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Cadmium (Third Edition) (Chemicals and Contaminants). 镉(第三版)(化学品和污染物)。
Pub Date : 2024-09-27 eCollection Date: 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00011

Exposure to cadmium tends to be higher in Japan than in other countries due to the wide spreading of ore deposits and many mines throughout Japan. The proximal tubule of the kidney is recognized as the most susceptible site to be affected by cadmium exposure. Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) considered it appropriate to investigate studies of the effects of cadmium intake on renal proximal tubular function using urinary β2-microglobulin concentration of 1,000 μg/g creatinine as a criterion for the dysfunction. Based on these epidemiological studies, FSCJ established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 7 µg/kg bw per week for cadmium. This value is derived from the results of actual dietary surveys and urinary β2-microglobulin concentrations in Japan, and not from the results of application of blood or urinary cadmium levels to theoretical models. Therefore, no uncertainty factor is required. The estimated dietary intake of cadmium in 2022 was 2.03 µg/kg bw per week, approximately 30% of the TWI of 7 µg/kg bw per week. Therefore, it is unlikely that dietary cadmium intake in the general Japanese population would cause adverse health effects.

在日本,由于矿床分布广泛,矿山遍布全国,因此镉的摄入量往往高于其他国家。肾脏近端小管被认为是最容易受镉影响的部位。日本食品安全委员会(FSCJ)认为,以尿β2-微球蛋白浓度达到每克肌酐 1,000 微克作为功能障碍的标准,调查镉摄入量对肾近曲小管功能的影响是适当的。根据这些流行病学研究,日本食品添加剂和污染物法典委员会把镉的每周可容忍摄入量(TWI)定为每周每公斤体重 7 微克。这个数值是根据日本实际膳食调查和尿液中β2-微球蛋白浓度的结果得出的,而不是将血液或尿液中的镉含量应用于理论模型的结果。因此,不需要不确定系数。2022 年的镉膳食摄入量估计为每周每公斤体重 2.03 微克,约为每周每公斤体重 7 微克的双位数的 30%。因此,一般日本人的镉膳食摄入量不太可能对健康造成不良影响。
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引用次数: 0
Geographical Variation of Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella in Japanese Chicken. 日本鸡沙门氏菌抗菌性的地域差异
Pub Date : 2024-08-30 eCollection Date: 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00002
Yoshimasa Sasaki, Tetsuya Ikeda, Yoshika Momose, Kenzo Yonemitsu, Masashi Uema, Tetsuo Asai

Chicken is a potent source of Salmonella infection in humans. Occasionally, patients with severe Salmonella enteritis require antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrobials are used to prevent and treat bacterial infections in broiler and breeder farms. Herein, we investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in 337 vacuum-packed chicken breast products manufactured in Japan between June and December 2021. Salmonella was isolated from 287 samples (85.2%). Among the products from Eastern Japan, the lowest Salmonella prevalence was observed in those processed in September (65.6%), which was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that in November or December. Among the products from Western Japan, the lowest Salmonella prevalence was observed in those processed in August (61.9%), which was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that in June, November, and December. The most frequent serovar was Salmonella Schwarzengrund (223 isolates), followed by S. Infantis (53 isolates), S. Manhattan (9 isolates), and S. Enteritidis (1 isolate). High rates of antimicrobial resistance were observed for streptomycin (64.5%), kanamycin (50.2%), tetracycline (65.2%), nalidixic acid (11.5%), and trimethoprim (35.9%). Resistance rates against these five antimicrobials in S. Schwarzengrund isolates were markedly higher in the isolates from Western Japan than in those from Eastern Japan. All 287 Salmonella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin which belongs to fluoroquinolones and cefotaxime which belongs to third-generation cephalosporins. Salmonella prevalence in chicken products in Japan was found to be extremely high; therefore, chicken meat should be thoroughly heated before consumption. In Japan, fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins are recommended as the first- and second-choice antimicrobials for patients with severe Salmonella enteritis, respectively. The results of this study show that administering fluoroquinolones or third-generation cephalosporins is an effective option for patients with Salmonella enteritis caused by consuming chicken meat, and efficient strategies for Salmonella management on broiler farms and chicken-processing plants need to be developed.

