Pub Date : 2022-01-24DOI: 10.24018/ejbio.2022.3.1.262
James Ronald Bayoï, B. Daoudou, Simon Ndegoue Vecha, D. D. Roger, F. Etoa
Fermented cereal-based drinks as “kounou” are among the most popular indigenous beverages in Northern Cameroon. Because they are made in a primitive way, they are ready to be served while still actively fermenting. Therefore, some physicochemical properties of “kounou” were tested in the current study during 4 days of storage at room and refrigerated temperatures. Samples of “kondourkou” a sub type of “kounou” were purchased from local producers located in the Far North region of Cameroon. During storage at 28 ± 2°C and 4 ± 1°C, total sugars, pH, total acidity, alcohol content, total soluble solids, dry matter, total dissolved solids, and conductivity of samples were measured in triplicate using standards procedures. The results showed that pH decreased from 3.34 to 3.16, and 3.65 to 3.4 after storage at room and refrigerated temperatures, respectively. The decrease in total sugar (30.3%-12.1%) and soluble solids (7.26-4.89°Brix), as well as increase in titratable acidity (0.26%-0.36%) were significant for samples stored at ambient temperature. While no significant changes in all these parameters were revealed for samples stored at cold conditions (54.8%-37.9%; 8.79-8.13°Brix and 0.18-0.25%, respectively). Dry matter and total dissolved solids were lower in samples stored at room temperature (from 10.3-11.2% and 841.9-1002 mg/L, respectively) than those kept under refrigeration (from 12.15 to 12.5% and 1061.2-1231.7 mg/L, respectively). Alcohol content and conductivity were respectively in the range of 3.5-2.35% and 1692.4-2012.5 mg/L for samples stored at room temperature, and 3.18-3.37% and 1692.4-2205 mg/L for those kept under refrigeration. Principal component analysis revealed that samples stored under refrigeration were structured in two sub-cluster, the first formed by those stored for 1 and 2 days and the second including those kept for 3 and 4 days. While samples left at room temperature were separated into three sub groups, those stored for a day, 2 and 3 days, and 4 days. Finally, it would be appropriate to consume refrigerated “kounou” as well as commercialize and/or store it under refrigeration.
{"title":"Physicochemical Changes of Commercial “Kounou” During Short Term Storage at Room and Refrigerated Temperatures","authors":"James Ronald Bayoï, B. Daoudou, Simon Ndegoue Vecha, D. D. Roger, F. Etoa","doi":"10.24018/ejbio.2022.3.1.262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2022.3.1.262","url":null,"abstract":"Fermented cereal-based drinks as “kounou” are among the most popular indigenous beverages in Northern Cameroon. Because they are made in a primitive way, they are ready to be served while still actively fermenting. Therefore, some physicochemical properties of “kounou” were tested in the current study during 4 days of storage at room and refrigerated temperatures. Samples of “kondourkou” a sub type of “kounou” were purchased from local producers located in the Far North region of Cameroon. During storage at 28 ± 2°C and 4 ± 1°C, total sugars, pH, total acidity, alcohol content, total soluble solids, dry matter, total dissolved solids, and conductivity of samples were measured in triplicate using standards procedures. The results showed that pH decreased from 3.34 to 3.16, and 3.65 to 3.4 after storage at room and refrigerated temperatures, respectively. The decrease in total sugar (30.3%-12.1%) and soluble solids (7.26-4.89°Brix), as well as increase in titratable acidity (0.26%-0.36%) were significant for samples stored at ambient temperature. While no significant changes in all these parameters were revealed for samples stored at cold conditions (54.8%-37.9%; 8.79-8.13°Brix and 0.18-0.25%, respectively). Dry matter and total dissolved solids were lower in samples stored at room temperature (from 10.3-11.2% and 841.9-1002 mg/L, respectively) than those kept under refrigeration (from 12.15 to 12.5% and 1061.2-1231.7 mg/L, respectively). Alcohol content and conductivity were respectively in the range of 3.5-2.35% and 1692.4-2012.5 mg/L for samples stored at room temperature, and 3.18-3.37% and 1692.4-2205 mg/L for those kept under refrigeration. Principal component analysis revealed that samples stored under refrigeration were structured in two sub-cluster, the first formed by those stored for 1 and 2 days and the second including those kept for 3 and 4 days. While samples left at room temperature were separated into three sub groups, those stored for a day, 2 and 3 days, and 4 days. Finally, it would be appropriate to consume refrigerated “kounou” as well as commercialize and/or store it under refrigeration.","PeriodicalId":72969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biology and biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44692297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-24DOI: 10.24018/ejbio.2022.3.1.304
Caroline Makena Lepore, L. Kamau, E. Kanduma
