Pub Date : 2024-09-27eCollection Date: 2024-09-01DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00011
Exposure to cadmium tends to be higher in Japan than in other countries due to the wide spreading of ore deposits and many mines throughout Japan. The proximal tubule of the kidney is recognized as the most susceptible site to be affected by cadmium exposure. Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) considered it appropriate to investigate studies of the effects of cadmium intake on renal proximal tubular function using urinary β2-microglobulin concentration of 1,000 μg/g creatinine as a criterion for the dysfunction. Based on these epidemiological studies, FSCJ established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 7 µg/kg bw per week for cadmium. This value is derived from the results of actual dietary surveys and urinary β2-microglobulin concentrations in Japan, and not from the results of application of blood or urinary cadmium levels to theoretical models. Therefore, no uncertainty factor is required. The estimated dietary intake of cadmium in 2022 was 2.03 µg/kg bw per week, approximately 30% of the TWI of 7 µg/kg bw per week. Therefore, it is unlikely that dietary cadmium intake in the general Japanese population would cause adverse health effects.
{"title":"Cadmium (Third Edition) (Chemicals and Contaminants).","authors":"","doi":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to cadmium tends to be higher in Japan than in other countries due to the wide spreading of ore deposits and many mines throughout Japan. The proximal tubule of the kidney is recognized as the most susceptible site to be affected by cadmium exposure. Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) considered it appropriate to investigate studies of the effects of cadmium intake on renal proximal tubular function using urinary β<sub>2</sub>-microglobulin concentration of 1,000 μg/g creatinine as a criterion for the dysfunction. Based on these epidemiological studies, FSCJ established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 7 µg/kg bw per week for cadmium. This value is derived from the results of actual dietary surveys and urinary β<sub>2</sub>-microglobulin concentrations in Japan, and not from the results of application of blood or urinary cadmium levels to theoretical models. Therefore, no uncertainty factor is required. The estimated dietary intake of cadmium in 2022 was 2.03 µg/kg bw per week, approximately 30% of the TWI of 7 µg/kg bw per week. Therefore, it is unlikely that dietary cadmium intake in the general Japanese population would cause adverse health effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"12 3","pages":"67-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11439083/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142336721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chicken is a potent source of Salmonella infection in humans. Occasionally, patients with severe Salmonella enteritis require antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrobials are used to prevent and treat bacterial infections in broiler and breeder farms. Herein, we investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in 337 vacuum-packed chicken breast products manufactured in Japan between June and December 2021. Salmonella was isolated from 287 samples (85.2%). Among the products from Eastern Japan, the lowest Salmonella prevalence was observed in those processed in September (65.6%), which was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that in November or December. Among the products from Western Japan, the lowest Salmonella prevalence was observed in those processed in August (61.9%), which was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that in June, November, and December. The most frequent serovar was Salmonella Schwarzengrund (223 isolates), followed by S. Infantis (53 isolates), S. Manhattan (9 isolates), and S. Enteritidis (1 isolate). High rates of antimicrobial resistance were observed for streptomycin (64.5%), kanamycin (50.2%), tetracycline (65.2%), nalidixic acid (11.5%), and trimethoprim (35.9%). Resistance rates against these five antimicrobials in S. Schwarzengrund isolates were markedly higher in the isolates from Western Japan than in those from Eastern Japan. All 287 Salmonella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin which belongs to fluoroquinolones and cefotaxime which belongs to third-generation cephalosporins. Salmonella prevalence in chicken products in Japan was found to be extremely high; therefore, chicken meat should be thoroughly heated before consumption. In Japan, fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins are recommended as the first- and second-choice antimicrobials for patients with severe Salmonella enteritis, respectively. The results of this study show that administering fluoroquinolones or third-generation cephalosporins is an effective option for patients with Salmonella enteritis caused by consuming chicken meat, and efficient strategies for Salmonella management on broiler farms and chicken-processing plants need to be developed.