鸡肉是人类感染沙门氏菌的重要来源。偶尔,严重的沙门氏菌肠炎患者需要接受抗菌治疗。在肉鸡和种鸡养殖场中,抗菌剂被用来预防和治疗细菌感染。在此,我们调查了 2021 年 6 月至 12 月期间日本生产的 337 种真空包装鸡胸肉产品中沙门氏菌的流行率和抗菌药耐药性。从 287 个样品(85.2%)中分离出了沙门氏菌。在东日本的产品中,9 月加工的产品沙门氏菌感染率最低(65.6%),明显低于 11 月或 12 月加工的产品(p < 0.05)。在日本西部的产品中,8 月份加工的产品沙门氏菌感染率最低(61.9%),明显低于 6 月份、11 月份和 12 月份(p < 0.05)。最常见的血清型是 Schwarzengrund 沙门氏菌(223 个分离株),其次是 Infantis 沙门氏菌(53 个分离株)、曼哈顿沙门氏菌(9 个分离株)和肠炎沙门氏菌(1 个分离株)。链霉素(64.5%)、卡那霉素(50.2%)、四环素(65.2%)、萘啶酸(11.5%)和三甲氧苄啶(35.9%)的抗菌率较高。日本西部沙门氏菌分离物对这五种抗菌药的耐药率明显高于日本东部。所有 287 个沙门氏菌分离株都对属于氟喹诺酮类的环丙沙星和属于第三代头孢菌素的头孢噻肟敏感。日本鸡肉产品中的沙门氏菌感染率极高,因此鸡肉在食用前应彻底加热。日本建议将氟喹诺酮类和第三代头孢菌素分别作为严重沙门氏菌肠炎患者的首选和次选抗菌药物。本研究结果表明,对于因食用鸡肉而导致沙门氏菌肠炎的患者,使用氟喹诺酮类或第三代头孢菌素是一种有效的选择,因此需要制定有效的策略来管理肉鸡养殖场和鸡肉加工厂中的沙门氏菌。
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引用次数: 0
3-Nitrooxypropanol (Feed Additives).
Pub Date : 2024-06-28 eCollection Date: 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00008

Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) conducted a risk assessment of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) (CAS No. 100502-66-7), using the evaluation documents for feed additive designation. This feed additive is a nitrate ester of 1,3-propanediol developed to reduce methane generated in the first stomach of cattle (rumen). The data used in the assessment include the fate in animals (mice, rats, cattle), residues (cattle), genotoxicity, acute toxicity (rats), subacute toxicity (mice, rats and dogs), chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity (rats), reproductive/developmental toxicity (rats and rabbits), and others. The lowest no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for possible adverse effects of 3-NOP was 100 mg/kg bw per day in 52-chronic toxicity, 104-week chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity, and two-generation reproductive toxicity studies in rats. Given this, FSCJ specified an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 1 mg/kg bw per day by applying a safety factor of 100 to the NOAEL.

日本食品安全委员会(FSCJ)使用饲料添加剂指定评估文件对 3-硝基氧基丙醇(3-NOP)(化学文摘社编号:100502-66-7)进行了风险评估。这种饲料添加剂是 1,3-丙二醇的硝酸酯,用于减少牛第一胃(瘤胃)中产生的甲烷。评估中使用的数据包括在动物体内的转归(小鼠、大鼠、牛)、残留(牛)、遗传毒性、急性毒性(大鼠)、亚急性毒性(小鼠、大鼠和狗)、慢性毒性/致癌性(大鼠)、生殖/发育毒性(大鼠和兔子)等。在对大鼠进行的 52 慢性毒性、104 周慢性毒性/致癌性和两代生殖毒性研究中,3-NOP 可能产生的不良影响的最低无观测不良效应水平(NOAEL)为每天 100 毫克/千克体重。有鉴于此,食品添加剂和污染物法典委员会对无观测不良效应水平采用了 100 的安全系数,规定每日可接受摄入量为 1 毫克/千克体重。
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引用次数: 0
Quinofumelin (Pesticides). 喹氟灵(杀虫剂)。
Pub Date : 2024-06-28 eCollection Date: 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00009

Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) conducted a risk assessment of quinofumelin (CAS No. 861647-84-9), a quinoline fungicide, based on submitted documents. The data used in the assessment are fate in plants (including paddy rice and tomatoes), residues in crops, fate in livestock (goats and chickens), residues in livestock products, fate in animals (rats), subacute toxicity (rats, mice, and dogs), chronic toxicity (dogs), combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity (rats), carcinogenicity (mice), acute neurotoxicity (rats), subacute neurotoxicity (rats), two-generation reproductive toxicity (rats), developmental toxicity (rats and rabbits), and genotoxicity. FSCJ specified an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.03 mg/kg bw per day, and consequently specified an acute reference dose (ARfD) of 0.3 mg/kg bw per day after applying a safety factor of 100 based on the NOAEL.

