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Prevalence of Colistin-Resistant Bacteria among Retail Meats in Japan. 日本零售肉类中耐粘菌素细菌的流行。
Pub Date : 2021-06-25 eCollection Date: 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-21-00002
Justice O Odoi, Sayo Takayanagi, Michiyo Sugiyama, Masaru Usui, Yutaka Tamura, Tetsuo Asai

Colistin (CST) is considered the last resort for the treatment of infectious diseases due to multidrug-resistant bacteria. Since the mcr-1 gene has been reported in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from food, animals, and humans in China, the prevalence of CST-resistant bacteria has been of great concern. Here, we investigated the prevalence of CST resistance and plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance genes (mcr) in gram-negative bacteria isolated among retail meats in Japan. CST-resistant bacteria were isolated from 310 domestic retail meats (103 chicken meat, 103 pork, and 104 beef) purchased between May 2017 and July 2018 from retail shops in Japan using CST-containing media and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The mcr gene was investigated in isolates with a CST minimum inhibitory concentration of ≥1 μg/mL. Excluding the intrinsically CST-resistant isolates, CST-resistant bacteria were isolated from 39 of the total chicken meats (37.9%), 19 of the pork samples (18.4%), and 18 of the beef samples (17.3%). A total of 459 isolates were identified, out of which 99 were CST-resistant. CST resistance (resistance breakpoints: Aeromonas, >4 μg/mL; others, >2 μg/mL) was found in Aeromonas spp. (48/206, 23.3%), Yersinia spp. (5/112, 4.5%), Escherichia coli (23/39, 59%), Citrobacter spp. (4/26, 15.4%), Klebsiella spp. (2/23, 8.7%), Raoultella spp. (2/16, 12.5%), Enterobacter spp. (7/14, 50%), Pseudomonas spp. (1/8, 12.5%), Pantoea spp. (5/7, 71.4%), Ewingella spp. (1/4, 25%), and Kluyvera spp. (1/2, 50%). The mcr gene was detected in 16 isolates: mcr-1 in 14 isolates of E. coli from 10 chicken samples (9.7%), and mcr-3 in two isolates of Aeromonas sobria from pork and chicken samples (each 1.0%). The findings of this study highlight the necessity of surveillance of CST resistance and resistance genes in bacteria that contaminate retail meats.

粘菌素(CST)被认为是治疗由多重耐药细菌引起的传染病的最后手段。由于mcr-1基因已在中国从食物、动物和人类分离的肠杆菌科中被报道,cst耐药菌的流行一直备受关注。在这里,我们调查了从日本零售肉类中分离的革兰氏阴性细菌中CST抗性和质粒介导的粘菌素抗性基因(mcr)的流行情况。从2017年5月至2018年7月从日本零售商店购买的310种国内零售肉类(103种鸡肉、103种猪肉和104种牛肉)中分离出cst耐药细菌,使用含cst的培养基和抗菌药物敏感性测试。mcr基因在CST最低抑制浓度≥1 μg/mL的分离株中进行研究。除cst固有耐药菌株外,鸡肉样品中有39株(37.9%)、猪肉样品中有19株(18.4%)、牛肉样品中有18株(17.3%)分离出cst耐药菌。共鉴定出459株,其中99株具有cst耐药性。CST耐药(耐药断点:气单胞菌,>4 μg/mL;其余均>2 μg/mL)分别为气单胞菌(48/ 206,23.3%)、耶尔森氏菌(5/ 112,4.5%)、大肠埃希菌(23/ 39,59%)、柠檬酸杆菌(4/ 26,15.4%)、克雷伯氏菌(2/ 23,8.7%)、拉乌尔氏菌(2/ 16,12.5%)、肠杆菌(7/ 14,50%)、假单胞菌(1/ 8,12.5%)、泛菌(5/ 7,71.4%)、埃温氏菌(1/ 4,25%)和克卢韦拉菌(1/ 2,50%)。在16株分离株中检测到mcr基因:从10份鸡肉样品中分离出14株大肠杆菌mcr-1(占9.7%),从猪肉和鸡肉样品中分离出2株sobriaeromonas mcr-3(各占1.0%)。这项研究的结果强调了对污染零售肉类的细菌中的CST抗性和抗性基因进行监测的必要性。
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引用次数: 12
Effect of Transgenic Rootstock Grafting on the Omics Profiles in Tomato. 转基因砧木嫁接对番茄组学特征的影响。
Pub Date : 2021-06-25 eCollection Date: 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00032
Hiroaki Kodama, Taira Miyahara, Taichi Oguchi, Takashi Tsujimoto, Yoshihiro Ozeki, Takumi Ogawa, Yube Yamaguchi, Daisaku Ohta

