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Guest Editorial: Electromagnetic Nanonetworks: From On-Chip Communication to Wearable and Implantable Networks 特邀社论:电磁纳米网络:从片上通信到可穿戴和植入网络
Vitaly Petrov;Sergi Abadal;Chong Han;Laura Galluccio;Ian F. Akyildiz;Josep M. Jornet
Nanotechnology is enabling the development of devices on a scale ranging from one to a few hundred nanometers. At this scale, a nanomachine is defined as the most basic functional unit, integrated by nano-components which can carry out sensing and actuation. Coordination and information communication among several nanomachines expand the potential applications of individual devices both in terms of complexity and range of operation. The resulting nanonetworks can cover wide areas, to reach unprecedented locations in a non-invasive way. Moreover, the integration of nanonetworks with classical networks and ultimately with the Internet results in a new networking paradigm, which is referred to as the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) by Akyildiz and Jornet one and a half decades ago.
纳米技术使人们能够开发从一纳米到几百纳米的设备。在这一尺度上,纳米机械被定义为最基本的功能单元,由可进行传感和驱动的纳米元件集成。多个纳米机械之间的协调和信息交流,在复杂性和操作范围方面都扩大了单个设备的潜在应用。由此产生的纳米网络可以覆盖广泛的区域,以非侵入的方式到达前所未有的位置。此外,纳米网络与传统网络的整合以及最终与互联网的整合产生了一种新的网络模式,Akyildiz 和 Jornet 早在十五年前就将其称为纳米物联网(IoNT)。
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引用次数: 0
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications Publication Information 电气和电子工程师学会通信领域精选期刊》(IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications)出版信息
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引用次数: 0
Positioning Using Wireless Networks: Applications, Recent Progress, and Future Challenges 利用无线网络进行定位:应用、最新进展和未来挑战
Yang Yang;Mingzhe Chen;Yufei Blankenship;Jemin Lee;Zabih Ghassemlooy;Julian Cheng;Shiwen Mao
Positioning has recently received considerable attention as a key enabler in emerging applications such as extended reality, unmanned aerial vehicles, and smart environments. These applications require both data communication and high-precision positioning, and thus they are particularly well-suited to be offered in wireless networks (WNs). The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of existing works and new trends in the field of positioning techniques from both academic and standard perspectives. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of indoor positioning in WNs, covering the background, applications, measurements, state-of-the-art technologies, and future challenges. The paper outlines the applications of positioning from the perspectives of public facilities, enterprises, and individual users. We investigate the key performance indicators and measurements of positioning systems, followed by the review of the key enabler techniques such as artificial intelligence/large models and adaptive systems. Next, we discuss a number of typical wireless positioning technologies. We extend our overview beyond the academic progress, to include the standardization efforts, and finally, we provide insight into the challenges that remain. The comprehensive overview of existing efforts and new trends in the field of indoor positioning from both academic and standardization perspectives would be a useful reference to researchers in the field.