Data on the epidemiology of Entamoeba infections in Eastern part of Kenya is scanty. Diagnostic tests in use have limited capacity to differentiate common infecting species. The performance of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to differentiate between pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica and two nonpathogenic species E. dispar and E. moshkovskii is largely undetermined. Therefore, this study sought to determine the prevalence and associated factors for Entamoeba infections and evaluate the performance of PCR to differentiate Entamoeba complex species among diarrheal patient in Eastern region of Kenya. Stool samples were obtained from 400 patients attending Meru Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH) presenting with diarrhea. Samples were processed by direct wet mount using normal saline and iodine stain for microscopic examination. Entamoeba species differentiation was done using PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene. A total of 33 (8.3%) samples had Entamoeba cysts/trophozoites by microscopy while 29 (7.3%) were identified as E. histolytica by PCR. Entamoeba infections was most common among adults 23 (5.8%) and in females 20(5%). The sensitivity of microscopy was 29/29 (100%; 95% CI 88.1% - 100%) with a specificity 367/371 (98.9%; 95% CI 97.3 % - 99.7%). In multivariate analysis, factors that independently influenced Entamoeba infection included sources of drinking water, use of toilet with water, regular use of soap or sanitizer, having diarrhea that persists for two weeks and stool consistency. Entamoeba infection was found to be responsible for most diarrhea condition especially among children. Patients hygienic and sanitation characteristics contributes significantly to Entamoeba infection. The performance of microscopy to detect Entamoeba infection is comparable to those of PCR except for the lack of species differentiation. Molecular species differentiation will improve disease diagnosis, control and management. Continuous monitoring of patient presenting with diarrhea for Entamoeba infection would improve treatment outcomes.
{"title":"Molecular Prevalence of Entamoeba Species among Diarrheal Patients in Eastern Kenya","authors":"Caroline Makena Lepore, L. Kamau, E. Kanduma","doi":"10.24018/ejbio.2022.3.1.304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2022.3.1.304","url":null,"abstract":"Data on the epidemiology of Entamoeba infections in Eastern part of Kenya is scanty. Diagnostic tests in use have limited capacity to differentiate common infecting species. The performance of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to differentiate between pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica and two nonpathogenic species E. dispar and E. moshkovskii is largely undetermined. Therefore, this study sought to determine the prevalence and associated factors for Entamoeba infections and evaluate the performance of PCR to differentiate Entamoeba complex species among diarrheal patient in Eastern region of Kenya. Stool samples were obtained from 400 patients attending Meru Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH) presenting with diarrhea. Samples were processed by direct wet mount using normal saline and iodine stain for microscopic examination. Entamoeba species differentiation was done using PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene. A total of 33 (8.3%) samples had Entamoeba cysts/trophozoites by microscopy while 29 (7.3%) were identified as E. histolytica by PCR. Entamoeba infections was most common among adults 23 (5.8%) and in females 20(5%). The sensitivity of microscopy was 29/29 (100%; 95% CI 88.1% - 100%) with a specificity 367/371 (98.9%; 95% CI 97.3 % - 99.7%). In multivariate analysis, factors that independently influenced Entamoeba infection included sources of drinking water, use of toilet with water, regular use of soap or sanitizer, having diarrhea that persists for two weeks and stool consistency. Entamoeba infection was found to be responsible for most diarrhea condition especially among children. Patients hygienic and sanitation characteristics contributes significantly to Entamoeba infection. The performance of microscopy to detect Entamoeba infection is comparable to those of PCR except for the lack of species differentiation. Molecular species differentiation will improve disease diagnosis, control and management. Continuous monitoring of patient presenting with diarrhea for Entamoeba infection would improve treatment outcomes.","PeriodicalId":72969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biology and biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42154250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-24DOI: 10.24018/ejbio.2022.3.1.321
D. Agustini
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a commonly found chronic autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs and systems. According to a new study, commensal gut microbiota promotes chronic autoimmunity in SLE patients with a lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. It has to do with the activation of inflammatory mediators such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors, adaptive immune response, and antimicrobial peptides mucins, defensins, and immunoglobulin A production. Aside from that, a decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio may cause T helper cells and regulatory T cells to become activated, both of which are linked to autoimmune activation in SLE. Theoretically, the immunomodulatory influence of food components in immune system activation has been the focus of nutrition for SLE patients, but probiotics and prebiotics have also been shown to dramatically enhance gut microbiota associated to SLE.