Grafting of non-transgenic scion onto genetically modified (GM) rootstocks provides superior agronomic traits in the GM rootstock, and excellent fruits can be produced for consumption. In such grafted plants, the scion does not contain any foreign genes, but the fruit itself is likely to be influenced directly or indirectly by the foreign genes in the rootstock. Before market release of such fruit products, the effects of grafting onto GM rootstocks should be determined from the perspective of safety use. Here, we evaluated the effects of a transgene encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS) on the grafted tomato fruits as a model case. An edible tomato cultivar, Stella Mini Tomato, was grafted onto GM Micro-Tom tomato plants that had been transformed with the GUS gene. The grafted plants showed no difference in their fruit development rate and fresh weight regardless of the presence or absence of the GUS gene in the rootstock. The fruit samples were subjected to transcriptome (NGS-illumina), proteome (shotgun LC-MS/MS), metabolome (LC-ESI-MS and GC-EI-MS), and general food ingredient analyses. In addition, differentially detected items were identified between the grafted plants onto rootstocks with or without transgenes (more than two-fold). The transcriptome analysis detected approximately 18,500 expressed genes on average, and only 6 genes were identified as differentially expressed. Principal component analysis of 2,442 peaks for peptides in proteome profiles showed no significant differences. In the LC-ESI-MS and GC-EI-MS analyses, a total of 93 peak groups and 114 peak groups were identified, respectively, and only 2 peak groups showed more than two-fold differences. The general food ingredient analysis showed no significant differences in the fruits of Stella scions between GM and non-GM Micro-Tom rootstocks. These multiple omics data showed that grafting on the rootstock harboring the GUS transgene did not induce any genetic or metabolic variation in the scion.

