Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.37349/emed.2023.00201
Hervé Agonsanou, Ricardo Figueiredo, Maurice Bergeron
According to recent data reported, it is noted that lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death internationally followed by cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. This disease is observed in both women and men and is related to lifestyle habits. Several causes are reported to be at the origin of lung cancer, especially smoking. It is important to note that the majority of lung cancers develop in the bronchi, that is to say at the level of the upper airways which lead to the lungs, which does not however make it possible to rule out the risk factors that come under environmental pollution since man breathes the air quality of the environment every day for his breathing. This review of the literature has made it possible to draw up a state of knowledge in order to understand the risk factors that increase lung cancer. More specifically, this work will make it possible to raise awareness in the field of the fight against cancer, in particular lung cancer.
{"title":"Risk factors for the development of lung cancer around the world: a review","authors":"Hervé Agonsanou, Ricardo Figueiredo, Maurice Bergeron","doi":"10.37349/emed.2023.00201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2023.00201","url":null,"abstract":"According to recent data reported, it is noted that lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death internationally followed by cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. This disease is observed in both women and men and is related to lifestyle habits. Several causes are reported to be at the origin of lung cancer, especially smoking. It is important to note that the majority of lung cancers develop in the bronchi, that is to say at the level of the upper airways which lead to the lungs, which does not however make it possible to rule out the risk factors that come under environmental pollution since man breathes the air quality of the environment every day for his breathing. This review of the literature has made it possible to draw up a state of knowledge in order to understand the risk factors that increase lung cancer. More specifically, this work will make it possible to raise awareness in the field of the fight against cancer, in particular lung cancer.","PeriodicalId":72999,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of medicine","volume":"104 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139145631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.37349/emed.2023.00194
K. Keskinbora
Artificial intelligence (AI) studies are increasingly reporting successful results in the diagnosis and prognosis prediction of ophthalmological diseases as well as systemic disorders. The goal of this review is to detail how AI can be utilized in making diagnostic predictions to enhance the clinical setting. It is crucial to keep improving methods that emphasize clarity in AI models. This makes it possible to evaluate the information obtained from ocular imaging and easily incorporate it into therapeutic decision-making procedures. This will contribute to the wider acceptance and adoption of AI-based ocular imaging in healthcare settings combining advanced machine learning and deep learning techniques with new developments. Multiple studies were reviewed and evaluated, including AI-based algorithms, retinal images, fundus and optic nerve head (ONH) photographs, and extensive expert reviews. In these studies, carried out in various countries and laboratories of the world, it is seen those complex diagnoses, which can be detected systemic diseases from ophthalmological images, can be made much faster and with higher predictability, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, in addition to ophthalmological diseases, by comparing large numbers of images and teaching them to the computer. It is now clear that it can be taken advantage of AI to achieve diagnostic certainty. Collaboration between the fields of medicine and engineering foresees promising advances in improving the predictive accuracy and precision of future medical diagnoses achieved by training machines with this information. However, it is important to keep in mind that each new development requires new additions or updates to various social, psychological, ethical, and legal regulations.