{"title":"Geographical Variation of Antimicrobial Resistance of <i>Salmonella</i> in Japanese Chicken.","authors":"Yoshimasa Sasaki, Tetsuya Ikeda, Yoshika Momose, Kenzo Yonemitsu, Masashi Uema, Tetsuo Asai","doi":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00002","DOIUrl":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chicken is a potent source of <i>Salmonella</i> infection in humans. Occasionally, patients with severe <i>Salmonella</i> enteritis require antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrobials are used to prevent and treat bacterial infections in broiler and breeder farms. Herein, we investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of <i>Salmonella</i> in 337 vacuum-packed chicken breast products manufactured in Japan between June and December 2021. <i>Salmonella</i> was isolated from 287 samples (85.2%). Among the products from Eastern Japan, the lowest <i>Salmonella</i> prevalence was observed in those processed in September (65.6%), which was significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) lower than that in November or December. Among the products from Western Japan, the lowest <i>Salmonella</i> prevalence was observed in those processed in August (61.9%), which was significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) lower than that in June, November, and December. The most frequent serovar was <i>Salmonella</i> Schwarzengrund (223 isolates), followed by <i>S.</i> Infantis (53 isolates), <i>S.</i> Manhattan (9 isolates), and <i>S.</i> Enteritidis (1 isolate). High rates of antimicrobial resistance were observed for streptomycin (64.5%), kanamycin (50.2%), tetracycline (65.2%), nalidixic acid (11.5%), and trimethoprim (35.9%). Resistance rates against these five antimicrobials in <i>S</i>. Schwarzengrund isolates were markedly higher in the isolates from Western Japan than in those from Eastern Japan. All 287 <i>Salmonella</i> isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin which belongs to fluoroquinolones and cefotaxime which belongs to third-generation cephalosporins. <i>Salmonella</i> prevalence in chicken products in Japan was found to be extremely high; therefore, chicken meat should be thoroughly heated before consumption. In Japan, fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins are recommended as the first- and second-choice antimicrobials for patients with severe <i>Salmonella</i> enteritis, respectively. The results of this study show that administering fluoroquinolones or third-generation cephalosporins is an effective option for patients with <i>Salmonella</i> enteritis caused by consuming chicken meat, and efficient strategies for <i>Salmonella</i> management on broiler farms and chicken-processing plants need to be developed.</p>","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"12 3","pages":"59-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11439084/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142333761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-28eCollection Date: 2024-06-01DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00008
Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) conducted a risk assessment of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) (CAS No. 100502-66-7), using the evaluation documents for feed additive designation. This feed additive is a nitrate ester of 1,3-propanediol developed to reduce methane generated in the first stomach of cattle (rumen). The data used in the assessment include the fate in animals (mice, rats, cattle), residues (cattle), genotoxicity, acute toxicity (rats), subacute toxicity (mice, rats and dogs), chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity (rats), reproductive/developmental toxicity (rats and rabbits), and others. The lowest no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for possible adverse effects of 3-NOP was 100 mg/kg bw per day in 52-chronic toxicity, 104-week chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity, and two-generation reproductive toxicity studies in rats. Given this, FSCJ specified an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 1 mg/kg bw per day by applying a safety factor of 100 to the NOAEL.