将非转基因接穗嫁接到转基因砧木上,可获得优良的农艺性状,并可生产出优质的果实供消费。在这种嫁接植物中,接穗不含任何外源基因,但果实本身可能直接或间接地受到砧木中外源基因的影响。在此类水果产品投放市场之前,应从安全使用的角度确定嫁接到转基因砧木上的效果。本文以转基因β-葡萄糖醛酸酶(GUS)基因对番茄果实嫁接的影响为研究对象。一个可食用的番茄品种,Stella Mini tomato,被嫁接到转基因的Micro-Tom番茄植株上,这些植株已经转化了GUS基因。无论砧木中是否存在GUS基因,嫁接植株的果实发育速度和鲜重均无显著差异。对水果样本进行转录组(NGS-illumina)、蛋白质组(shotgun LC-MS/MS)、代谢组(LC-ESI-MS和GC-EI-MS)和一般食品成分分析。此外,嫁接到砧木上的植株与没有转基因的植株之间存在差异检测项目(超过两倍)。转录组分析平均检测到约18500个表达基因,只有6个基因被鉴定为差异表达。对蛋白质组谱中2442个肽峰进行主成分分析,结果显示差异不显著。在LC-ESI-MS和GC-EI-MS分析中,分别鉴定出93个峰组和114个峰组,只有2个峰组的差异大于2倍。一般食品成分分析结果表明,转基因与非转基因小蓟砧木接穗果实无显著差异。这些多组学数据表明,嫁接在含有GUS转基因的砧木上,没有引起接穗的任何遗传或代谢变异。
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引用次数: 5
Subject fields in Food Safety during 10 years. 近十年食品安全研究的主要领域。
Pub Date : 2021-06-25 eCollection Date: 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-21-00007
Yasushi Yamazoe, Shigeki Yamamoto, Midori Yoshida, Toru Kawanishi, Susumu Kumagai
Food Safety was started in November 2013 as a scientific journal issued by Food Safety Commission of Japan. (FSCJ) to promote domestic and global communications on food-related sciences. This journal was published quarterly and switched only to electronic publication since the year of 2014. All the issued are listed in J-Stage (https://www. jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/foodsafetyfscj/-char/en) and also the published issues of 2016 or later are listed in PubMed Central. This journal is aiming to cover wide varieties of scientific interests on foods, particularly 1) pathogenesis and toxicity of biological, chemical and physical factors in foods and the related, 2) risk factors in food-chain, 3) controls and epidemiology of food-mediated diseases and 4) foods and food-related items produced through genetic sciences and innovative sciences like nano-materials. Possible changes in trends of subject categories were expected in Food Safety, although relatively short-periods of the publication. A survey was thus conducted to understand interests of the authors and readers on this journal. The survey was divided into two periods before and after a year of 2016. Data were categorized into arbitrarily determined nine-fields. AMR (Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria) is only added in the second period because of the recent introduction. Fields listed are 1) contaminants in foods, 2) food additives, 3) microorganisms and viruses, 4) natural-toxins and mycotoxins, 5) novel foods and genetically modified foods, 6) pharmacology including drug metabolism, 7) prion, 8) risk communication, and 9) toxicology (in alphabetical order). As the results, studies on contaminants in foods and prion shared high rates of the publications, followed by reports on microorganisms and viruses and natural-toxins and mycotoxins, in the first period. Actual numbers of the publications of contaminants in foods and prion were decreased in the second period, probably reflections of calming down of social concerns on BSE and pesticide uses. Reports on microorganisms and viruses and natural-toxins and mycotoxins were in turn increased to share the highest published fields. These increases may be associated with the regulatory alterations. Present survey results indicate no obvious changes in publication fields of Food Safety, although certain extents of fluctuations in the publication ratios are detected. For the ease of readers, individual publication list is noted as follows: List of publication in the first period from No. 1 to 581–58). List of publication in the second period from No. 59 to 15759–160). ©2021 Food Safety Commission, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan doi: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-21-00007 Food Safety 2021; Vol. 9, No. 2, 25–31
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引用次数: 1
Antimicrobial-resistant Bacteria Arising from the Use of Colistin Sulfate in the Livestock (2nd edition) (Antimicrobial-resistant Bacteria). 家畜中使用硫酸粘菌素产生的抗微生物细菌(第2版)(抗微生物细菌)。
Pub Date : 2021-03-30 eCollection Date: 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-21-00003

The Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) updated a risk assessment on antimicrobial-resistant bacteria arising from the use of a veterinary medicinal product, colistin sulfate, in cattle and pigs, according to the "Assessment Guideline for the Effect of Food on Human Health Regarding Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria Selected by Antimicrobial Use in Food-producing Animals" (FSCJ, September 30, 2004). Both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (Salmonella) were potential antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. In cases of occurrences of human infectious diseases due to the bacteria in foods derived from livestock, these resistant bacteria could be responsible for reduction or loss of the antibiotic treatment efficacy. FSCJ thus conducted a risk assessment of E. coli and Salmonella as identified hazards. FSCJ judged to be low on the occurrence probability and extent of selection of drug-resistant E. coli and Salmonella, due to the use of colistin sulfate in cattle and pigs, unless otherwise the use of colistin increases. The chance and extent of human exposure to the resistant bacteria were evaluated low via livestock products including pigs and cattle, as long as proper cooking practice is implemented. The degree of possible reduction or loss of clinical effectiveness against E. coli and Salmonella was evaluated as moderate. The overall estimation of the risk regarding reduction or loss of clinical effectiveness of antimicrobials in humans was low. It is necessary to keep up with the latest scientific findings and information.

