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Regulatory institutional reform of the power sector in China 中国电力行业监管体制改革
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2022.100082
Jun Xu , Xuelu Cao

In 2002, China established the State Electricity Regulatory Commission as part of the nation's electricity reform plan. However, this agency existed for only a decade, after which it was incorporated into the National Energy Administration (NEA), a governmental department. Why did the independent regulatory model not survive in China? This paper introduces the historical background of regulatory institutional change in China and evaluates current regulatory governance against the standard of agency independence. The findings indicate that the NEA can hardly be regarded as independent from the government and stakeholders. Subsequently, the paper explains the reason that independent regulatory institutions are not applicable in China from the perspective of institutional supply and demand. From the demand side, as the macroeconomic controller, the National Development and Reform Commission can deliver superior policy output compared to an independent regulator. In addition, public ownership makes it unnecessary for the government to create an independent regulator as a credible commitment mechanism. From the supply side, the traditional administrative arrangement and lack of regulatory economics knowledge contribute to an undersupply of independent regulation.

2002年,作为国家电力改革计划的一部分,中国成立了国家电力监管委员会。然而,这个机构只存在了10年,之后就被并入了国家能源局,成为一个政府部门。为什么独立监管模式不能在中国生存?本文介绍了中国监管制度变迁的历史背景,并以机构独立性为标准对当前的监管治理进行了评价。调查结果表明,NEA很难被视为独立于政府和利益相关者之外的机构。随后,本文从制度供给和制度需求的角度解释了独立监管机构在中国不适用的原因。从需求端来看,作为宏观经济控制者,国家发改委(ndrc)可以提供优于独立监管机构的政策产出。此外,公有制使得政府没有必要创建一个独立的监管机构作为可信的承诺机制。从供给侧看,传统的行政安排和监管经济学知识的缺乏导致了独立监管的供给不足。
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引用次数: 2
Regional Power Planning Robust to Multiple Models: Meeting Mexico's 2050 Climate Goals 多种模式下的区域电力规划:实现墨西哥2050年气候目标
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2022.100076
Rodrigo Mercado Fernandez , Erin Baker , Julio Hernández Galicia

As countries set climate goals, they face questions on how these goals can be reached. Important studies have used a top-down approach, employing and comparing multiple Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) to identify possible development pathways. These studies, however, are at very coarse time-steps; and do not include information on the geographic distribution of resources or infrastructure. Moreover, the multi-model approach, while useful, leaves questions as to how policy-makers and planners can use the divergent results. Using Mexico as a case study, we employ a bottom-up model of the electric power system to identify critical geographic areas of investment for installed capacity and transmission that are robust across a set of IAM-derived climate mitigation pathways. We find that, despite a lack of robustness in the location of installed capacity investments, investment in transmission expansion is fairly robust across pathways, as it is driven largely by the location of load rather than of generation.

各国在设定气候目标时,面临着如何实现这些目标的问题。重要的研究使用了自上而下的方法,采用和比较多个综合评估模型(iam)来确定可能的发展途径。然而,这些研究的时间步骤非常粗糙;也不包括资源或基础设施的地理分布信息。此外,多模型方法虽然有用,但也留下了政策制定者和规划者如何利用不同结果的问题。以墨西哥为例,我们采用自下而上的电力系统模型来确定装机容量和输电的关键地理投资区域,这些区域在一系列基于iam的气候缓解途径中是稳健的。我们发现,尽管装机容量投资的位置缺乏稳健性,但输电扩张的投资在各路径上相当稳健,因为它主要是由负载位置而不是发电量驱动的。
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引用次数: 0
Techno-economic feasibility of retired electric-vehicle batteries repurpose/reuse in second-life applications: A systematic review 退役电动汽车电池在二次使用中重新利用的技术经济可行性:系统综述
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2022.100086
Mohammed Khalifa Al-Alawi, James Cugley, Hany Hassanin

In line with the global target in decarbonising the transportation sector and the noticeable increase of new electric vehicles (EV) owners, concerns are raised regarding the expected quantity of Retired EV Batteries (REVB) exposed to the environment when they reach 70–80% of their original capacity. However, there is significant potential for REVB, after deinstallation, to deliver energy for alternative applications such as storing surplus. This systematic review evaluates state-of-art modelling/experimental studies focused on repurposing REVB in second-life applications. Technical and economic viability of REVB repurposing has been confirmed to solve the unreliability of cleaner energy technologies and mitigate the high investment of new storage systems. 40% of included studies considered hybrid systems with PV being a dominant technology where REVB was evaluated to be small-scaled and large storage systems. Additionally, successful attempts were conducted to evaluate REVB performance in providing grid services. It has however, been discovered intensive grid services applications like frequency regulation, was technically challenging due to demanding working requirements. Reviewed studies considered different prices for REVB due to lack of market regulation on REVB resale; similarly, technical parameters, including initial State of Health (SoH) and State of Charge (SoC) constraints were inconsistent due to lack of standardisation.