{"title":"Current roles of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology","authors":"K. Keskinbora","doi":"10.37349/emed.2023.00194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2023.00194","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) studies are increasingly reporting successful results in the diagnosis and prognosis prediction of ophthalmological diseases as well as systemic disorders. The goal of this review is to detail how AI can be utilized in making diagnostic predictions to enhance the clinical setting. It is crucial to keep improving methods that emphasize clarity in AI models. This makes it possible to evaluate the information obtained from ocular imaging and easily incorporate it into therapeutic decision-making procedures. This will contribute to the wider acceptance and adoption of AI-based ocular imaging in healthcare settings combining advanced machine learning and deep learning techniques with new developments. Multiple studies were reviewed and evaluated, including AI-based algorithms, retinal images, fundus and optic nerve head (ONH) photographs, and extensive expert reviews. In these studies, carried out in various countries and laboratories of the world, it is seen those complex diagnoses, which can be detected systemic diseases from ophthalmological images, can be made much faster and with higher predictability, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, in addition to ophthalmological diseases, by comparing large numbers of images and teaching them to the computer. It is now clear that it can be taken advantage of AI to achieve diagnostic certainty. Collaboration between the fields of medicine and engineering foresees promising advances in improving the predictive accuracy and precision of future medical diagnoses achieved by training machines with this information. However, it is important to keep in mind that each new development requires new additions or updates to various social, psychological, ethical, and legal regulations.","PeriodicalId":72999,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of medicine","volume":"137 9‐12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139149389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.37349/emed.2023.00192
K. Zaman, Abdelmonem Siddiq, A. Mohanty, Darwin A. León-Figueroa, J. J. Barboza, T. AL-Ahdal, Ranjit Sah
Within group A Streptococcus (GAS), only Streptococcus pyogenes exhibits clinical significance. GAS is typed serologically based on unique surface proteins and critical virulence factors, such as a hyaluronic acid capsule that shields GAS from phagocytosis. The burden of GAS was estimated in the last five years as 14,000 to 25,000 cases of the invasive group A streptococcal disease in the USA with an estimated death from 1,500 to 2,300 cases per year. Early in the summer of 2022 in England, there was more scarlet fever than was anticipated. Early in the current season, the number of notifications rose to unusual heights. The analysis of invasive GAS (iGAS) isolate typing data shows that this season has seen a wide variety of encoding mature M protein (emm) gene sequence types found. Therefore, public health authorities should think about initiatives to increase clinicians’ and the general public’s awareness of GAS infections and to promote their quick diagnosis, molecular testing and antibiotic susceptibility testing, and standard treatment.
在 A 组链球菌（GAS）中，只有化脓性链球菌具有临床意义。根据独特的表面蛋白和关键的毒力因子（如透明质酸囊，它能保护 A 组链球菌免受吞噬作用），可对 A 组链球菌进行血清学分型。据估计，在过去五年中，GAS 在美国造成的负担为 1.4 万至 2.5 万例侵袭性 A 组链球菌疾病，估计每年死亡病例为 1500 至 2300 例。2022 年初夏，英国的猩红热发病率高于预期。在当前季节的早期，通报数量上升到不寻常的高度。对侵袭性猩红热（iGAS）分离株分型数据的分析表明，本季发现的编码成熟 M 蛋白（emm）基因序列类型多种多样。因此，公共卫生部门应考虑采取措施，提高临床医生和公众对革兰阳性菌感染的认识，促进其快速诊断、分子检测和抗生素敏感性检测以及规范治疗。
{"title":"Group A streptococcal infection in the United Kingdom: an emerging threat","authors":"K. Zaman, Abdelmonem Siddiq, A. Mohanty, Darwin A. León-Figueroa, J. J. Barboza, T. AL-Ahdal, Ranjit Sah","doi":"10.37349/emed.2023.00192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2023.00192","url":null,"abstract":"Within group A Streptococcus (GAS), only Streptococcus pyogenes exhibits clinical significance. GAS is typed serologically based on unique surface proteins and critical virulence factors, such as a hyaluronic acid capsule that shields GAS from phagocytosis. The burden of GAS was estimated in the last five years as 14,000 to 25,000 cases of the invasive group A streptococcal disease in the USA with an estimated death from 1,500 to 2,300 cases per year. Early in the summer of 2022 in England, there was more scarlet fever than was anticipated. Early in the current season, the number of notifications rose to unusual heights. The analysis of invasive GAS (iGAS) isolate typing data shows that this season has seen a wide variety of encoding mature M protein (emm) gene sequence types found. Therefore, public health authorities should think about initiatives to increase clinicians’ and the general public’s awareness of GAS infections and to promote their quick diagnosis, molecular testing and antibiotic susceptibility testing, and standard treatment.","PeriodicalId":72999,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of medicine","volume":"48 29","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139151196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: Arthritis is a degenerative condition characterized by the progressive deterioration of the knee joint, leading to aches, rigidity, and decreased mobility. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery is performed to alleviate pain for restoring activity in these patients. TKA is carried out due to natural wear of the cartilage and meniscus or by sudden impact at the knee joint area. The surgical procedure involves careful planning, precise bone cuts, and insertion of artificial components made of metal alloys and high-density polyethylene. However, conventional manufacturing of customized knee implants involves time and cost. This work aims to present the application of three-dimensional (3D) printing for developing individualized knee implants for TKA and the challenges faced during it. Methods: Morphometry of the knee joint varies among different populations, including Indian and Western, which pose challenges during the surgery as accurate alignment and implant sizing are crucial for optimal outcomes. A female patient’s pre-surgery computed tomography (CT) scan is considered to identify the disease and to find region of interest (ROI) such as knee joint. Process involves converting scanned data to a file format for 3D printing via computer-aided design (CAD). Results: The patient’s CT scan data is processed to obtain the CAD models of knee joint and standard triangulation language (STL) file. Additional geometries and noise present near the region are removed to get ROI. Open loops and overlapping triangles are rectified in the STL file. Based on the morphometry of the bone, resection is done to obtain the CAD models of knee implants. 3D printing of the knee joint and implant prototypes is then obtained using fused deposition modelling (FDM). Line layers on the printed implant prototype are seen. Conclusions: Patient-specific 3D printed knee joint implant prototypes are successfully obtained using FDM. Challenges faced during the work are successfully worked out.
{"title":"Development of patient-specific 3D printed implants for total knee arthroplasty","authors":"Dasharath Ramavath, S. Yeole, Jaya Prakash Kode, Narendra Pothula, Sudheer Reddy Devana","doi":"10.37349/emed.2023.00193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2023.00193","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Arthritis is a degenerative condition characterized by the progressive deterioration of the knee joint, leading to aches, rigidity, and decreased mobility. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery is performed to alleviate pain for restoring activity in these patients. TKA is carried out due to natural wear of the cartilage and meniscus or by sudden impact at the knee joint area. The surgical procedure involves careful planning, precise bone cuts, and insertion of artificial components made of metal alloys and high-density polyethylene. However, conventional manufacturing of customized knee implants involves time and cost. This work aims to present the application of three-dimensional (3D) printing for developing individualized knee implants for TKA and the challenges faced during it. Methods: Morphometry of the knee joint varies among different populations, including Indian and Western, which pose challenges during the surgery as accurate alignment and implant sizing are crucial for optimal outcomes. A female patient’s pre-surgery computed tomography (CT) scan is considered to identify the disease and to find region of interest (ROI) such as knee joint. Process involves converting scanned data to a file format for 3D printing via computer-aided design (CAD). Results: The patient’s CT scan data is processed to obtain the CAD models of knee joint and standard triangulation language (STL) file. Additional geometries and noise present near the region are removed to get ROI. Open loops and overlapping triangles are rectified in the STL file. Based on the morphometry of the bone, resection is done to obtain the CAD models of knee implants. 3D printing of the knee joint and implant prototypes is then obtained using fused deposition modelling (FDM). Line layers on the printed implant prototype are seen. Conclusions: Patient-specific 3D printed knee joint implant prototypes are successfully obtained using FDM. Challenges faced during the work are successfully worked out.","PeriodicalId":72999,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of medicine","volume":"271 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139152763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-25DOI: 10.37349/emed.2023.00191
David A. Johnson, Amisha M. Parikh-Das, Evren Atillasoy, Hayk Davtyan, Leslie Shur, Andrea S. Blevins-Primeau, Nathaniel F. Watson
Nocturnal heartburn (NHB) is a symptom that affects up to 25% of the general population and has been shown to cause sleep disruption that adversely affects quality of life and psychomotor performance. Few studies have evaluated the association between occasional NHB and sleep disturbances; therefore, this connection may be underappreciated and left untreated by the primary care provider and patient, with potentially significant negative clinical consequences and effects on quality of life. This review sought to describe what is currently known about the interplay between occasional NHB and sleep disruption, and identify whether acid suppression therapy can improve symptoms of occasional NHB and associated sleep disruptions. The pathophysiology of heartburn-induced sleep disruption appears to follow a bidirectional cycle due to the normal physiologic changes that occur in the upper gastrointestinal tract during sleep and due to the potential for heartburn symptoms to cause sleep arousal. The majority of the identified studies suggested that pharmacologic interventions for acid reduction, including proton pump inhibitors or histamine type-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs), improved objective and/or subjective sleep outcomes among individuals with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and NHB. Several studies specific to famotidine demonstrated that treatment with 10 mg or 20 mg reduced nighttime awakenings due to NHB. In conclusion, NHB symptoms can cause sleep dysfunction that can have a profound adverse downstream effect on quality of life, next-day functioning, and health-related outcomes. The current approach to managing occasional NHB is similar to that associated with GERD, highlighting the need for studies specific to the occasional heartburn population. Health care providers should investigate NHB as one of the potential causes of sleep complaints, and patients with heartburn should be questioned about sleep quality, recalled arousals, next-day vitality, early fatigue, and next-day functioning.