日本食品安全委员会(FSCJ)根据“食品生产动物使用抗菌剂所产生的抗微生物细菌对人类健康的影响评估指南”(FSCJ, 2004年9月30日),更新了对牛和猪使用兽药产品硫酸粘菌素产生的抗微生物细菌的风险评估。大肠杆菌(大肠杆菌)和肠沙门氏菌亚种。沙门氏菌是潜在的耐药菌。在由于源自牲畜的食物中的细菌而发生人类传染病的情况下,这些耐药细菌可能是抗生素治疗效果降低或丧失的原因。因此,FSCJ将大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌作为确定的危害进行了风险评估。由于在牛和猪中使用硫酸粘菌素,除非粘菌素的使用增加,否则FSCJ在耐药大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的发生概率和选择程度上判断为低。经评估,只要采用适当的烹饪方法,人类通过包括猪和牛在内的畜产品接触耐药细菌的机会和程度较低。对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的临床疗效可能降低或丧失的程度被评价为中等。对人类抗微生物药物临床有效性降低或丧失风险的总体估计较低。跟上最新的科学发现和信息是必要的。
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引用次数: 2
Deciphering Key Interactions of Ligands with CYP3A4-Template* system. 破解配体与CYP3A4-Template*系统的关键相互作用。
Pub Date : 2021-02-10 eCollection Date: 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00023
Yasushi Yamazoe, Takashi Yamada, Akihiko Hirose, Norie Murayama

Cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolisms are often associated with biological and toxicological events of chemicals. A major hepatic enzyme, CYP3A4, showed clear distinctions on their catalyses even among ligands having resemble structures. To better understand mechanisms of their distinct catalyses, possible associations of ligand interactions at specific parts of CYP3A4 residues were investigated using CYP3A4-Template system developed (DMPK 2019 and 2020). A placement was available selectively for CYP3A4-mediated R-thalidomide 5-oxidation on Template, but not for the 5'-oxidation and the S-isomer oxidations. Similar placements were generated for pomalidomide (4-amino-thalidomide), but not for a poor ligand, lenalidomide (3-deoxy-pomalidomide). The latter ligand took placements lacking IJK-Interaction or sticking the 4-amino part beyond the facial-side wall on Template. A placement was available for the tert-butyl oxidation of terfenadine, but not for an analog, ebastine. Their interactions with upper-Cavity-2 residue were expected to differ at their sites of oxygen substituents. Some phenolic antioxidants behave distinctly toward biological oxidations in vitro and in vivo. Butylated hydroxytoluene is oxidized to the peroxy-derivative in vitro, but solely to the oxidized metabolites at the benzyl and tert-butyl methyl positions in vivo. Involvement of CYP3A4 were suggested for all the three reactions from the placements on Template. Tocopherols were also applied on Template for the oxidations for chroman and side-chain terminals. The primary placement was suggested to undergo the futile-recycling through formation of the peroxide intermediate subsequently to lead the substantial lack of the CYP3A4-mediated oxidation. These data suggest the effectiveness of CYP3A4-Template assessment to understand the causal basis of poor oxidations and also to verify the in vivo contribution of CYP3A4-mediated peroxidative reactions.