{"title":"3-Nitrooxypropanol (Feed Additives).","authors":"","doi":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) conducted a risk assessment of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) (CAS No. 100502-66-7), using the evaluation documents for feed additive designation. This feed additive is a nitrate ester of 1,3-propanediol developed to reduce methane generated in the first stomach of cattle (rumen). The data used in the assessment include the fate in animals (mice, rats, cattle), residues (cattle), genotoxicity, acute toxicity (rats), subacute toxicity (mice, rats and dogs), chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity (rats), reproductive/developmental toxicity (rats and rabbits), and others. The lowest no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for possible adverse effects of 3-NOP was 100 mg/kg bw per day in 52-chronic toxicity, 104-week chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity, and two-generation reproductive toxicity studies in rats. Given this, FSCJ specified an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 1 mg/kg bw per day by applying a safety factor of 100 to the NOAEL.</p>","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"12 2","pages":"52-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11257681/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141735865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-28eCollection Date: 2024-06-01DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00009
Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) conducted a risk assessment of quinofumelin (CAS No. 861647-84-9), a quinoline fungicide, based on submitted documents. The data used in the assessment are fate in plants (including paddy rice and tomatoes), residues in crops, fate in livestock (goats and chickens), residues in livestock products, fate in animals (rats), subacute toxicity (rats, mice, and dogs), chronic toxicity (dogs), combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity (rats), carcinogenicity (mice), acute neurotoxicity (rats), subacute neurotoxicity (rats), two-generation reproductive toxicity (rats), developmental toxicity (rats and rabbits), and genotoxicity. FSCJ specified an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.03 mg/kg bw per day, and consequently specified an acute reference dose (ARfD) of 0.3 mg/kg bw per day after applying a safety factor of 100 based on the NOAEL.
{"title":"Quinofumelin (Pesticides).","authors":"","doi":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) conducted a risk assessment of quinofumelin (CAS No. 861647-84-9), a quinoline fungicide, based on submitted documents. The data used in the assessment are fate in plants (including paddy rice and tomatoes), residues in crops, fate in livestock (goats and chickens), residues in livestock products, fate in animals (rats), subacute toxicity (rats, mice, and dogs), chronic toxicity (dogs), combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity (rats), carcinogenicity (mice), acute neurotoxicity (rats), subacute neurotoxicity (rats), two-generation reproductive toxicity (rats), developmental toxicity (rats and rabbits), and genotoxicity. FSCJ specified an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.03 mg/kg bw per day, and consequently specified an acute reference dose (ARfD) of 0.3 mg/kg bw per day after applying a safety factor of 100 based on the NOAEL.</p>","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"12 2","pages":"54-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11257682/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141736334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06eCollection Date: 2024-06-01DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-23-00011
Hiroshi Akiyama, Yusuke Iwasaki, Rie Ito
The Committee on Pesticides and Veterinary Drugs of the Food Sanitation Council under the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council set the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for residual pesticides, veterinary drugs, and feed additives in food commodities according to the basic principles for establishing MRLs for pesticides in food commodities in Japan. The basic principles consist of the following seven concepts: 1. Outline of setting Japanese MRLs for pesticide residue in food commodities; 2. Preparation of draft MRLs for pesticides in livestock commodities; 3. Preparation of draft MRLs for pesticides in fish and shellfish; 4. Technical guideline for setting MRLs for pesticides, etc., in honey; 5. Methods of setting standards for chemical substances used as pesticides in the past that are now detected as contaminants; 6. Concept of setting MRLs for pesticides at an extremely low level; and 7. Commodity groups and representative commodities regarding MRLs based on international harmonization. The present paper introduces and explains the basic principles for establishing MRLs for pesticides, veterinary drugs, and feed additives in food commodities.