{"title":"Sleep disruption due to nocturnal heartburn: a review of the evidence and clinical implications","authors":"David A. Johnson, Amisha M. Parikh-Das, Evren Atillasoy, Hayk Davtyan, Leslie Shur, Andrea S. Blevins-Primeau, Nathaniel F. Watson","doi":"10.37349/emed.2023.00191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2023.00191","url":null,"abstract":"Nocturnal heartburn (NHB) is a symptom that affects up to 25% of the general population and has been shown to cause sleep disruption that adversely affects quality of life and psychomotor performance. Few studies have evaluated the association between occasional NHB and sleep disturbances; therefore, this connection may be underappreciated and left untreated by the primary care provider and patient, with potentially significant negative clinical consequences and effects on quality of life. This review sought to describe what is currently known about the interplay between occasional NHB and sleep disruption, and identify whether acid suppression therapy can improve symptoms of occasional NHB and associated sleep disruptions. The pathophysiology of heartburn-induced sleep disruption appears to follow a bidirectional cycle due to the normal physiologic changes that occur in the upper gastrointestinal tract during sleep and due to the potential for heartburn symptoms to cause sleep arousal. The majority of the identified studies suggested that pharmacologic interventions for acid reduction, including proton pump inhibitors or histamine type-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs), improved objective and/or subjective sleep outcomes among individuals with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and NHB. Several studies specific to famotidine demonstrated that treatment with 10 mg or 20 mg reduced nighttime awakenings due to NHB. In conclusion, NHB symptoms can cause sleep dysfunction that can have a profound adverse downstream effect on quality of life, next-day functioning, and health-related outcomes. The current approach to managing occasional NHB is similar to that associated with GERD, highlighting the need for studies specific to the occasional heartburn population. Health care providers should investigate NHB as one of the potential causes of sleep complaints, and patients with heartburn should be questioned about sleep quality, recalled arousals, next-day vitality, early fatigue, and next-day functioning.","PeriodicalId":72999,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of medicine","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139158735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-25DOI: 10.37349/emed.2023.00189
Alexandre González-Rodríguez, Jesús Cobo, Mary V. Seeman
Effective clinical management of women with schizophrenia is therapeutically challenging. While there have been recent advances in the understanding of neurobiological, hormonal, and female reproductive cycle factors that play a decisive role in the development and progression of schizophrenia in women, this knowledge has not yet been fully translated into treatment practice. The aim was to apply the best evidence available to optimally treat women with schizophrenia at various periods of the lifespan. A narrative review was conducted of recent advances (2018–2023) in aspects of schizophrenia in women that demand sex-specific treatment. Sex steroids impact antipsychotic absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, passage through the blood-brain barrier, and blood flow rate to the brain. For these reasons, premenopausal women with schizophrenia, as compared to male age peers, require lower doses of most antipsychotic drugs and suffer comparatively more adverse events (metabolic, sexual, and cardiovascular) at similar doses. Apart from pharmacologic treatment, women have specific reproductive planning needs and need protection from sexual exploitation and domestic abuse. In addition, when pregnant, schizophrenia women show a high risk of gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia/eclampsia that requires prevention. Prevention is also needed against long-term health hazards for their offspring. Another period of therapeutic challenge specific to women is menopause. The collected evidence points to women-specific recommendations for both biological and psychosocial treatment strategies for schizophrenia.