细胞色素P450 (CYP)介导的代谢通常与化学物质的生物学和毒理学事件有关。一种主要的肝酶CYP3A4,即使在结构相似的配体之间,其催化作用也表现出明显的差异。为了更好地理解它们独特的催化机制,使用开发的CYP3A4- template系统(DMPK 2019和2020)研究了CYP3A4残基特定部位的配体相互作用的可能关联。cyp3a4介导的r -沙利度胺在模板上的5-氧化可选择性放置,但5'-氧化和s -异构体氧化不可选择性放置。泊马度胺(4-氨基-沙利度胺)也产生了类似的位置,但对一个差配体来那度胺(3-脱氧-泊马度胺)却没有。后一种配体的位置缺乏ijk相互作用或将4-氨基部分粘在模板的面侧壁之外。特非那定的叔丁基氧化有一个位置,但类似物依巴斯丁没有。预计它们与上腔2残基的相互作用在氧取代基的位置上是不同的。一些酚类抗氧化剂在体内和体外对生物氧化有明显的反应。丁基羟基甲苯在体外被氧化为过氧衍生物,但在体内仅被氧化为苄基和叔丁基甲基位置的代谢产物。CYP3A4被认为参与了模板上放置的所有三种反应。生育酚也被应用于模板上,用于氧化染色质和侧链末端。最初的放置被建议通过形成过氧化物中间体进行无用的再循环,从而导致cyp3a4介导的氧化的实质性缺乏。这些数据表明,CYP3A4-Template评估对于了解氧化不良的因果基础以及验证cyp3a4介导的过氧化反应在体内的作用是有效的。
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引用次数: 6
Probabilistic Estimation of Dietary Intake of Methylmercury from Fish in Japan. 日本鱼类膳食甲基汞摄入量的概率估计。
Pub Date : 2021-02-10 eCollection Date: 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00018
Takahiro Watanabe, Rieko Matsuda, Chikako Uneyama
Abstract Dietary intake of methylmercury from fish was estimated via Monte Carlo simulation using data for methylmercury concentrations in 210 fish samples and data regarding fish consumption extracted from the Japanese National Health and Nutrition Survey. The fish analyzed were classified into 5 groups according to categories used in the survey. The distribution of consumption of fish from each group was used without fitting to statistical distributions. A log-normal distribution was fitted to the distribution of methylmercury concentration in each fish group. Two random numbers that followed these distributions were generated, and a trial value was calculated by multiplying these random numbers. The trial value was divided by the body weight (50 kg) to arrive at an estimate of dietary methylmercury intake. A total of 100,000 Monte Carlo simulation iterations were performed. The estimated mean daily intake of methylmercury was 0.093 µg/kg body weight (bw)/day. This value is well below the tolerable daily intake of 0.292 µg/kg bw/day calculated from the tolerable weekly intake (2.0 µg/kg bw/week) established by the Food Safety Commission of Japan. The probability that the daily intake of methylmercury exceeds the tolerable daily intake was 7.6%. As there are no data regarding fish consumption for consecutive days, estimation of the weekly intake of methylmercury is a subject for future studies.
通过蒙特卡罗模拟,利用210个鱼类样本中的甲基汞浓度数据和日本国家健康和营养调查中提取的鱼类消费量数据,估计了鱼类膳食中甲基汞的摄入量。根据调查中使用的类别,分析的鱼被分为5组。各组鱼的消费量分布未拟合统计分布。各组鱼类甲基汞浓度的分布符合对数正态分布。生成遵循这些分布的两个随机数,并通过将这些随机数相乘计算出一个试验值。试验值除以体重(50公斤),得出饮食甲基汞摄入量的估计值。总共进行了10万次蒙特卡罗模拟迭代。估计甲基汞的平均每日摄入量为0.093微克/千克体重(bw)/天。这一数值远低于日本食品安全委员会制定的每周可耐受摄入量(2.0微克/千克体重/周)计算得出的每日可耐受摄入量0.292微克/千克体重/天。每日甲基汞摄入量超过每日可耐受摄入量的概率为7.6%。由于没有关于连续几天食用鱼类的数据,估计每周甲基汞的摄入量是未来研究的主题。
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引用次数: 3
Continuous Estimation of Annual Committed Effective Dose of Radioactive Cesium by Market Basket Study in Japan from 2013 to 2019 after Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident. 福岛第一核电站事故后2013 - 2019年日本放射性铯年承诺有效剂量的市场篮子连续估算
Pub Date : 2020-12-25 eCollection Date: 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00017
Hiromi Nabeshi, Tomoaki Tsutsumi, Masataka Imamura, Yoshinori Uekusa, Akiko Hachisuka, Rieko Matsuda, Reiko Teshima, Hiroshi Akiyama

Radionuclide contamination in foods has been a great concern after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident. To estimate time trends of daily intake and annual committed effective dose of radionuclides after the accident, radioactive cesium (r-Cs; 134Cs and 137Cs) and potassium-40 (40K) in market basket (MB) samples prepared at 6-month intervals in periods from September 2013 to March 2019 in 15 regions of Japan were analyzed using γ-ray spectrometry. The annual committed effective dose of r-Cs, calculated at non-detected radionuclide levels assumed to be half the limit of detection (LOD), appeared to decrease gradually in 11 regions close to the FDNPP that were more likely to be affected by the accident. Differences in doses among the 15 regions were large just after the accident, but gradually decreased. In particular, 134Cs has not been detected in any MB sample in any region since September 2018, and annual committed effective dose from 134Cs in all regions was mostly constant at around 0.3 μSv/year (given the respective LODs). The maximum annual committed effective dose of r-Cs in this study was decreased from 2.7 μSv/year in September 2013 to 1.0 μSv/year in March 2019. In contrast, the range of annual committed effective dose of 40K varied from approximately 150 to 200 μSv/year during that time frame and did not change much throughout the period of this study. Although annual committed effective doses of r-Cs in regions close to the FDNPP appeared to be higher than in regions far from the FDNPP, doses in all regions are remaining at a much lower levels than the intervention exemption level, 1 mSv/year, in foods in Japan.