随着交通运输行业脱碳的全球目标和新电动汽车(EV)车主的显著增加,人们对退役电动汽车电池(REVB)达到其原始容量70-80%时暴露在环境中的预期数量表示担忧。然而,在拆卸后,REVB有很大的潜力为其他应用提供能源,如储存剩余能源。本系统综述评估了专注于在第二生命应用中重新利用REVB的最新建模/实验研究。在技术上和经济上,REVB重新利用的可行性已经得到证实,可以解决清洁能源技术的不可靠性,并减轻新存储系统的高投资。40%的纳入研究认为以光伏为主导技术的混合系统,其中REVB被评估为小型和大型存储系统。此外,对REVB在提供网格服务方面的性能进行了成功的评估。然而,人们发现,由于工作要求苛刻,频率调节等密集电网服务应用在技术上具有挑战性。经过审查的研究认为,由于缺乏对REVB转售的市场监管,REVB的价格不同;同样,由于缺乏标准化,包括初始健康状态(SoH)和充电状态(SoC)限制在内的技术参数也不一致。
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引用次数: 9
Policy spillovers, technological lock-in, and efficiency gains from regional pollution taxes in the U.S. 美国区域污染税带来的政策溢出、技术锁定和效率提升
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2022.100077
Michael Buchdahl Roth , Peter J Adams , Paulina Jaramillo , Nicholas Z Muller

We used the US-TIMES energy-system model in conjunction with integrated assessment models for air pollution (AP3, EASIUR, InMAP) to estimate the consequences of local air pollutant (LAP) and carbon dioxide (CO2) policy on technology-choice, energy-system costs, emissions, and pollution damages in the United States. We report substantial policy spillover: Both LAP and CO2 taxes cause similar levels of decarbonization. Under LAP taxes, decarbonization was a result of an increase in natural gas generation and a near-complete phaseout of coal generation in the electric sector. Under a CO2 tax, the majority of simulated decarbonization was a result of increased electric generation from wind and solar. We also found that the timing of the CO2 and LAP taxes was important. When we simulated a LAP tax beginning in 2015 and waited until 2025 to introduce a CO2 tax, the electric sector was locked into higher levels of natural gas generation and cumulative 2010–2035 energy system CO2 emissions were 8.8 billion tons higher than when the taxes were implemented simultaneously. A scenario taxing CO2 and LAPs simultaneously beginning in 2015 produced the highest net benefits, as opposed to scenarios that target either CO2 or LAPs, or scenarios that delayed either LAP or CO2 taxes until 2025. Lastly, we found that net benefits compared to business as usual are higher under a regional versus a national LAP-tax regime, but that efficiency gains under the regional tax are not substantially higher than those under the national LAP-tax policy.

我们将US-TIMES能源系统模型与空气污染综合评估模型(AP3、EASIUR、InMAP)结合使用,以估计美国当地空气污染物(LAP)和二氧化碳(CO2)政策对技术选择、能源系统成本、排放和污染损害的影响。我们报告了实质性的政策溢出效应:LAP税和CO2税都会导致相似的脱碳水平。根据LAP税,脱碳是天然气发电增加和电力部门几乎完全淘汰煤炭发电的结果。在征收二氧化碳税的情况下,大部分模拟脱碳是风能和太阳能发电增加的结果。我们还发现,二氧化碳和LAP税的征收时间很重要。当我们从2015年开始模拟LAP税,直到2025年才引入二氧化碳税时,电力部门被锁定在更高水平的天然气发电中,2010-2035年能源系统的累计二氧化碳排放量比同时实施税收时高出88亿吨。从2015年开始同时对CO2和LAPs征税的方案产生了最高的净效益,而不是针对CO2或LAPs的方案,或者将LAP或CO2税推迟到2025年的方案。最后,我们发现,与正常经营相比,在地区税收制度下的净收益高于国家税收制度下的净收益,但在地区税收制度下的效率收益并不明显高于国家税收政策下的效率收益。
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引用次数: 0
Win-win transportation strategies for India: Linking air pollution and climate mitigation 印度的双赢交通战略:将空气污染与减缓气候变化联系起来
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2022.100072
Nikhilesh Dharmala , Nazar Kholod , Vaibhav Chaturvedi , Probal Pratap Ghosh , Ritu Mathur , Shikha Bali , Anshuman Behera , Sakshi Chamola , Leon Clarke , Meredydd Evans , Russell Horowitz , Aakansha Jain , Poonam Nagar Koti , Anantha Lakshmi Paladugula , Sharif Qamar , Swapnil Shekhar , Shweta Srinivasan