{"title":"New Pathophysiology Insight of Gut Microbiota’s Influence on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Brief Review","authors":"D. Agustini","doi":"10.24018/ejbio.2022.3.1.321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2022.3.1.321","url":null,"abstract":"Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a commonly found chronic autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs and systems. According to a new study, commensal gut microbiota promotes chronic autoimmunity in SLE patients with a lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. It has to do with the activation of inflammatory mediators such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors, adaptive immune response, and antimicrobial peptides mucins, defensins, and immunoglobulin A production. Aside from that, a decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio may cause T helper cells and regulatory T cells to become activated, both of which are linked to autoimmune activation in SLE. Theoretically, the immunomodulatory influence of food components in immune system activation has been the focus of nutrition for SLE patients, but probiotics and prebiotics have also been shown to dramatically enhance gut microbiota associated to SLE.","PeriodicalId":72969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biology and biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49603049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.24018/ejbio.2022.3.1.242
O. Egbere, C. Odu, I. Onyimba, A. Ngene, M. Dashen, A. Ogaji, W. N. Hemen, E. E. Entonu
Among the potential benefits of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is their practical use for biopreservation of foods, fungal decontamination, and novel biotherapy. A number of ready to eat foods hawked in streets of Nigeria such as garri are prone to contamination by mycotoxin-producing fungi. In this study the inhibitory effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (sourced from local foods (nono and kunun- zaki)) and their bacteriocins-derivatives on aflatoxin B1 -producing Aspergelius flavus was conducted. Out of the five LAB isolates screened three (two strains of Lactococcus and one of Pediococcus sp had high indices of probiotic potentials and bacteriocins extracts were obtained from them and used for the inhibition study. Fourty samples of garri sold in Jos metropolis were screened for A. flavus and their abilities to produce Aflatoxin B1 using the Coconut Extract Agar (CEA) and Ammonia Vapour Test (AVP) methods. The three most probiotic LAB and their respective crude baterioncin extracts were used to test for their inhibitory effect on aflatoxin producing A. flavus isolates. The results of the study showed that while only 17 samples (42.50%) had A. flavus in them, only three of the fungi ((17.65%) demonstrated capacity to produce Aflatoxin B1, making (7.5% of the total number of garri samples that had aflatoxin-producing A. flavus. The inhibition of fungal growth by LAB and bacteriocins was dose dependent. At an inoculum concentration of 1 ml, Pediococcus sp had the highest mean zone of inhibition of 43.0 mm followed by Lactococcus sp (Strain LAC20G with radial diameter 38.0mm and Lactococcus sp (LAC20G) which had a radial diameter of 29.3mm respectively. The results of the study portend that the growth of aflatoxin producing Aspergillus flavus in ready to eat foods such as garri could be prevented by application of appropriate dosages of bacteriocins extracts from lactic acid bacteria.