福岛第一核电站事故后,食品中的放射性核素污染引起了人们的高度关注。估计事故发生后放射性核素日摄入量和年承诺有效剂量的时间趋势,放射性铯;采用γ射线能谱法分析了2013年9月至2019年3月日本15个地区每隔6个月制备的市场篮子(MB)样品中的134Cs和137Cs)和钾-40 (40K)。假定未检测到的放射性核素水平为检测极限(LOD)的一半,以未检测到的放射性核素水平计算,r-Cs的年承诺有效剂量似乎在靠近FDNPP的11个更有可能受事故影响的地区逐渐减少。事故发生后,15个地区之间的剂量差异很大,但逐渐减小。特别是,自2018年9月以来,任何地区的任何MB样品中均未检测到134Cs,所有地区134Cs的年承诺有效剂量基本恒定在0.3 μSv/年左右(考虑到各自的lod)。本研究中r-Cs的最大年承诺有效剂量从2013年9月的2.7 μSv/年降至2019年3月的1.0 μSv/年。相比之下,40K的年承诺有效剂量范围在此时间段内约为150 ~ 200 μSv/年,并且在整个研究期间变化不大。虽然靠近FDNPP区域的r-Cs年承诺有效剂量似乎高于远离FDNPP区域的r-Cs年承诺有效剂量,但所有区域的剂量仍然远远低于日本食品中的干预豁免水平,即1毫西弗/年。
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引用次数: 8
Attempt of Bayesian Estimation from Left-censored Data Using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method: Exploring Cr(VI) Concentrations in Mineral Water Products. 使用马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛方法对左删失数据进行贝叶斯估计的尝试:探索矿泉水产品中的六(Cr)浓度。
Pub Date : 2020-12-25 eCollection Date: 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00007
Yoshinari Suzuki, Noriko Tanaka, Hiroshi Akiyama

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic substances. Oral exposure to Cr(VI) is thought to be primarily from drinking water. However, under the certain reporting limit (~0.1 µg/L), percentage of Cr(VI) concentration in mineral water products under the reporting limit were estimated higher than 50%. Data whose values are below certain limits and thus cannot be accurately determined are known as left-censored. The high censored percentage leads to estimation of Cr(VI) exposure uncertain. It is well known that conventional substitution method often used in food analytical science cause severe bias. To estimate appropriate summary statistics on Cr(VI) concentration in mineral water products, parameter estimation using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method under assumption of a lognormal distribution was performed. Stan, a probabilistic programming language, was used for MCMC. We evaluated the accuracy, coverage probability, and reliability of estimates with MCMC by comparison with other estimation methods (discard nondetects, substituting half of reporting limit, Kaplan-Meier, regression on order statistics, and maximum likelihood estimation) using 1000 randomly generated data subsets (n = 150) with the obtained parameters. The evaluation shows that MCMC is the best estimation method in this context with greater accuracy, coverage probability, and reliability over a censored percentage of 10-90%. The mean concentration, which was estimated with MCMC, was 0.289×10-3 mg/L and this value was sufficiently lower than the regulated value of 0.05 mg/L stipulated by the Food Sanitation Act.

