳化挑战的陈述进行了分类和反思。通过因素分析，我们确定了每个国家的四种突出叙述，它们强调了不同的问题和权衡。不过，我们也发现各国内部和各国之间的叙述有相似之处。两国都强调的一个关键挑战是确保以具有竞争力的价格提供充足的电力供应。最后，我们将展示这些发现对于提供政策建议的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Cobalt-based molecular electrocatalyst-mediated green hydrogen generation: A potential pathway for decarbonising steel industry 钴基分子电催化剂介导的绿色制氢：钢铁工业脱碳的潜在途径

IF 5.8 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy and climate change

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100168

Santanu Ghorai , Suhana Karim , Sukanta Saha , Arnab Dutta

Amid the climate change crisis, researchers are investigating the transformative potential of green hydrogen produced by renewable energy electrolysis to decarbonize the steel sector, a significant contributor to global carbon emissions. It aims to lower the carbon footprint of the steel industry by showcasing green hydrogen's potential as a cleaner substitute for traditional fossil fuels in the production process. Despite its potential, issues such as high costs, restricted availability, and infrastructural alterations must be addressed. Cobalt-based synthetic catalysts, especially cobaloximes, are being considered as a key electrocatalytic component for hydrogen production via water-splitting. Cobaloximes, noted for their efficiency and stability in catalysing hydrogen evolution, have made considerable advances in the field of molecular catalysis. Recently, advanced immobilisation procedures have appreciably enhanced their overall catalytic output and application. This article discusses several electrolyser technologies, such as proton exchange membrane (PEM) and alkaline electrolysis, highlighting the benefits of multi-stacked electrolyser systems for boosting hydrogen generation efficiency. These encouraging results are vital for unravelling a durable catalytic material that can be scaled up without much financial stringency. In light of the global climate pledges, the document concludes that green hydrogen might provide 24 % of the world's energy needs by 2050, resulting in a considerable reduction in CO₂ emissions.

在气候变化危机中，研究人员正在研究通过可再生能源电解产生的绿色氢气的变革潜力，以实现钢铁行业的去碳化，钢铁行业是全球碳排放的重要贡献者。该项目旨在通过展示绿色氢在生产过程中作为传统化石燃料的清洁替代品的潜力，降低钢铁行业的碳足迹。尽管氢具有潜力，但必须解决成本高、供应受限和基础设施改造等问题。钴基合成催化剂，尤其是钴氧肟，正被视为通过分水制氢的关键电催化元件。钴氧肟在催化氢气进化方面具有高效性和稳定性，在分子催化领域取得了长足的进步。最近，先进的固定化程序显著提高了它们的整体催化产出和应用。本文讨论了几种电解槽技术，如质子交换膜（PEM）和碱性电解，强调了多层电解槽系统在提高制氢效率方面的优势。这些令人鼓舞的成果对于开发出一种耐用的催化材料至关重要，这种催化材料可以在没有太多资金压力的情况下扩大规模。根据全球气候承诺，该文件得出结论，到 2050 年，绿色氢气可满足全球 24% 的能源需求，从而大幅减少二氧化碳排放量。

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引用次数: 0