{"title":"Inhibitory Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on Aflatoxin B1 Producing Aspergillus flavus Isolated from Garri","authors":"O. Egbere, C. Odu, I. Onyimba, A. Ngene, M. Dashen, A. Ogaji, W. N. Hemen, E. E. Entonu","doi":"10.24018/ejbio.2022.3.1.242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2022.3.1.242","url":null,"abstract":"Among the potential benefits of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is their practical use for biopreservation of foods, fungal decontamination, and novel biotherapy. A number of ready to eat foods hawked in streets of Nigeria such as garri are prone to contamination by mycotoxin-producing fungi. In this study the inhibitory effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (sourced from local foods (nono and kunun- zaki)) and their bacteriocins-derivatives on aflatoxin B1 -producing Aspergelius flavus was conducted. Out of the five LAB isolates screened three (two strains of Lactococcus and one of Pediococcus sp had high indices of probiotic potentials and bacteriocins extracts were obtained from them and used for the inhibition study. Fourty samples of garri sold in Jos metropolis were screened for A. flavus and their abilities to produce Aflatoxin B1 using the Coconut Extract Agar (CEA) and Ammonia Vapour Test (AVP) methods. The three most probiotic LAB and their respective crude baterioncin extracts were used to test for their inhibitory effect on aflatoxin producing A. flavus isolates. The results of the study showed that while only 17 samples (42.50%) had A. flavus in them, only three of the fungi ((17.65%) demonstrated capacity to produce Aflatoxin B1, making (7.5% of the total number of garri samples that had aflatoxin-producing A. flavus. The inhibition of fungal growth by LAB and bacteriocins was dose dependent. At an inoculum concentration of 1 ml, Pediococcus sp had the highest mean zone of inhibition of 43.0 mm followed by Lactococcus sp (Strain LAC20G with radial diameter 38.0mm and Lactococcus sp (LAC20G) which had a radial diameter of 29.3mm respectively. The results of the study portend that the growth of aflatoxin producing Aspergillus flavus in ready to eat foods such as garri could be prevented by application of appropriate dosages of bacteriocins extracts from lactic acid bacteria.","PeriodicalId":72969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biology and biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46738876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-03DOI: 10.24018/ejbio.2022.3.1.315
M. Pisu, A. Concas, Giacomo Cao, A. Pantaleo
Cell cycle and its progression play a crucial role in the life of all living organisms, in tissues and organs of animals and humans, and therefore are the subject of intense study by scientists in various fields of biomedicine, bioengineering and biotechnology. Effective and predictive simulation models can offer new development opportunities in such fields. In the present paper a comprehensive mathematical model for simulating the cell cycle progression in batch systems is proposed. The model includes a structured population balance with two internal variables (i.e., cell volume and age) that properly describes cell cycle evolution through the various stages that a cell of an entire population undergoes as it grows and divides. The rate of transitions between two subsequent phases of the cell cycle are obtained by considering a detailed biochemical model which simulates the series of complex events that take place during cell growth and its division. The model capability for simulating the effect of various seeding conditions and the adding of few substances during in vitro tests, is discussed by considering specific cases of interest in tissue engineering and biomedicine.
{"title":"Mathematical Modelling and Computational Simulation of Mammalian Cell Cycle Progression in Batch Systems","authors":"M. Pisu, A. Concas, Giacomo Cao, A. Pantaleo","doi":"10.24018/ejbio.2022.3.1.315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2022.3.1.315","url":null,"abstract":"Cell cycle and its progression play a crucial role in the life of all living organisms, in tissues and organs of animals and humans, and therefore are the subject of intense study by scientists in various fields of biomedicine, bioengineering and biotechnology. Effective and predictive simulation models can offer new development opportunities in such fields. In the present paper a comprehensive mathematical model for simulating the cell cycle progression in batch systems is proposed. The model includes a structured population balance with two internal variables (i.e., cell volume and age) that properly describes cell cycle evolution through the various stages that a cell of an entire population undergoes as it grows and divides. The rate of transitions between two subsequent phases of the cell cycle are obtained by considering a detailed biochemical model which simulates the series of complex events that take place during cell growth and its division. The model capability for simulating the effect of various seeding conditions and the adding of few substances during in vitro tests, is discussed by considering specific cases of interest in tissue engineering and biomedicine.","PeriodicalId":72969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biology and biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43551296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-12DOI: 10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.6.301
M. Diarrassouba, S. Sanogo, B. Camara, N’guessan Samuel Obouayeba
Improving the productivity of rubber trees has always been a major concern for rubber farmers. The majority of growers opt for overexploitation of the trees. This disturbs the physiological balance of the rubber trees, which leads to the recrudescence of tapping panel dryness and rather to a drop in production. To solve this problem, the present study proposes to define a latex harvesting technology (or technologies) for the moderate metabolism clone class that will allow the improvement of plantation yield and the increase of the economic life of the trees. To achieve this, the GT 1, RRIC 100 and BPM 24 clones of the moderate metabolism class were used as plant material. The results showed that the reduction in tapping frequency had no negative effect on the vegetative state of the trees. This reduction was compensated by a high number of annual stimulations, which resulted in high dry rubber production. Analysis of dry rubber production, radial rubber growth and tapping panel dryness rate indicates that the moderate metabolic class clones performed better with the latex harvesting technologies S/2 d3 6d/7 ET2.5% Pa1(1) 6/y; S/2 d4 6d/7 ET2.5% Pa1(1) 6/y and S/2 d5 6d/7 ET2.5% Pa1(1) 1.