六价铬(Cr(VI))是一种有毒、致癌和致突变物质。人们认为口腔接触六价铬主要来自饮用水。然而,在一定的报告限值(~0.1 µg/L)下,矿泉水产品中六价铬浓度低于报告限值的百分比估计高于 50%。数值低于特定限值而无法准确确定的数据被称为 "左删减 "数据。高删减百分比导致对六价铬暴露量的估计不确定。众所周知,食品分析科学中常用的传统替代法会造成严重偏差。为了估算矿泉水产品中六价铬浓度的适当汇总统计量,在对数正态分布假设下,使用马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)方法进行了参数估计。Stan 是一种概率编程语言,用于 MCMC。我们使用随机生成的 1000 个数据子集(n = 150)和获得的参数,通过与其他估计方法(丢弃非检测项目、替换报告限值的一半、Kaplan-Meier、阶次统计回归和最大似然估计)进行比较,评估了 MCMC 估计的准确性、覆盖概率和可靠性。评估结果表明,在这种情况下,MCMC 是最好的估计方法,在 10-90% 的删减百分比范围内,具有更高的准确性、覆盖概率和可靠性。用 MCMC 估算的平均浓度为 0.289×10-3 mg/L,该值低于《食品卫生法》规定的 0.05 mg/L 的规定值。
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引用次数: 0
Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol (2nd edition) [Assuring the Maximum Level of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat] (Natural Toxins and Mycotoxins). 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇和雪腐镰刀菌醇(第2版)[确保小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇的最高水平](天然毒素和真菌毒素)。
Pub Date : 2020-12-25 eCollection Date: 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00031

Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) was requested by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) to conduct a risk assessment of deoxynivalenol (DON) to assure the maximal level for DON in foods. Previously, FSCJ had conducted a self-tasking risk assessment of DON and nivalenol (NIV) in 2010. In the current 2nd edition, only the assessment of DON has been revised. Grains contaminated with DON may be also contaminated with its derivatives, namely, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-Ac-DON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-Ac-DON) and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-glucoside). However, these substances orally ingested are rapidly biotransformed into DON. Therefore, FSCJ identified the total DON (sum of DON and its derivatives) to be assessed. The toxicity of DON was assessed based on the data of absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion (ADME), acute toxicity, sub-acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity, genotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. DON was considered to have no significant genotoxic activity in vivo. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), based on the two-year chronic toxicity study in mice, was set at 0.1 mg DON/kg bw/day. By applying an uncertainty factor (UF) of 100, the TDI for DON was determined as 1 µg /kg bw/day. The average estimated exposure levels of total DON were 0.09 µg /kg bw/day and 0.22 µg/kg bw/day in the whole population and the 1-6 years group, respectively, by the Monte-Carlo method. The average exposure level in Japan was thus judged to be below the TDI, although a chance to exceed the TDI remains possible in the 1-6 years group depending on eating habits and DON contamination. For NIV, the genotoxic property was not able to be assessed due to the limited availability of the experimental data. No carcinogenic effect was observed in a two-year chronic toxicity study in mice, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) also classifies Fusarium spp toxins including NIV to be in group 3. FSCJ thus judged that TDI can be set for NIV. Based on various toxicity studies, the TDI of NIV was determined at 0.4 µg/kg bw/day by taking into account of LOAEL 0.4 mg NIV/kg bw/day in a subacute toxicity study in rats with 90-day oral administration and UF of 1,000. The exposure level of NIV in Japan was estimated to be below the TDI. FSCJ judged it's unlikely that NIV intake leads to adverse health effects in general population.