定位作为扩展现实、无人驾驶飞行器和智能环境等新兴应用的关键推动因素,最近受到了广泛关注。这些应用需要数据通信和高精度定位,因此特别适合在无线网络(WN)中提供。本文旨在从学术和标准角度全面概述定位技术领域的现有成果和新趋势。本文全面概述了 WN 中的室内定位,涵盖背景、应用、测量、最新技术和未来挑战。论文从公共设施、企业和个人用户的角度概述了定位的应用。我们研究了定位系统的关键性能指标和测量方法,随后回顾了人工智能/大型模型和自适应系统等关键推动技术。接下来,我们将讨论一些典型的无线定位技术。我们的综述不仅限于学术进展,还包括标准化工作,最后,我们将深入探讨仍然存在的挑战。从学术和标准化的角度全面概述了室内定位领域的现有工作和新趋势,将为该领域的研究人员提供有用的参考。
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引用次数: 0
MIMO Integrated Sensing and Communication Exploiting Prior Information 利用先验信息的 MIMO 综合传感与通信
Chan Xu;Shuowen Zhang
In this paper, we study a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system where one multi-antenna base station (BS) sends information to a user with multiple antennas in the downlink and simultaneously senses the location parameter of a target based on its reflected echo signals received back at the BS receive antennas. We focus on the case where the location parameter to be sensed is unknown and random, for which the prior distribution information is available for exploitation. First, we propose to adopt the posterior Cramér-Rao bound (PCRB) as the sensing performance metric with prior information, which quantifies a lower bound of the mean-squared error (MSE). Since the PCRB is in a complicated form, we derive a tight upper bound of it to draw more insights. Moreover, we analytically show that by exploiting the prior distribution information, the PCRB is always no larger than the CRB averaged over random location realizations without prior information exploitation. Next, we formulate the transmit covariance matrix optimization problem to minimize the sensing PCRB under a communication rate constraint. We obtain the optimal solution and derive useful properties on its rank. Then, by considering the derived PCRB upper bound as the objective function, we propose a low-complexity suboptimal solution in semi-closed form. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed designs in MIMO ISAC systems exploiting prior information.
本文研究了一个多输入多输出(MIMO)集成传感与通信(ISAC)系统,在该系统中,一个多天线基站(BS)在下行链路中通过多个天线向用户发送信息,同时根据基站接收天线接收到的目标反射回波信号来感知目标的位置参数。我们将重点放在要感知的位置参数是未知和随机的情况下,对于这种情况,可以利用先验分布信息。首先,我们建议采用后验克拉梅尔-拉奥约束(PCRB)作为具有先验信息的传感性能指标,它量化了均方误差(MSE)的下限。由于 PCRB 的形式比较复杂,我们推导出了一个严格的上界,以获得更多的启示。此外,我们通过分析表明,利用先验分布信息,PCRB 总是不大于不利用先验信息的随机位置实现的 CRB 平均值。接下来,我们提出了发射协方差矩阵优化问题,以在通信速率约束下最小化传感 PCRB。我们得到了最优解,并推导出其秩的有用属性。然后,通过将推导出的 PCRB 上限视为目标函数,我们提出了一种半封闭形式的低复杂度次优解。数值结果证明了我们提出的设计方案在利用先验信息的多输入多输出 ISAC 系统中的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Near-Field Integrated Sensing, Positioning, and Communication: A Downlink and Uplink Framework 近场综合传感、定位和通信:下行链路和上行链路框架
Haochen Li;Zhaolin Wang;Xidong Mu;Pan Zhiwen;Yuanwei Liu
A near-field integrated sensing, positioning, and communication (ISPAC) framework is proposed, where a base station (BS) simultaneously serves multiple communication users and carries out target sensing and positioning. A novel double-array structure is proposed to enable the near-field ISPAC at the BS. Specifically, a small-scale assisting transceiver (AT) is attached to the large-scale main transceiver (MT) to empower the communication system with the ability of sensing and positioning. Based on the proposed framework, the joint angle and distance Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) is first derived. Then, the CRB is minimized subject to the minimum communication rate requirement in both downlink and uplink ISPAC scenarios: 1) For downlink ISPAC, a downlink target positioning algorithm is proposed and a penalty dual decomposition (PDD)-based double-loop algorithm is developed to tackle the non-convex optimization problem. 2) For uplink ISPAC, an uplink target positioning algorithm is proposed and an efficient alternating optimization algorithm is conceived to solve the non-convex CRB minimization problem with coupled user communication and target probing design. Both proposed optimization algorithms can converge to a stationary point of the CRB minimization problem. Numerical results show that: 1) The proposed ISPAC system can locate the target in both angle and distance domains merely relying on single BS and limited bandwidths; and 2) the positioning performance achieved by the hybrid-analog-and-digital ISPAC approaches that achieved by fully digital ISPAC when the communication rate requirement is not stringent.