{"title":"Basic Principles for Setting MRLs for Pesticides in Food Commodities in Japan.","authors":"Hiroshi Akiyama, Yusuke Iwasaki, Rie Ito","doi":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-23-00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-23-00011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Committee on Pesticides and Veterinary Drugs of the Food Sanitation Council under the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council set the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for residual pesticides, veterinary drugs, and feed additives in food commodities according to the basic principles for establishing MRLs for pesticides in food commodities in Japan. The basic principles consist of the following seven concepts: 1. Outline of setting Japanese MRLs for pesticide residue in food commodities; 2. Preparation of draft MRLs for pesticides in livestock commodities; 3. Preparation of draft MRLs for pesticides in fish and shellfish; 4. Technical guideline for setting MRLs for pesticides, etc., in honey; 5. Methods of setting standards for chemical substances used as pesticides in the past that are now detected as contaminants; 6. Concept of setting MRLs for pesticides at an extremely low level; and 7. Commodity groups and representative commodities regarding MRLs based on international harmonization. The present paper introduces and explains the basic principles for establishing MRLs for pesticides, veterinary drugs, and feed additives in food commodities.</p>","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"12 2","pages":"34-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11257684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141735866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salmonella infections represent a leading cause of foodborne illnesses; resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (TGCs), which are a first-choice antimicrobial for treating human Salmonella enteritis, has become a serious public health concern worldwide. Because the consumption of undercooked chicken meat products is a major cause of foodborne salmonellosis in Japan, we conducted three surveys at different periods between 2017 and 2022, with the cooperation of four abattoirs (two in Eastern and two in Western Japan). The first survey was conducted at abattoir A, which is located in Eastern Japan. Salmonella was detected in 84.4% of broiler flocks tested (27/32); among them, all the TGC-resistant isolates obtained from one farm (farm FA) were identified as S. Infantis. Salmonella was recovered from 62.5% of breast meat samples (20/32), with one case suggesting cross-contamination. The second survey was conducted at three other abattoirs to examine the prevalence of TGC-resistant Salmonella, in both Western (abattoirs B and C) and Eastern (abattoir D) Japan. Salmonella was detected in 90.6% of broiler flocks examined (29/32). TGC-resistant S. Infantis was isolated from 2 flocks until 2018 and not thereafter. Subsequently, isolates were identified as TGC-susceptible S. Schwarzengrund in both regions. The third survey was performed at abattoir A to elucidate whether there were changes in the phenotypes. Of the 11 broiler flocks introduced from farm FA, 10 were positive for Salmonella (90.9%); all the isolates were S. Schwarzengrund susceptible to TGC. This study shows that TGC-susceptible S. Schwarzengrund has replaced the resistant phenotypes among broiler flocks in both Eastern and Western Japan. Although chicken meat products could be cross-contaminated with Salmonella during the slaughtering process, reducing the prevalence of Salmonella in broiler flocks remains important to decrease Salmonella enteritis in humans.
沙门氏菌感染是食源性疾病的主要病因;第三代头孢菌素(TGCs)是治疗人类沙门氏菌肠炎的首选抗菌药,其耐药性已成为全球严重的公共卫生问题。由于食用未煮熟的鸡肉产品是日本食源性沙门氏菌病的主要原因,因此我们在 2017 年至 2022 年的不同时期,与四家屠宰场(东日本和西日本各两家)合作进行了三次调查。第一次调查在位于日本东部的 A 屠宰场进行。在检测的肉鸡群(27/32)中,84.4% 的鸡群检测到沙门氏菌;其中,从一个农场(FA 农场)获得的所有抗 TGC 分离物均被鉴定为 S. Infantis。62.5% 的胸肉样本(20/32)检出沙门氏菌,其中一例表明存在交叉感染。第二项调查在日本西部(屠宰场 B 和 C)和东部(屠宰场 D)的另外三个屠宰场进行,以检查耐 TGC 沙门氏菌的流行情况。在 90.6% 的受检肉鸡群(29/32)中检测到沙门氏菌。直到 2018 年,才从 2 个鸡群中分离出抗 TGC 的 Infantis 沙门氏菌,此后再无分离。随后,这两个地区的分离物均被鉴定为对 TGC 敏感的 S. Schwarzengrund。第三次调查是在 A 屠宰场进行的,目的是弄清表型是否发生了变化。从 FA 农场引进的 11 个肉鸡群中,10 个对沙门氏菌呈阳性(90.9%);所有分离物均为对 TGC 敏感的施瓦曾氏沙门氏菌。这项研究表明,在日本东部和西部的肉鸡群中,对 TGC 易感的 S. Schwarzengrund 已取代了抗性表型。尽管鸡肉产品在屠宰过程中可能会受到沙门氏菌的交叉污染,但降低肉鸡群中沙门氏菌的流行率对于减少人类患沙门氏菌肠炎仍然非常重要。