{"title":"Improving treatment of women with schizophrenia: a review of the recent literature","authors":"Alexandre González-Rodríguez, Jesús Cobo, Mary V. Seeman","doi":"10.37349/emed.2023.00189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2023.00189","url":null,"abstract":"Effective clinical management of women with schizophrenia is therapeutically challenging. While there have been recent advances in the understanding of neurobiological, hormonal, and female reproductive cycle factors that play a decisive role in the development and progression of schizophrenia in women, this knowledge has not yet been fully translated into treatment practice. The aim was to apply the best evidence available to optimally treat women with schizophrenia at various periods of the lifespan. A narrative review was conducted of recent advances (2018–2023) in aspects of schizophrenia in women that demand sex-specific treatment. Sex steroids impact antipsychotic absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, passage through the blood-brain barrier, and blood flow rate to the brain. For these reasons, premenopausal women with schizophrenia, as compared to male age peers, require lower doses of most antipsychotic drugs and suffer comparatively more adverse events (metabolic, sexual, and cardiovascular) at similar doses. Apart from pharmacologic treatment, women have specific reproductive planning needs and need protection from sexual exploitation and domestic abuse. In addition, when pregnant, schizophrenia women show a high risk of gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia/eclampsia that requires prevention. Prevention is also needed against long-term health hazards for their offspring. Another period of therapeutic challenge specific to women is menopause. The collected evidence points to women-specific recommendations for both biological and psychosocial treatment strategies for schizophrenia.","PeriodicalId":72999,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139159143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-25DOI: 10.37349/emed.2023.00190
Hind Amin, Samir Shoughy
The gut microbiota comprises a complex bacterial community that resides in the intestine. Imbalances in the gut microbiota can disrupt immune homeostasis, triggering autoimmune diseases including non-infectious uveitis. Despite recent advances, the underlying mechanisms linking the microbiome and uveitis are not fully understood. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the literature addressing microbiome’s relationship with ocular inflammation. Additionally, it explores the potential of modulating the gut microbiota as a novel therapeutic target. A literature search of published articles related to the role of ocular microbiome in non-infectious uveitis in PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted. The following keywords were used: microbiome, uveitis, and immune-mediate diseases.
{"title":"The role of microbiome in uveitis","authors":"Hind Amin, Samir Shoughy","doi":"10.37349/emed.2023.00190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2023.00190","url":null,"abstract":"The gut microbiota comprises a complex bacterial community that resides in the intestine. Imbalances in the gut microbiota can disrupt immune homeostasis, triggering autoimmune diseases including non-infectious uveitis. Despite recent advances, the underlying mechanisms linking the microbiome and uveitis are not fully understood. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the literature addressing microbiome’s relationship with ocular inflammation. Additionally, it explores the potential of modulating the gut microbiota as a novel therapeutic target. A literature search of published articles related to the role of ocular microbiome in non-infectious uveitis in PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted. The following keywords were used: microbiome, uveitis, and immune-mediate diseases.","PeriodicalId":72999,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of medicine","volume":"4 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139158607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-25DOI: 10.37349/emed.2023.00188
Malvika Mishra, Prashant Tripathi, Pratibha Singh, Y. K. Rao, Desh Deepak Singh
Aim: The frequency of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is the highest in India. Although it should receive more attention, severe anemia is one of the comorbidities that increases mortality in children who are severely undernourished. In SAM children, the liver function test (LFT), kidney function test (KFT), and complete blood count (CBC) are deranged, but their correlation with the prognosis is not well defined. The aim was to describe the anthropometric assessment and biochemical profile of children with SAM. Methods: This cross-sectional cohort study was performed at the Departments of Paediatrics and Biochemistry at G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur, and at the Department of Biotechnology at Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur. One hundred and six patients with SAM were enrolled; 53 were grouped as complicated SAM (Group 1) (dehydration and severe dehydration) and 53 were diagnosed as non-complicated SAM (Group 2). Results: Group II had significantly higher mean values for height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), head circumference, and body mass index (BMI) for age percentile compared to Group I, with P-values of 0.001. Group I had a significantly lower level of hemoglobin (8.86 g/dL ± 2.21 g/dL) compared to Group II (10.0 g/dL ± 1.83 g/dL) with a P-value of 0.003. The difference in the frequency of anemia between the groups was statistically significant, with a P-value of 0.026. Anemia significantly increased the risk of complicated SAM with an odds ratio of 2.60 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07–6.31, P = 0.001]. Conclusions: This study suggests that there may be a significant relationship between anemia and the development of complications in high-risk children with SAM.