日本食品安全委员会(FSCJ)根据提交的文件对喹啉类杀菌剂喹氟灵(化学文摘社编号:861647-84-9)进行了风险评估。评估中使用的数据包括在植物(包括水稻和番茄)中的归宿、在农作物中的残留、在牲畜(山羊和鸡)中的归宿、在畜产品中的残留、在动物(大鼠)中的归宿、亚急性毒性(大鼠、小鼠和狗)、慢性毒性(狗)、慢性毒性/致癌性(大鼠)、致癌性(小鼠)、急性神经毒性(大鼠)、亚急性神经毒性(大鼠)、两代生殖毒性(大鼠)、发育毒性(大鼠和兔子)以及遗传毒性。FSCJ 规定每日允许摄入量为 0.03 毫克/千克体重/天,并根据无观测不良效应水平采用安全系数 100 后,规定急性参考剂量为 0.3 毫克/千克体重/天。
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引用次数: 0
Basic Principles for Setting MRLs for Pesticides in Food Commodities in Japan. 日本制定食品中农药最高残留限量的基本原则。
Pub Date : 2024-06-06 eCollection Date: 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-23-00011
Hiroshi Akiyama, Yusuke Iwasaki, Rie Ito

The Committee on Pesticides and Veterinary Drugs of the Food Sanitation Council under the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council set the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for residual pesticides, veterinary drugs, and feed additives in food commodities according to the basic principles for establishing MRLs for pesticides in food commodities in Japan. The basic principles consist of the following seven concepts: 1. Outline of setting Japanese MRLs for pesticide residue in food commodities; 2. Preparation of draft MRLs for pesticides in livestock commodities; 3. Preparation of draft MRLs for pesticides in fish and shellfish; 4. Technical guideline for setting MRLs for pesticides, etc., in honey; 5. Methods of setting standards for chemical substances used as pesticides in the past that are now detected as contaminants; 6. Concept of setting MRLs for pesticides at an extremely low level; and 7. Commodity groups and representative commodities regarding MRLs based on international harmonization. The present paper introduces and explains the basic principles for establishing MRLs for pesticides, veterinary drugs, and feed additives in food commodities.

制药事务和食品卫生委员会下属的食品卫生委员会农药和兽药委员会根据日本食品中农药最大残留限量(MRL)制定的基本原则,制定了食品中残留农药、兽药和饲料添加剂的最大残留限量(MRL)。基本原则包括以下七个概念:1.制定日本食品中农药残留最高残留限量的概要; 2. 制定畜产品中农药最高残留限量草案; 3. 制定鱼类和贝类中农药最高残留限量草案; 4. 制定蜂蜜中农药等最高残留限量的技术指南; 5. 制定过去用作农药但现在作为污染物检测出来的化学物质标准的方法; 6. 制定极低水平农药最高残留限量的概念;以及 7.基于国际协调的有关最大残留限量的商品群和代表性商品。本文件介绍并解释了制定食品中农药、兽药和饲料添加剂最大残留限量的基本原 则。
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引用次数: 0
Changes in the Phenotypes of Salmonella spp. in Japanese Broiler Flocks. 日本肉鸡群中沙门氏菌属表型的变化。
Pub Date : 2024-05-31 eCollection Date: 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00001
Yoshika Momose, Yoshimasa Sasaki, Kenzo Yonemitsu, Makoto Kuroda, Tetsuya Ikeda, Masashi Uema, Yoko Furuya, Hajime Toyofuku, Shizunobu Igimi, Tetsuo Asai

Salmonella infections represent a leading cause of foodborne illnesses; resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (TGCs), which are a first-choice antimicrobial for treating human Salmonella enteritis, has become a serious public health concern worldwide. Because the consumption of undercooked chicken meat products is a major cause of foodborne salmonellosis in Japan, we conducted three surveys at different periods between 2017 and 2022, with the cooperation of four abattoirs (two in Eastern and two in Western Japan). The first survey was conducted at abattoir A, which is located in Eastern Japan. Salmonella was detected in 84.4% of broiler flocks tested (27/32); among them, all the TGC-resistant isolates obtained from one farm (farm FA) were identified as S. Infantis. Salmonella was recovered from 62.5% of breast meat samples (20/32), with one case suggesting cross-contamination. The second survey was conducted at three other abattoirs to examine the prevalence of TGC-resistant Salmonella, in both Western (abattoirs B and C) and Eastern (abattoir D) Japan. Salmonella was detected in 90.6% of broiler flocks examined (29/32). TGC-resistant S. Infantis was isolated from 2 flocks until 2018 and not thereafter. Subsequently, isolates were identified as TGC-susceptible S. Schwarzengrund in both regions. The third survey was performed at abattoir A to elucidate whether there were changes in the phenotypes. Of the 11 broiler flocks introduced from farm FA, 10 were positive for Salmonella (90.9%); all the isolates were S. Schwarzengrund susceptible to TGC. This study shows that TGC-susceptible S. Schwarzengrund has replaced the resistant phenotypes among broiler flocks in both Eastern and Western Japan. Although chicken meat products could be cross-contaminated with Salmonella during the slaughtering process, reducing the prevalence of Salmonella in broiler flocks remains important to decrease Salmonella enteritis in humans.