{"title":"Latex Harvesting Technologies Adapted to Hevea brasiliensis Muell Clones GT 1; RRIC 100 and BPM 24 Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) belonging to the Moderate Metabolism Class in the Socio-economic Context of Côte d'Ivoire","authors":"M. Diarrassouba, S. Sanogo, B. Camara, N’guessan Samuel Obouayeba","doi":"10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.6.301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.6.301","url":null,"abstract":"Improving the productivity of rubber trees has always been a major concern for rubber farmers. The majority of growers opt for overexploitation of the trees. This disturbs the physiological balance of the rubber trees, which leads to the recrudescence of tapping panel dryness and rather to a drop in production. To solve this problem, the present study proposes to define a latex harvesting technology (or technologies) for the moderate metabolism clone class that will allow the improvement of plantation yield and the increase of the economic life of the trees. To achieve this, the GT 1, RRIC 100 and BPM 24 clones of the moderate metabolism class were used as plant material. The results showed that the reduction in tapping frequency had no negative effect on the vegetative state of the trees. This reduction was compensated by a high number of annual stimulations, which resulted in high dry rubber production. Analysis of dry rubber production, radial rubber growth and tapping panel dryness rate indicates that the moderate metabolic class clones performed better with the latex harvesting technologies S/2 d3 6d/7 ET2.5% Pa1(1) 6/y; S/2 d4 6d/7 ET2.5% Pa1(1) 6/y and S/2 d5 6d/7 ET2.5% Pa1(1) 1.","PeriodicalId":72969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biology and biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43152122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-12DOI: 10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.6.298
H. Bikang, S. Ntie, T. Decaëns, Rodolphe Rougierie
Lepidopterans are an important component of central African biodiversity. Indeed, they play an important role as plant pollinators, food source, bio-indicators, and even pests for local crops. However, almost nothing is known about these moths in central Africa, while they are being increasingly threatened by significant landscape changes due mainly to infrastructure constructions and climate change. So, the mosaic of forests and savannah in the Plateaux Batéké (southeastern Gabon) constitutes a unique opportunity to study how Lepidopteran communities might evolve along an ecological gradient with upcoming changes in forest cover in the region. A total of 2824 specimens, representing 14 distinct families or subfamilies, were sampled using light-trapping and sorted into morphospecies, while a subset of 95 samples was further investigated using both morphological and molecular methods. Community comparison of nocturnal Lepidopteran showed that there was a significant difference in terms of abundance only between sampling sessions. Indeed, this could be due to food availability between sampling sessions. In May and June in Gabon, most plants have flowers and fruits and moth families such as Geometridae and Sphingidae emerge at that time. The most represented family in our sampled specimens was the Geometridae, which prefers habitats with permanent river courses as is the case in our sampling area. However, a more comprehensive study using various trapping methods, during several seasonal cycles and with more replicates in each habitat type is needed for a better understanding of the community structure and ecological traits that characterize nocturnal Lepidopteran in the Plateaux Batéké of Gabon.
{"title":"First Assessment of Nocturnal Lepidopteran Communities in the Forest Savannah Mosaic of the Plateaux Batéké, Southeastern Gabon","authors":"H. Bikang, S. Ntie, T. Decaëns, Rodolphe Rougierie","doi":"10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.6.298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.6.298","url":null,"abstract":"Lepidopterans are an important component of central African biodiversity. Indeed, they play an important role as plant pollinators, food source, bio-indicators, and even pests for local crops. However, almost nothing is known about these moths in central Africa, while they are being increasingly threatened by significant landscape changes due mainly to infrastructure constructions and climate change. So, the mosaic of forests and savannah in the Plateaux Batéké (southeastern Gabon) constitutes a unique opportunity to study how Lepidopteran communities might evolve along an ecological gradient with upcoming changes in forest cover in the region. A total of 2824 specimens, representing 14 distinct families or subfamilies, were sampled using light-trapping and sorted into morphospecies, while a subset of 95 samples was further investigated using both morphological and molecular methods. Community comparison of nocturnal Lepidopteran showed that there was a significant difference in terms of abundance only between sampling sessions. Indeed, this could be due to food availability between sampling sessions. In May and June in Gabon, most plants have flowers and fruits and moth families such as Geometridae and Sphingidae emerge at that time. The most represented family in our sampled specimens was the Geometridae, which prefers habitats with permanent river courses as is the case in our sampling area. However, a more comprehensive study using various trapping methods, during several seasonal cycles and with more replicates in each habitat type is needed for a better understanding of the community structure and ecological traits that characterize nocturnal Lepidopteran in the Plateaux Batéké of Gabon.","PeriodicalId":72969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biology and biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43127179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.6.294
Waghmare Kranti, G. Nivedita, M. Shindikar
The interaction between plant-aphid is phenomenal and complex. Aphids possess efficient mouthparts which feed on plant sap intensively. Adaptation to host plants and successful feeding is achieved through the strategic ability of aphids to reproduce sexually and asexually (parthenogenesis). Aphid infestation damages the plant in diverse ways and induces plant defense. Though plant elicit direct and indirect defense to resist aphid feeding, the effectiveness of plant resistance depends largely on the aphid infestation rate and quality of the host plant. To control aphid infestation and plant damage, dependency on insecticides is undesirable due to insecticidal resistance of aphids and environmental pollution. The approach towards the development of the genetically engineered crops which are aphid resistant can be the considerable potential to aphid control..