This article analyzes road transport in India to explore linkages between air pollution and climate change policies in the transportation sector. Five teams modeled five policy scenarios – fuel efficiency, electrification, alternative fuels, modal shifts, and moderation in transport demand – to explore which policy brings the largest synergetic effects in reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions. The teams also modeled the comprehensive scenario which included policy measures from individual scenarios. The paper concludes that all of the measures provide strong co-benefits in reducing air pollutants and CO2 emissions. The modeling results show that the increased energy efficiency of passenger and freight vehicles has the largest potential for reducing both CO2 and PM2.5 emissions. It is possible to reach an even larger reduction of air pollutants and CO2 emissions by combining several policy measures in the comprehensive scenario.

本文分析了印度的道路运输,以探讨交通部门空气污染与气候变化政策之间的联系。五个团队模拟了五种政策情景——燃油效率、电气化、替代燃料、模式转变和交通需求缓和——以探索哪种政策在减少二氧化碳(CO2)和颗粒物(PM2.5)排放方面带来最大的协同效应。这些团队还对综合方案进行了建模,其中包括来自各个方案的政策措施。本文的结论是,所有这些措施都在减少空气污染物和二氧化碳排放方面提供了强大的协同效益。建模结果表明,客运和货运车辆能效的提高对减少二氧化碳和PM2.5排放的潜力最大。在综合方案中结合若干政策措施,有可能实现更大幅度的减少空气污染物和二氧化碳排放。
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引用次数: 3
Urban heat mitigation through improved building energy efficiency 通过提高建筑能源效率减少城市热量
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2022.100078
Amir Baniassadi , Jannik Heusinger , Naika Meili , Pablo Izaga Gonzalez , Holly Samuelson

Buildings play a significant role in indoor and outdoor exposure to heat in urban areas. In this study, we quantify the heat mitigation potential of typical building energy efficiency measures that are often not considered as urban heat mitigation strategies, such as added insulation. We combined whole-building energy and urban climate simulations to compare indoor and outdoor (pedestrian-level) heat exposure with different levels of energy efficiency and under different climate timeframes in a soon-to-be-built public housing project in Phoenix, AZ. We found that improved energy efficiency reduces indoor and outdoor exposure to heat while climate change increases both. Considering the 2018 version of the energy code as the baseline, the mitigating impact of upgrading energy efficiency on indoor exposure to heat (as defined by% of year Tindoor > Tcooling setpoint +1 °C) exceeded the increase caused by climate change. Our estimates show a 6.6% increase caused by climate change vs. 20.7% reduction due to improved efficiency. Furthermore, our results indicate that energy upgrades may also have an impact on outdoor heat exposure (as defined by% of year with Toutdoor> 40 °C) due to reduced heat emitted from the buildings and their HVAC systems. We found a 2% increase in exposure caused by climate change vs. 1.4% reduction due to by improved efficiency. This suggest that upgrading energy efficiency of buildings may at least partially offset the impact of climate change on outdoor exposure to heat in the modelled urban canyon.

在城市地区,建筑物在室内外受热方面起着重要作用。在本研究中,我们量化了典型建筑节能措施的减热潜力,这些措施通常不被视为城市减热策略,如增加隔热。我们将整个建筑的能源和城市气候模拟结合起来,在亚利桑那州凤凰城即将建成的一个公共住房项目中,比较了不同能效水平和不同气候时间框架下的室内和室外(行人水平)热暴露。我们发现,能效的提高减少了室内和室外的热暴露,而气候变化则增加了两者。以2018年版本的能源法规为基准,提升能源效率对室内热暴露的缓解影响(以年百分比定义);冷却设定值+1°C)超过了气候变化引起的增幅。我们的估计显示,气候变化导致的碳排放量增加6.6%,而效率提高导致的碳排放量减少20.7%。此外,我们的研究结果表明,能源升级也可能对室外热暴露产生影响(以每年的百分比定义)。40°C),因为建筑物及其暖通空调系统释放的热量减少了。我们发现,气候变化导致的暴露增加了2%,而效率提高导致的暴露减少了1.4%。这表明,在模拟的城市峡谷中,提高建筑物的能源效率至少可以部分抵消气候变化对室外暴露于热量的影响。
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引用次数: 3
Policy incentives for Greenhouse Gas Removal Techniques: the risks of premature inclusion in carbon markets and the need for a multi-pronged policy framework 温室气体减排技术的政策激励:过早纳入碳市场的风险和多管齐下的政策框架的必要性
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2022.100074
Joshua Burke , Ajay Gambhir