沙门氏菌感染是食源性疾病的主要病因;第三代头孢菌素(TGCs)是治疗人类沙门氏菌肠炎的首选抗菌药,其耐药性已成为全球严重的公共卫生问题。由于食用未煮熟的鸡肉产品是日本食源性沙门氏菌病的主要原因,因此我们在 2017 年至 2022 年的不同时期,与四家屠宰场(东日本和西日本各两家)合作进行了三次调查。第一次调查在位于日本东部的 A 屠宰场进行。在检测的肉鸡群(27/32)中,84.4% 的鸡群检测到沙门氏菌;其中,从一个农场(FA 农场)获得的所有抗 TGC 分离物均被鉴定为 S. Infantis。62.5% 的胸肉样本(20/32)检出沙门氏菌,其中一例表明存在交叉感染。第二项调查在日本西部(屠宰场 B 和 C)和东部(屠宰场 D)的另外三个屠宰场进行,以检查耐 TGC 沙门氏菌的流行情况。在 90.6% 的受检肉鸡群(29/32)中检测到沙门氏菌。直到 2018 年,才从 2 个鸡群中分离出抗 TGC 的 Infantis 沙门氏菌,此后再无分离。随后,这两个地区的分离物均被鉴定为对 TGC 敏感的 S. Schwarzengrund。第三次调查是在 A 屠宰场进行的,目的是弄清表型是否发生了变化。从 FA 农场引进的 11 个肉鸡群中,10 个对沙门氏菌呈阳性(90.9%);所有分离物均为对 TGC 敏感的施瓦曾氏沙门氏菌。这项研究表明,在日本东部和西部的肉鸡群中,对 TGC 易感的 S. Schwarzengrund 已取代了抗性表型。尽管鸡肉产品在屠宰过程中可能会受到沙门氏菌的交叉污染,但降低肉鸡群中沙门氏菌的流行率对于减少人类患沙门氏菌肠炎仍然非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
Erratum: Retraction Notice. 勘误:撤稿通知。
Pub Date : 2024-03-22 eCollection Date: 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00004
Yasushi Yamazoe

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-21-00006.].

[此处更正了文章 DOI:10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-21-00006]。
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引用次数: 0
Erratum: Retraction Notice. 勘误:撤稿通知。
Pub Date : 2024-03-22 eCollection Date: 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00004
Yasushi Yamazoe

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-21-00006.].

[此处更正了文章 DOI:10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-21-00006]。
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引用次数: 0
On the Commemorative Ceremony and Symposium for the 20th Anniversary of Food Safety Commission, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. 关于食品安全委员会成立 20 周年纪念仪式和研讨会,日本政府内阁府。
Pub Date : 2024-03-22 eCollection Date: 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-24-00005
Shigeki Yamamoto, Satoshi Asano, Toru Kawanishi, Masako Waki

Food Safety Commission, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan (FSCJ) was established in 2003 and marked its 20th anniversary in 2023. FSCJ held a commemorative ceremony and symposium to celebrate its 20th anniversary at Mita conference hall (Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo) on September 1st, 2023, which attracted a total of 164 on-site attendees including six media companies, as well as 460 online viewers. FSCJ Chairperson Dr. YAMAMOTO gave a summary of each session; Session 1 outlined the various future challenges against which risk assessment organizations must prepare. In Session 2, panelists shared information on the development of new evaluation methodologies and international collaborations in order to meet various global demands and issues. In Session 3, the FSCJ introduced its future initiatives and called for international collaboration in sharing information and expertise to address data gaps and emerging issues, to which all panelists expressed their support. The importance of personnel development to tackle these challenges was also raised. In concluding the seminar, Dr. YAMAMOTO expressed that the common understanding gained from this occasion was the most fruitful achievement, owing to the international colleagues who shared their thought-provoking presentations and insights.