目的：在印度，严重急性营养不良（SAM）的发病率最高。虽然严重贫血应该得到更多关注，但它是增加严重营养不良儿童死亡率的并发症之一。在 SAM 儿童中，肝功能测试 (LFT)、肾功能测试 (KFT) 和全血细胞计数 (CBC) 均有异常，但它们与预后的相关性尚不明确。本研究旨在描述 SAM 儿童的人体测量评估和生化特征。研究方法这项横断面队列研究在坎普尔 G.S.V.M. 医学院儿科和生物化学系以及斋浦尔拉贾斯坦邦阿米提大学生物技术系进行。共招募了 16 名 SAM 患者，其中 53 名被归为复杂 SAM（第 1 组）（脱水和严重脱水），53 名被诊断为非复杂 SAM（第 2 组）。结果显示与第一组相比，第二组的身高、体重、中上臂围（MUAC）、头围和体重指数（BMI）的平均值明显更高，P 值为 0.001。I 组的血红蛋白水平（8.86 g/dL ± 2.21 g/dL）明显低于 II 组（10.0 g/dL ± 1.83 g/dL），P 值为 0.003。组间贫血发生率的差异具有统计学意义，P 值为 0.026。贫血明显增加了并发 SAM 的风险，几率比为 2.60 [95% 置信区间 (CI)，1.07-6.31，P = 0.001]。结论本研究表明，贫血与高危 SAM 患儿并发症的发生可能存在显著关系。
{"title":"Comparison of biochemical and anthropometric parameters in complicated and uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition among children aged 6 to 59 months: a cross-sectional study","authors":"Malvika Mishra, Prashant Tripathi, Pratibha Singh, Y. K. Rao, Desh Deepak Singh","doi":"10.37349/emed.2023.00188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2023.00188","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The frequency of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is the highest in India. Although it should receive more attention, severe anemia is one of the comorbidities that increases mortality in children who are severely undernourished. In SAM children, the liver function test (LFT), kidney function test (KFT), and complete blood count (CBC) are deranged, but their correlation with the prognosis is not well defined. The aim was to describe the anthropometric assessment and biochemical profile of children with SAM. Methods: This cross-sectional cohort study was performed at the Departments of Paediatrics and Biochemistry at G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur, and at the Department of Biotechnology at Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur. One hundred and six patients with SAM were enrolled; 53 were grouped as complicated SAM (Group 1) (dehydration and severe dehydration) and 53 were diagnosed as non-complicated SAM (Group 2). Results: Group II had significantly higher mean values for height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), head circumference, and body mass index (BMI) for age percentile compared to Group I, with P-values of 0.001. Group I had a significantly lower level of hemoglobin (8.86 g/dL ± 2.21 g/dL) compared to Group II (10.0 g/dL ± 1.83 g/dL) with a P-value of 0.003. The difference in the frequency of anemia between the groups was statistically significant, with a P-value of 0.026. Anemia significantly increased the risk of complicated SAM with an odds ratio of 2.60 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07–6.31, P = 0.001]. Conclusions: This study suggests that there may be a significant relationship between anemia and the development of complications in high-risk children with SAM.","PeriodicalId":72999,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of medicine","volume":"8 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139158436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.37349/emed.2023.00187
Lena B. Kim, A. Putyatina
Lung tuberculosis (TB) remains a heavy burden on public health worldwide. This review discusses mainly the mechanisms of the development of pulmonary fibrosis in an experimental TB model in mice. The involvement of individual components of the extracellular matrix, the activity of matrix metalloproteinases, and the role of their tissue inhibitors in the fibrosis development. The current TB therapy activates fibrosis along with anti-mycobacterial action. The paper describes the authors’ results of experimental use of the liposome-encapsulated dextrazid (LЕDZ) combined with isoniazid (INH) which has both antifibrotic and anti-mycobacterial effects to be considered for future treatment.