{"title":"Understanding the Plant Aphid Interaction: A Review","authors":"Waghmare Kranti, G. Nivedita, M. Shindikar","doi":"10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.6.294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.6.294","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction between plant-aphid is phenomenal and complex. Aphids possess efficient mouthparts which feed on plant sap intensively. Adaptation to host plants and successful feeding is achieved through the strategic ability of aphids to reproduce sexually and asexually (parthenogenesis). Aphid infestation damages the plant in diverse ways and induces plant defense. Though plant elicit direct and indirect defense to resist aphid feeding, the effectiveness of plant resistance depends largely on the aphid infestation rate and quality of the host plant. To control aphid infestation and plant damage, dependency on insecticides is undesirable due to insecticidal resistance of aphids and environmental pollution. The approach towards the development of the genetically engineered crops which are aphid resistant can be the considerable potential to aphid control..","PeriodicalId":72969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biology and biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49642907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-19DOI: 10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.6.247
H. O. Akpa, J. Tongjura, G. Amuga, R. Ombugadu
Untimely, forceful, and unexpected death is inevitable and common worldwide. Evidence for causes of death may be obtained through the knowledge of insects’ successional pattern and postmortem interval on dead carcasses. Two rabbits (Lepus cuniculus) weighing 2.5 kg each were used as the experimental animals. The rabbits were sacrificed by poisoning and stabbing, postmortem evaluation was achieved by taking record of the insect’s successional pattern. The insects’ successional pattern revealed the following insects’ species in order in which they arrived on the carcasses: Musca domestica, Lucilia sericata, Chrysomya albiceps, Dermestes maculatus, and Armadillidium vulgare (usual sp). The family Formicidae were represented by two unidentified species. M. domestica arrived first on the stabbed carcass while L. sericata on poisoned carcass. A total of 105±50 insects were collected throughout the study period, with stabbed rabbit contributing 61±10 and poisoned 44±60 insects’ species. Variation in the number of forensically important insects’ species encountered in the study site did not show any significant difference (p>0.05) in relation to each decomposition stage. There was however a significant difference (p<0.05) between insects’ relative abundance and mode of killing. Insect evidence was found 3 minutes after death on the stabbed carcass and 3 days after on the poisoned carcass. The study has shown that insects' population can be used to establish postmortem evidence in rabbit carcasses.