{"title":"Changes in the Phenotypes of <i>Salmonella</i> spp. in Japanese Broiler Flocks.","authors":"Yoshika Momose, Yoshimasa Sasaki, Kenzo Yonemitsu, Makoto Kuroda, Tetsuya Ikeda, Masashi Uema, Yoko Furuya, Hajime Toyofuku, Shizunobu Igimi, Tetsuo Asai","doi":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00001","DOIUrl":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Salmonella</i> infections represent a leading cause of foodborne illnesses; resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (TGCs), which are a first-choice antimicrobial for treating human <i>Salmonella</i> enteritis, has become a serious public health concern worldwide. Because the consumption of undercooked chicken meat products is a major cause of foodborne salmonellosis in Japan, we conducted three surveys at different periods between 2017 and 2022, with the cooperation of four abattoirs (two in Eastern and two in Western Japan). The first survey was conducted at abattoir A, which is located in Eastern Japan. <i>Salmonella</i> was detected in 84.4% of broiler flocks tested (27/32); among them, all the TGC-resistant isolates obtained from one farm (farm FA) were identified as <i>S.</i> Infantis. <i>Salmonella</i> was recovered from 62.5% of breast meat samples (20/32), with one case suggesting cross-contamination. The second survey was conducted at three other abattoirs to examine the prevalence of TGC-resistant <i>Salmonella</i>, in both Western (abattoirs B and C) and Eastern (abattoir D) Japan. <i>Salmonella</i> was detected in 90.6% of broiler flocks examined (29/32). TGC-resistant <i>S.</i> Infantis was isolated from 2 flocks until 2018 and not thereafter. Subsequently, isolates were identified as TGC-susceptible <i>S.</i> Schwarzengrund in both regions. The third survey was performed at abattoir A to elucidate whether there were changes in the phenotypes. Of the 11 broiler flocks introduced from farm FA, 10 were positive for <i>Salmonella</i> (90.9%); all the isolates were <i>S.</i> Schwarzengrund susceptible to TGC. This study shows that TGC-susceptible <i>S.</i> Schwarzengrund has replaced the resistant phenotypes among broiler flocks in both Eastern and Western Japan. Although chicken meat products could be cross-contaminated with <i>Salmonella</i> during the slaughtering process, reducing the prevalence of <i>Salmonella</i> in broiler flocks remains important to decrease <i>Salmonella</i> enteritis in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"12 2","pages":"25-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11257683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141735867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Food Safety Commission, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan (FSCJ) was established in 2003 and marked its 20th anniversary in 2023. FSCJ held a commemorative ceremony and symposium to celebrate its 20th anniversary at Mita conference hall (Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo) on September 1st, 2023, which attracted a total of 164 on-site attendees including six media companies, as well as 460 online viewers. FSCJ Chairperson Dr. YAMAMOTO gave a summary of each session; Session 1 outlined the various future challenges against which risk assessment organizations must prepare. In Session 2, panelists shared information on the development of new evaluation methodologies and international collaborations in order to meet various global demands and issues. In Session 3, the FSCJ introduced its future initiatives and called for international collaboration in sharing information and expertise to address data gaps and emerging issues, to which all panelists expressed their support. The importance of personnel development to tackle these challenges was also raised. In concluding the seminar, Dr. YAMAMOTO expressed that the common understanding gained from this occasion was the most fruitful achievement, owing to the international colleagues who shared their thought-provoking presentations and insights.