本文提出了一种近场综合传感、定位和通信(ISPAC)框架,其中一个基站(BS)同时为多个通信用户提供服务,并进行目标传感和定位。为在基站实现近场 ISPAC,提出了一种新颖的双阵列结构。具体来说,在大型主收发器(MT)上附加一个小型辅助收发器(AT),使通信系统具备感知和定位能力。基于所提出的框架,首先推导出联合角度和距离克拉梅尔-拉奥约束(CRB)。然后,在下行链路和上行链路 ISPAC 场景中,在满足最小通信速率要求的前提下,使 CRB 最小化:1) 对于下行链路 ISPAC,提出了一种下行链路目标定位算法,并开发了一种基于惩罚对偶分解(PDD)的双环算法来解决非凸优化问题。2) 针对上行链路 ISPAC,提出了一种上行链路目标定位算法,并构思了一种高效的交替优化算法,以解决用户通信和目标探测设计耦合的非凸 CRB 最小化问题。提出的两种优化算法都能收敛到 CRB 最小化问题的静止点。数值结果表明1) 拟议的 ISPAC 系统仅依靠单个 BS 和有限的带宽就能在角度域和距离域对目标进行定位;以及 2) 当通信速率要求不严格时,模数混合 ISPAC 所实现的定位性能接近全数字 ISPAC 所实现的定位性能。
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引用次数: 0
Vision-Aided Positioning and Beam Focusing for 6G Terahertz Communications 用于 6G 太赫兹通信的视觉辅助定位和光束聚焦
Seungnyun Kim;Jihoon Moon;Jiao Wu;Byonghyo Shim;Moe Z. Win
To meet the ever-increasing data rate demand expected in 6G networks, terahertz (THz) ultra-massive (UM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have gained much attention recently. One notable aspect of these systems is that the deployment of an extremely large-scale antenna array and high transmission frequency result in an expansion of the near-field region where the electromagnetic (EM) radiation is modeled as a spherical wave. In the near-field region, the channel becomes a function of a position of a user equipment (UE) rather than the direction, giving rise to a beam focusing operation that focuses the signal power onto the specific position. However, the traditional approaches relying on the sweeping of discretized beam codewords cannot support this ultra-sharp beam focusing operation in THz UM-MIMO systems. This paper proposes a novel beam focusing technique based on sensing and computer vision (CV) technologies. The essence of the proposed scheme is to estimate the UE’s position from the vision information using the CV technique and then generates the beam heading towards the estimated position. By replacing the discretized and time-consuming beam sweeping operation with a highly precise CV-based positioning, the positioning accuracy as well as the beam focusing gain can be improved significantly. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme achieves significant positioning accuracy and data rate gains over the conventional codebook-based beam focusing schemes.
为满足 6G 网络中不断增长的数据传输速率需求,太赫兹(THz)超大规模(UM)多输入多输出(MIMO)系统近来备受关注。这些系统的一个显著特点是,超大规模天线阵列的部署和高传输频率导致了近场区域的扩大,在近场区域,电磁辐射被模拟为球形波。在近场区域,信道成为用户设备(UE)位置而非方向的函数,从而产生了将信号功率聚焦到特定位置的波束聚焦操作。然而,在太赫兹 UM-MIMO 系统中,依靠扫描离散波束码字的传统方法无法支持这种超清晰波束聚焦操作。本文提出了一种基于传感和计算机视觉(CV)技术的新型波束聚焦技术。所提方案的本质是利用 CV 技术从视觉信息中估计 UE 的位置,然后生成指向估计位置的波束。用基于 CV 的高精度定位取代离散和耗时的光束扫描操作,可显著提高定位精度和光束聚焦增益。数值结果表明,与传统的基于码本的波束聚焦方案相比,所提出的方案在定位精度和数据传输速率方面都有显著提高。
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引用次数: 0
Cross-Domain Learning Framework for Tracking Users in RIS-Aided Multi-Band ISAC Systems With Sparse Labeled Data 利用稀疏标签数据在 RIS 辅助多波段 ISAC 系统中跟踪用户的跨域学习框架
Jingzhi Hu;Dusit Niyato;Jun Luo
Integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) is pivotal for 6G communications and is boosted by the rapid development of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs). Using the channel state information (CSI) across multiple frequency bands, RIS-aided multi-band ISAC systems can potentially track users’ positions with high precision. Though tracking with CSI is desirable as no communication overheads are incurred, it faces challenges due to the multi-modalities of CSI samples, irregular and asynchronous data traffic, and sparse labeled data for learning the tracking function. This paper proposes the X2Track framework, where we model the tracking function by a hierarchical architecture, jointly utilizing multi-modal CSI indicators across multiple bands, and optimize it in a cross-domain manner, tackling the sparsity of labeled data for the target deployment environment (namely, target domain) by adapting the knowledge learned from another environment (namely, source domain). Under X2Track, we design an efficient deep learning algorithm to minimize tracking errors, based on transformer neural networks and adversarial learning techniques. Simulation results verify that X2Track achieves decimeter-level axial tracking errors even under scarce UL data traffic and strong interference conditions and can adapt to diverse deployment environments with fewer than 5% training data, or equivalently, 5 minutes of UE tracks, being labeled.