日本政府内阁府食品安全委员会(FSCJ)成立于 2003 年,2023 年是其成立 20 周年。2023 年 9 月 1 日,FSCJ 在三田会议厅(东京都港区三田)举行了 20 周年纪念仪式和座谈会,共吸引了包括 6 家媒体公司在内的 164 名现场与会者和 460 名在线观众。FSCJ 主席 YAMAMOTO 博士对每场会议进行了总结:第一场会议概述了风险评估机构必须做好准备应对的各种未来挑战。在第二场会议中,小组成员分享了有关开发新评估方法和国际合作的信息,以满足各种全球需求和问题。在会议 3 中,FSCJ 介绍了其未来举措,并呼吁开展国际合作,共享信息和专业知识,以解决数据缺口和新出现的问题,所有小组成员对此表示支持。与会者还提出了人才培养对于应对这些挑战的重要性。YAMAMOTO 博士在研讨会结束时表示,由于国际同行分享了他们发人深省的发言和见解,这次会议所取得的共识是最丰硕的成果。
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引用次数: 0
Discontinuous Translocation of a Luciferase Protein beyond Graft Junction in Tobacco. 烟草中移植物接合点外荧光素酶蛋白的不连续转运
Pub Date : 2024-03-22 eCollection Date: 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-23-00010
Taira Miyahara, Hitomi Ohkubo, Yukiko Umeyama, Taichi Oguchi, Takumi Ogawa, Daisaku Ohta, Tomofumi Mochizuki, Hiroaki Kodama

Transgrafting, a grafting technique that uses both genetically modified (GM) and non-GM plants, is a novel plant breeding technology that can be used to improve the efficiency of crop cultivation without introducing foreign genes into the edible parts of non-GM plants. This technique can facilitate the acquisition of disease resistance and/or increased yield. However, the translocation of low-molecular-weight compounds, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and proteins through graft junctions raises a potential safety risk for food crops. Here, we used a transgenic tobacco plant expressing a firefly luciferase gene (LUC) to examine the translocation of the LUC protein beyond the graft junction in grafted plants. We observed the bi-directional translocation of LUC proteins in transgrafted tobacco plants, i.e., from the rootstock to scion and vice versa. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that transcripts of the LUC gene were undetectable in non-GM plant bodies, indicating that the LUC protein itself was translocated. Moreover, the movement of the LUC protein is an episodic (i.e., non-continuous) event, since non-GM samples showing high LUC activity were flanked by non-GM samples showing no apparent LUC activity. Translocation from the GM to non-GM part depends on the characteristics of GM plant bodies; here, the enhanced translocation of the LUC protein into the non-GM scion was observed when LUC-expressing rootstocks with hairy roots were used. Moreover, the quantity of translocated LUC protein was far below the level that is generally required to induce an allergenic response. Finally, since the LUC protein levels of plants used for transgrafting are moderate and the LUC protein itself is relatively unstable, further investigation is necessary regarding whether the newly expressed protein in GM plants is highly stable, easily translocated, and/or highly expressed.

转基因嫁接是一种同时使用转基因植物和非转基因植物的嫁接技术,是一种新型的植物育种技术,可用于提高作物栽培效率,而不会将外来基因引入非转基因植物的食用部分。这项技术可促进作物获得抗病性和/或提高产量。然而,低分子量化合物、核糖核酸(RNA)和蛋白质通过嫁接接头的转位会给食用作物带来潜在的安全风险。在这里,我们利用表达萤火虫荧光素酶基因(LUC)的转基因烟草植物,研究了嫁接植物中 LUC 蛋白在嫁接接合部以外的转位情况。我们观察到 LUC 蛋白在转基因烟草植株中的双向转位,即从砧木到接穗,反之亦然。转录组分析表明,在非转基因植物体中检测不到 LUC 基因的转录物,这表明 LUC 蛋白本身发生了转位。此外,LUC 蛋白的移动是偶发的(即非连续的),因为在显示高 LUC 活性的非转基因样本的两侧,非转基因样本没有显示明显的 LUC 活性。从转基因部分到非转基因部分的转运取决于转基因植物体的特征;在这里,当使用带有毛根的 LUC 表达砧木时,观察到 LUC 蛋白向非转基因接穗的转运增强。此外,转运的 LUC 蛋白数量远远低于诱导过敏原反应所需的一般水平。最后,由于用于转基因植物的 LUC 蛋白水平适中,而且 LUC 蛋白本身相对不稳定,因此有必要进一步研究转基因植物中新表达的蛋白是否高度稳定、易转运和/或高表达。
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引用次数: 0
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Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)
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