日本卫生、劳动和福利部(MHLW)要求食品安全委员会(FSCJ)对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇(DON)进行风险评估,以确保食品中DON的最高水平。此前,FSCJ于2010年进行了DON和nivalol (NIV)的自我任务风险评估。在目前的第2版中,只修改了DON的评估。被DON污染的谷物也可能被其衍生物3-乙酰脱氧雪腐腐菌醇(3-Ac-DON)、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐腐菌醇(15-Ac-DON)和脱氧雪腐腐菌醇-3-葡萄糖苷(DON-3-葡萄糖苷)污染。然而,这些物质口服后会迅速生物转化为DON。因此,FSCJ确定了待评估的总DON (DON及其衍生物的总和)。根据吸收-分布-代谢-排泄(ADME)、急性毒性、亚急性毒性、慢性毒性、致癌性、生殖/发育毒性、遗传毒性和免疫毒性等指标评估DON的毒性。DON在体内被认为没有显著的遗传毒性活性。根据为期两年的小鼠慢性毒性研究,未观察到的不良反应水平(NOAEL)设定为0.1 mg DON/kg bw/day。采用不确定因子(UF)为100,确定DON的TDI为1µg /kg bw/day。通过蒙特卡罗方法估计,整个人群和1-6岁组的总DON平均暴露水平分别为0.09µg/kg bw/day和0.22µg/kg bw/day。因此,日本的平均暴露水平被判断为低于TDI,尽管1-6岁年龄组仍有可能超过TDI,这取决于饮食习惯和DON污染。对于NIV,由于实验数据的有限可用性,无法评估其遗传毒性。在一项为期两年的小鼠慢性毒性研究中没有观察到致癌作用,国际癌症研究机构(IARC)也将镰刀菌毒素包括NIV归为第3组。FSCJ由此判断TDI可以设置为NIV。根据各种毒性研究,在一项亚急性毒性研究中,大鼠口服90天,UF为1000,考虑LOAEL 0.4 mg NIV/kg bw/day,确定了NIV的TDI为0.4µg/kg bw/day。据估计,日本的NIV暴露水平低于TDI。FSCJ认为,在一般人群中,NIV的摄入不太可能导致不利的健康影响。
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引用次数: 1
Changes in the Risk Perception of Food Safety between 2004 and 2018. 2004 - 2018年食品安全风险认知的变化
Pub Date : 2020-11-20 eCollection Date: 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-20-00015
Aiko Abe, Kazuo Koyama, Chie Uehara, Azusa Hirakawa, Itsuko Horiguchi

To afford the future agenda of risk communication through an evaluation of the past, we examined the changes in risk perception in the food safety sector over the 15 years (2004-2018) since the establishment of the Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) in 2003 by analyzing the data of the food safety monitor survey. Hazards such as contaminants including cadmium, methylmercury and arsenic, and pesticide residues caused high levels of concern among the public in 2004. In contrast, hazards such as food poisoning by harmful microorganisms and so-called "Health foods" have been ranked high among concerns since 2008 and 2014, respectively. Scoring of concern levels showed that concern related to food additives and pesticide residues intentionally added to foods and controlled has gradually decreased in a time-dependent manner. These concern scores were considerably lower in male monitors than in female ones; the scores were also lower for individuals with professional experience in the food sector than without the experience. The concern scores for contaminants were lower for males with professional experience. The concern scores related to food poisoning and health foods were not decreased and were remained high in recent years. These scores did not show clear dependence on job experience or gender of the monitors. A gap between food specialists and other attributes in the basic recognition of risk seems to make it difficult to communicate effectively and constructively among various interested individuals. To improve the quality of risk communication in the food safety field, it will be necessary to provide scientific knowledge and information regarding food safety management mechanisms for individuals without professional experience in the food sector, taking into account the changes in information media and influence on risk perception.

为了通过对过去的评估来提供风险沟通的未来议程,我们通过分析食品安全监测调查的数据,研究了自2003年日本食品安全委员会(FSCJ)成立以来的15年间(2004-2018年)食品安全领域风险认知的变化。2004年,镉、甲基汞和砷等污染物以及农药残留等危害引起了公众的高度关注。相比之下,有害微生物引起的食物中毒和所谓的“健康食品”等危害分别自2008年和2014年以来一直是人们关注的重点。关注程度评分表明,对食品中有意添加和控制的食品添加剂和农药残留的关注程度呈时间依赖性逐渐降低。男性监测员的这些担忧得分明显低于女性监测员;在食品行业有专业经验的人的得分也低于没有专业经验的人。具有专业经验的男性对污染物的关注得分较低。与食物中毒和保健食品相关的关注得分近年来没有下降,一直保持在较高水平。这些分数并没有显示出对工作经验或性别的明确依赖。在对风险的基本认识上,食品专家和其他属性之间的差距似乎使各种感兴趣的个人之间难以进行有效和建设性的沟通。为了提高食品安全领域风险沟通的质量,有必要向没有食品行业专业经验的个人提供有关食品安全管理机制的科学知识和信息,同时考虑到信息媒介的变化及其对风险认知的影响。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Food safety (Tokyo, Japan)
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