Almost all modelled emissions scenarios consistent with the Paris Agreement's target of limiting global temperature increase to well below two degrees include the use of greenhouse gas removal (GGR) techniques. Despite the prevalence of GGR in Paris-consistent scenarios, and indeed the UK's own net-zero target, there is a paucity of regulatory support for emerging GGR techniques. However, the role of carbon pricing is one area that has experienced more attention than others, including discussion about the future inclusion of GGR in carbon markets.

Here we identify three risks associated with using carbon markets as the sole, or main, policy lever to encourage the deployment of GGR techniques. Our categorisation of risks stems from discussions with policymakers in the UK and a review of the broader literature on carbon markets and GGR. We present a three-pronged risk assessment framework to highlight the dangers in doing so. First, treating emissions removals and emissions reductions as entirely fungible allows for undesirable substitution. Second, carbon markets may provide insufficient demand pull to drive currently more-costly GGR techniques to deployment at commercial scales. Third, opening up a carbon market for potentially lower-cost GGR (such as nature-based solutions) too early could exert downward pressure on the overall market-based price of carbon, in the absence of adjustments to emissions caps or other safeguards. We discuss how these risks could hamper overall efforts to deploy GGR, and instead suggest a multi-pronged and intertemporal policy and governance framework for GGR. This includes considering separate accounting targets for GGR and conventional emissions abatement, removing perfect fungibility between GGR permits and carbon market permits and promoting a a wide range of innovation and technology-specific mechanisms to drive currently expensive, yet highly scalable technological GGR down the cost curve. Such a framework would ensure that policymakers can utilise carbon markets and other incentives appropriately to drive development and deployment of GGR techniques without compromising near-term mitigation, and that the representation of GGR in modelled low-carbon pathways is cognisant of its real-world scale-up potential in light of these incentives.

几乎所有与《巴黎协定》将全球气温上升限制在远低于2摄氏度的目标相一致的模拟排放情景都包括使用温室气体去除技术。尽管GGR在与《巴黎协定》一致的情况下普遍存在,而且英国自己的净零目标也确实存在,但对新兴GGR技术的监管支持仍然不足。然而,碳定价的作用是一个比其他领域受到更多关注的领域,包括关于未来将GGR纳入碳市场的讨论。在这里,我们确定了使用碳市场作为鼓励部署GGR技术的唯一或主要政策杠杆的三个风险。我们对风险的分类源于与英国政策制定者的讨论,以及对有关碳市场和GGR的更广泛文献的回顾。我们提出了一个三管齐下的风险评估框架,以突出这样做的危险。首先,将排放消除和减排视为完全可替代的,会导致不受欢迎的替代。其次,碳市场可能无法提供足够的需求拉动来推动目前成本更高的GGR技术在商业规模上的部署。第三,在没有调整排放上限或其他保障措施的情况下,过早地为潜在的低成本GGR(如基于自然的解决方案)开放碳市场,可能会对总体的基于市场的碳价格造成下行压力。我们讨论了这些风险如何阻碍部署GGR的整体努力,并建议为GGR制定一个多管齐下的跨期政策和治理框架。这包括考虑将GGR和传统减排分开核算目标,消除GGR许可和碳市场许可之间的完全可替代性,促进广泛的创新和技术特定机制,以推动目前昂贵但高度可扩展的技术GGR降低成本曲线。这样一个框架将确保政策制定者能够适当地利用碳市场和其他激励措施来推动GGR技术的开发和部署,而不会影响近期的缓解,并确保GGR在模拟低碳途径中的表现认识到根据这些激励措施,其在现实世界中的扩大潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Carbon mitigation and energy conservation effects of emissions trading policy in China considering regional disparities 考虑区域差异的中国排放权交易政策的碳减排和节能效应
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2022.100079
Qinglong Shao , Zhekai Zhang

As an essential policy instrument for carbon mitigation and energy conservation, the effectiveness of China's pilot emissions trading scheme (ETS) since its implementation in 2011 requires investigation. This study explores whether and to what extent China's pilot ETS has affected carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita and the efficiency of the policy regarding energy consumption per capita, also examining regional disparities. We use the difference-in-differences method to examine 31 Chinese provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities from 2000 to 2015. Three main findings emerge. First, the pilot ETS can effectively reduce local CO2 emissions, with reductions ranging between 15.96% and 18.94%. Second, the policy effect on carbon mitigation is significant and long-lasting, but gradually weakens, while the policy effect on energy consumption is not obvious and usually has a three-year lag. Third, considering regional disparities, the carbon mitigation effect is significant in eastern China but not in central and western China. This disparity is also evident for the energy conservation effect, but with a time lag. A placebo test also confirmed that the results are robust and significant. We propose policy suggestions to improve and prolong the efficiency of carbon mitigation and energy conservation and balance identified regional disparities.