综合传感与通信(ISAC)对 6G 通信至关重要,可重构智能表面(RIS)的快速发展推动了这一进程。利用跨多个频段的信道状态信息(CSI),RIS 辅助的多频段 ISAC 系统有可能高精度地跟踪用户位置。虽然利用 CSI 进行跟踪不会产生通信开销,因此是一种理想的方法,但由于 CSI 样本的多种模式、不规则和异步数据流量以及用于学习跟踪函数的稀疏标记数据,这种方法面临着挑战。本文提出了 X2Track 框架,通过分层架构对跟踪函数进行建模,联合利用多个频段的多模态 CSI 指标,并以跨域的方式对其进行优化,通过调整从另一环境(即源域)学到的知识来解决目标部署环境(即目标域)标记数据稀少的问题。在 X2Track 下,我们设计了一种基于变压器神经网络和对抗学习技术的高效深度学习算法,以最大限度地减少跟踪误差。仿真结果验证了X2Track即使在UL数据流量稀少和强干扰条件下也能实现分米级的轴向跟踪误差,并能适应各种部署环境,只需标注不到5%的训练数据,或相当于5分钟的UE轨迹。
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引用次数: 0
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications Publication Information 电气和电子工程师学会通信领域精选期刊》(IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications)出版信息
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引用次数: 0
IEEE Open Access Publishing IEEE 开放存取出版
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引用次数: 0
Guest Editorial The Quantum Internet: Principles, Protocols and Architectures 特邀编辑 量子互联网:原理、协议和架构
Angela Sara Cacciapuoti;Anne Broadbent;Eleni Diamanti;Jacquiline Romero;Stephanie Wehner
The Quantum Internet is envisioned as a global network, interconnecting heterogeneous quantum networks, able to transmit quantum information (qubits, qudits, or continuous variables) and to distribute entangled quantum states with no classical equivalent, by exploiting quantum links in synergy with classical links. The Quantum Internet is disruptive, since it is capable of supporting functionalities with no direct counterpart in classical networks, such as advanced quantum cryptographic services, blind quantum computing, and distributed quantum computing characterized by exponential increases in computing power and new forms of communication. These functionalities have the potential to fundamentally change the world in ways we cannot imagine yet.
量子互联网被设想为一个全球网络,将异构量子网络互联起来,通过利用量子链路与经典链路的协同作用,能够传输量子信息(量子比特、量子比特或连续变量),并分发没有经典等价物的纠缠量子态。量子互联网是颠覆性的,因为它能够支持经典网络中没有直接对应的功能,如先进的量子加密服务、盲量子计算和分布式量子计算,其特点是计算能力呈指数级增长和新的通信形式。这些功能有可能以我们无法想象的方式从根本上改变世界。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
IEEE journal on selected areas in communications : a publication of the IEEE Communications Society
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