{"title":"Postmortem Evaluation of Rabbit Carcasses Using Insect Populations in Keffi Nasarawa State, Nigeria","authors":"H. O. Akpa, J. Tongjura, G. Amuga, R. Ombugadu","doi":"10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.6.247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.6.247","url":null,"abstract":"Untimely, forceful, and unexpected death is inevitable and common worldwide. Evidence for causes of death may be obtained through the knowledge of insects’ successional pattern and postmortem interval on dead carcasses. Two rabbits (Lepus cuniculus) weighing 2.5 kg each were used as the experimental animals. The rabbits were sacrificed by poisoning and stabbing, postmortem evaluation was achieved by taking record of the insect’s successional pattern. The insects’ successional pattern revealed the following insects’ species in order in which they arrived on the carcasses: Musca domestica, Lucilia sericata, Chrysomya albiceps, Dermestes maculatus, and Armadillidium vulgare (usual sp). The family Formicidae were represented by two unidentified species. M. domestica arrived first on the stabbed carcass while L. sericata on poisoned carcass. A total of 105±50 insects were collected throughout the study period, with stabbed rabbit contributing 61±10 and poisoned 44±60 insects’ species. Variation in the number of forensically important insects’ species encountered in the study site did not show any significant difference (p>0.05) in relation to each decomposition stage. There was however a significant difference (p<0.05) between insects’ relative abundance and mode of killing. Insect evidence was found 3 minutes after death on the stabbed carcass and 3 days after on the poisoned carcass. The study has shown that insects' population can be used to establish postmortem evidence in rabbit carcasses.","PeriodicalId":72969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biology and biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49588637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-06DOI: 10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.6.290
R. Aso, C. Hammuel, M. Daji, J. Briska
Glyphosate-based herbicides are often used for the control of weeds grown on agricultural fields or farms. Different health problems have been reported to be associated with the use of glyphosate-based herbicides mainly due to their toxicity level. Thus, finding glyphosate utilizing microorganisms to remediate the glyphosate-based herbicides in the environment is crucial. The culture conditions for maximum utilization of glyphosate by bacterial isolates, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Bacillus cereus and Enterobacter aerogenes previously isolated from Ugini stream close to corn fields treated with glyphosate-based herbicide at Ofagbe, Delta State, Nigeria were optimized using mineral salt medium containing glyphosate as carbon source. The varied culture parameters assessed were temperature (30, 37 and 40 oC), pH (5, 6, 7, 8 and 9), initial glyphosate concentration (1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 g/L) and incubation time (2-14 days). Optical density (OD) at 560 nm of the culture was used to estimate cell growth or cell load of the glyphosate utilizing bacteria strains at every 2 days for 14 days. The following optimal conditions were determined: initial pH 9.0, incubation temperature 30 °C, initial concentration of glyphosate (1g/L) and incubation time of 12 days. Of the isolates on the medium containing the herbicide as sole carbon and energy source, Bacillus cereus showed the highest growth level (OD average, 0.127, pH average, 6.26. This was followed by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (OD average = 0.114, pH average = 6.44) and Enterobacter aerogenes (OD average = 0.100, pH average, 6.56). At the increased of glyphosate in the medium there was decreased in growth of the bacteria. Bacillus cereus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Enterobacter aerogenes indicated a high capacity to be able to degrade glyphosate. It is therefore concluded that the bacteria employed in this research can be recommended for bioremediation of environments contaminated with this chemical and further research should conducted to ascertain the catabolic genes present in these individual glyphosate degrading bacteria.
{"title":"Growth Optimization of Glyphosate-based Herbicides Utilizing Bacteria isolated from Lotic Water of Ogini Stream, Nigeria","authors":"R. Aso, C. Hammuel, M. Daji, J. Briska","doi":"10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.6.290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.6.290","url":null,"abstract":"Glyphosate-based herbicides are often used for the control of weeds grown on agricultural fields or farms. Different health problems have been reported to be associated with the use of glyphosate-based herbicides mainly due to their toxicity level. Thus, finding glyphosate utilizing microorganisms to remediate the glyphosate-based herbicides in the environment is crucial. The culture conditions for maximum utilization of glyphosate by bacterial isolates, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Bacillus cereus and Enterobacter aerogenes previously isolated from Ugini stream close to corn fields treated with glyphosate-based herbicide at Ofagbe, Delta State, Nigeria were optimized using mineral salt medium containing glyphosate as carbon source. The varied culture parameters assessed were temperature (30, 37 and 40 oC), pH (5, 6, 7, 8 and 9), initial glyphosate concentration (1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 g/L) and incubation time (2-14 days). Optical density (OD) at 560 nm of the culture was used to estimate cell growth or cell load of the glyphosate utilizing bacteria strains at every 2 days for 14 days. The following optimal conditions were determined: initial pH 9.0, incubation temperature 30 °C, initial concentration of glyphosate (1g/L) and incubation time of 12 days. Of the isolates on the medium containing the herbicide as sole carbon and energy source, Bacillus cereus showed the highest growth level (OD average, 0.127, pH average, 6.26. This was followed by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (OD average = 0.114, pH average = 6.44) and Enterobacter aerogenes (OD average = 0.100, pH average, 6.56). At the increased of glyphosate in the medium there was decreased in growth of the bacteria. Bacillus cereus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Enterobacter aerogenes indicated a high capacity to be able to degrade glyphosate. It is therefore concluded that the bacteria employed in this research can be recommended for bioremediation of environments contaminated with this chemical and further research should conducted to ascertain the catabolic genes present in these individual glyphosate degrading bacteria.","PeriodicalId":72969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biology and biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45850514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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