作为碳减排和节能的重要政策工具,中国碳排放交易体系(ETS)试点自2011年实施以来的有效性有待调查。本研究探讨了中国碳排放交易体系试点是否以及在多大程度上影响了人均二氧化碳排放量和人均能源消费政策的效率,并考察了地区差异。我们采用差异中的差异方法对2000年至2015年中国31个省、自治区和直辖市进行了检验。主要有三个发现。首先,试点可以有效减少当地的二氧化碳排放量,减少幅度在15.96%至18.94%之间。②政策对碳减排的影响显著且持久,但逐渐减弱,而政策对能源消费的影响不明显,通常具有3年的滞后性。③考虑区域差异,中国东部地区的碳减排效果显著,而中西部地区则不显著。这种差异在节能效果上也很明显,但存在时间滞后。一项安慰剂试验也证实了结果是稳健和显著的。我们提出了提高和延长碳减排和节能效率的政策建议,并平衡已确定的区域差异。
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引用次数: 4
Has the Market-Oriented Reform of 2015 affected the performance of China's power grid companies? 2015年的市场化改革是否影响了中国电网公司的业绩?
Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2022.100081
Bai-Chen Xie, Na Duan, Kang-Kang Ni, Tao Zhang
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引用次数: 0
Industry in a net-zero emissions world: New mitigation pathways, new supply chains, modelling needs and policy implications 零净排放世界中的工业:新的缓解途径、新的供应链、建模需求和政策影响
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.egycc.2021.100059
Chris Bataille, Lars J. Nilsson, Frank Jotzo

The objective implicit in the Paris Agreement, net-zero emissions around mid-century, has transformed the debate about heavy industry decarbonisation. Prior to Paris, the iron and steel, cement and concrete, chemicals, and other materials sectors were expected to reduce absolute emissions by perhaps half by 2050, through measures like energy efficiency, biofuels and carbon capture and storage. Global net-zero emissions means that these industries face far deeper transformation and potentially costly offsetting. It is also becoming clear, however, that very low emissions in heavy industry are technically possible using a spectrum of new options, including demand management, materials efficiency, and direct and green hydrogen-based electrification of primary materials production, facilitated by the falling cost of renewable electricity. Very low emissions production chains mean changes to the location of the world's heavy industry, including splitting processes into components to allow use of large-scale low-cost renewable energy or access to geological CO2 storage, with implications for trade. Existing models used for decarbonisation analysis typically do not represent the detail necessary for a full understanding of the range of mitigation options. Better representation of industry in systems modelling, along with analysis and learning about policy options and sequencing as industry transformations unfold, will be important for reaching net-zero and net-negative emissions in cost-effective and just ways. Key options, implications for the geography of heavy industry, and implications for systems modelling and policy are outlined here.

《巴黎协定》隐含的目标是在本世纪中叶左右实现净零排放,这改变了有关重工业脱碳的辩论。在巴黎会议之前,钢铁、水泥和混凝土、化工和其他材料行业预计将通过提高能源效率、生物燃料和碳捕获和储存等措施,到2050年将绝对排放量减少一半左右。全球净零排放意味着这些行业将面临更深层次的转型和可能代价高昂的抵消。然而,也越来越清楚的是,重工业的极低排放在技术上是可能的,使用一系列新的选择,包括需求管理、材料效率、直接和绿色的初级材料生产的氢基电气化,这些都是由可再生电力成本下降推动的。极低排放的生产链意味着改变世界重工业的位置,包括将过程分成几个部分,以便大规模使用低成本的可再生能源,或利用地质封存二氧化碳,这对贸易有影响。用于脱碳分析的现有模型通常不能提供充分了解各种缓解方案所需的细节。在系统建模中更好地代表行业,随着行业转型的展开,对政策选择和排序进行分析和学习,对于以具有成本效益和公正的方式实现净零排放和净负排放至关重要。这里概述了关键选项、对重工业地理的影响以及对系统建模和政策的影响。
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引用次数: 28
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Energy and climate change
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