{"title":"On the Commemorative Ceremony and Symposium for the 20<sup>th</sup> Anniversary of Food Safety Commission, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan.","authors":"Shigeki Yamamoto, Satoshi Asano, Toru Kawanishi, Masako Waki","doi":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00005","DOIUrl":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Food Safety Commission, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan (FSCJ) was established in 2003 and marked its 20<sup>th</sup> anniversary in 2023. FSCJ held a commemorative ceremony and symposium to celebrate its 20<sup>th</sup> anniversary at Mita conference hall (Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo) on September 1st, 2023, which attracted a total of 164 on-site attendees including six media companies, as well as 460 online viewers. FSCJ Chairperson Dr. YAMAMOTO gave a summary of each session; Session 1 outlined the various future challenges against which risk assessment organizations must prepare. In Session 2, panelists shared information on the development of new evaluation methodologies and international collaborations in order to meet various global demands and issues. In Session 3, the FSCJ introduced its future initiatives and called for international collaboration in sharing information and expertise to address data gaps and emerging issues, to which all panelists expressed their support. The importance of personnel development to tackle these challenges was also raised. In concluding the seminar, Dr. YAMAMOTO expressed that the common understanding gained from this occasion was the most fruitful achievement, owing to the international colleagues who shared their thought-provoking presentations and insights.</p>","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"12 1","pages":"18-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10961613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140295556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Transgrafting, a grafting technique that uses both genetically modified (GM) and non-GM plants, is a novel plant breeding technology that can be used to improve the efficiency of crop cultivation without introducing foreign genes into the edible parts of non-GM plants. This technique can facilitate the acquisition of disease resistance and/or increased yield. However, the translocation of low-molecular-weight compounds, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and proteins through graft junctions raises a potential safety risk for food crops. Here, we used a transgenic tobacco plant expressing a firefly luciferase gene (LUC) to examine the translocation of the LUC protein beyond the graft junction in grafted plants. We observed the bi-directional translocation of LUC proteins in transgrafted tobacco plants, i.e., from the rootstock to scion and vice versa. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that transcripts of the LUC gene were undetectable in non-GM plant bodies, indicating that the LUC protein itself was translocated. Moreover, the movement of the LUC protein is an episodic (i.e., non-continuous) event, since non-GM samples showing high LUC activity were flanked by non-GM samples showing no apparent LUC activity. Translocation from the GM to non-GM part depends on the characteristics of GM plant bodies; here, the enhanced translocation of the LUC protein into the non-GM scion was observed when LUC-expressing rootstocks with hairy roots were used. Moreover, the quantity of translocated LUC protein was far below the level that is generally required to induce an allergenic response. Finally, since the LUC protein levels of plants used for transgrafting are moderate and the LUC protein itself is relatively unstable, further investigation is necessary regarding whether the newly expressed protein in GM plants is highly stable, easily translocated, and/or highly expressed.
{"title":"Discontinuous Translocation of a Luciferase Protein beyond Graft Junction in Tobacco.","authors":"Taira Miyahara, Hitomi Ohkubo, Yukiko Umeyama, Taichi Oguchi, Takumi Ogawa, Daisaku Ohta, Tomofumi Mochizuki, Hiroaki Kodama","doi":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-23-00010","DOIUrl":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-23-00010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transgrafting, a grafting technique that uses both genetically modified (GM) and non-GM plants, is a novel plant breeding technology that can be used to improve the efficiency of crop cultivation without introducing foreign genes into the edible parts of non-GM plants. This technique can facilitate the acquisition of disease resistance and/or increased yield. However, the translocation of low-molecular-weight compounds, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and proteins through graft junctions raises a potential safety risk for food crops. Here, we used a transgenic tobacco plant expressing a firefly luciferase gene (<i>LUC</i>) to examine the translocation of the LUC protein beyond the graft junction in grafted plants. We observed the bi-directional translocation of LUC proteins in transgrafted tobacco plants, i.e., from the rootstock to scion and vice versa. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that transcripts of the LUC gene were undetectable in non-GM plant bodies, indicating that the LUC protein itself was translocated. Moreover, the movement of the LUC protein is an episodic (i.e., non-continuous) event, since non-GM samples showing high LUC activity were flanked by non-GM samples showing no apparent LUC activity. Translocation from the GM to non-GM part depends on the characteristics of GM plant bodies; here, the enhanced translocation of the LUC protein into the non-GM scion was observed when LUC-expressing rootstocks with hairy roots were used. Moreover, the quantity of translocated LUC protein was far below the level that is generally required to induce an allergenic response. Finally, since the LUC protein levels of plants used for transgrafting are moderate and the LUC protein itself is relatively unstable, further investigation is necessary regarding whether the newly expressed protein in GM plants is highly stable, easily translocated, and/or highly expressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":73044,"journal":{"name":"Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10961611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140295551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}