{"title":"Mechanism of lungs fibrosis in mycobacterial infection","authors":"Lena B. Kim, A. Putyatina","doi":"10.37349/emed.2023.00187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2023.00187","url":null,"abstract":"Lung tuberculosis (TB) remains a heavy burden on public health worldwide. This review discusses mainly the mechanisms of the development of pulmonary fibrosis in an experimental TB model in mice. The involvement of individual components of the extracellular matrix, the activity of matrix metalloproteinases, and the role of their tissue inhibitors in the fibrosis development. The current TB therapy activates fibrosis along with anti-mycobacterial action. The paper describes the authors’ results of experimental use of the liposome-encapsulated dextrazid (LЕDZ) combined with isoniazid (INH) which has both antifibrotic and anti-mycobacterial effects to be considered for future treatment.","PeriodicalId":72999,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of medicine","volume":"45 146","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139007966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.37349/emed.2023.00186
Olha Denefil, S. Chorniy, S. Boitsaniuk, Nadia Manashchuk, N. Chornij, M. Levkiv, Natalia Tverdokhlib, Khrystyna Loza
Aim: The aim is to analyze the microbiome of gingival sulcus and periodontal pockets of patients with periodontal disease associated with systemic diseases. Methods: A microbiological study was conducted to analyze the microflora of the periodontal pockets in patients with different systemic pathologies and periodontal diseases. Plaque samples were collected from the gingival sulcus and periodontal pockets, and they were subsequently cultured on nutrient medium and glass plates. Results: The microbiota of the gingival sulcus and periodontal pockets in patients with associated systemic diseases in combination with periodontal disease was studied. The frequency of detecting the qualitative composition of the microbiota in the periodontal niche of patients with periodontal diseases and systemic diseases was determined. The research paper outlined groups of microorganisms isolated from periodontal pockets of patients with periodontal and systemic diseases. Conclusions: The degree of colonization by microorganisms differed slightly, while the frequency of detection of specific populations of opportunistic bacteria increased in chronic generalized periodontitis compared to chronic catarrhal gingivitis.
{"title":"Analysis of microbiocenosis of a gingival sulcus and periodontal pockets of patients with periodontal diseases associated with systemic pathology","authors":"Olha Denefil, S. Chorniy, S. Boitsaniuk, Nadia Manashchuk, N. Chornij, M. Levkiv, Natalia Tverdokhlib, Khrystyna Loza","doi":"10.37349/emed.2023.00186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2023.00186","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim is to analyze the microbiome of gingival sulcus and periodontal pockets of patients with periodontal disease associated with systemic diseases.\u0000Methods: A microbiological study was conducted to analyze the microflora of the periodontal pockets in patients with different systemic pathologies and periodontal diseases. Plaque samples were collected from the gingival sulcus and periodontal pockets, and they were subsequently cultured on nutrient medium and glass plates.\u0000Results: The microbiota of the gingival sulcus and periodontal pockets in patients with associated systemic diseases in combination with periodontal disease was studied. The frequency of detecting the qualitative composition of the microbiota in the periodontal niche of patients with periodontal diseases and systemic diseases was determined. The research paper outlined groups of microorganisms isolated from periodontal pockets of patients with periodontal and systemic diseases.\u0000Conclusions: The degree of colonization by microorganisms differed slightly, while the frequency of detection of specific populations of opportunistic bacteria increased in chronic generalized periodontitis compared to chronic catarrhal gingivitis.","PeriodicalId":72999,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of medicine","volume":"34 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138980234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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