Pub Date : 2025-01-31DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3537476
{"title":"2024 Index IEEE Open Journal of Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Vol. 4","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3537476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3537476","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"247-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10864476","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-15DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3530395
Pooriya Navaeilavasani;Daler Rakhmatov
Ultrafast ultrasound imaging based on coherent plane-wave compounding (CPWC) enables very high data acquisition rates in the order of thousands of frames per second. This capability allows the user to capture and characterize fast-changing dynamics of blood flow or tissue motion, thus facilitating advanced biomedical diagnostics. Fast data acquisition should be supported by high image reconstruction rates, which translates into significant computational demands. To address this issue, several state-of-the-art hardware accelerators for CPWC image reconstruction, or beamforming, have been reported in the literature. They primarily target time-domain methods based on delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming. For the first time, this article proposes a novel hardware architecture for accelerating Fourier-domain image reconstruction, based on an efficient migration technique from geophysics. Our FPGA implementation of one specific architectural instance achieves the reconstruction throughput of 1,380 frames per second (without compounding), where each complex-valued “analytic” image frame consists of $2048times 128~64$ -bit data samples. The presented work also aims to motivate further research into hardware support for Fourier-domain migration. This technique is asymptotically faster than conventional DAS beamforming; however, its efficient hardware realization is challenging, partly due to its relatively large memory footprint.
{"title":"Accelerator Architecture for Plane-Wave Ultrasound Image Reconstruction in Fourier Domain","authors":"Pooriya Navaeilavasani;Daler Rakhmatov","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3530395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3530395","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrafast ultrasound imaging based on coherent plane-wave compounding (CPWC) enables very high data acquisition rates in the order of thousands of frames per second. This capability allows the user to capture and characterize fast-changing dynamics of blood flow or tissue motion, thus facilitating advanced biomedical diagnostics. Fast data acquisition should be supported by high image reconstruction rates, which translates into significant computational demands. To address this issue, several state-of-the-art hardware accelerators for CPWC image reconstruction, or beamforming, have been reported in the literature. They primarily target time-domain methods based on delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming. For the first time, this article proposes a novel hardware architecture for accelerating Fourier-domain image reconstruction, based on an efficient migration technique from geophysics. Our FPGA implementation of one specific architectural instance achieves the reconstruction throughput of 1,380 frames per second (without compounding), where each complex-valued “analytic” image frame consists of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2048times 128~64$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-bit data samples. The presented work also aims to motivate further research into hardware support for Fourier-domain migration. This technique is asymptotically faster than conventional DAS beamforming; however, its efficient hardware realization is challenging, partly due to its relatively large memory footprint.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"231-246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10843301","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3525767
{"title":"IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3525767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3525767","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10832403","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-03DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3526123
Martin Angerer;Jonas Welsch;Carlos D. Gerardo;Edmond Cretu;Robert Rohling
This paper introduces a hybrid modeling approach to accurately predict the performance of polymer-based Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (polyCMUTs) by coupling finite element analysis (FEA) with analytical methods. The coupled FEA and analytical (CFA) model integrates characteristics from a single-cell FEA into a multi-cell equivalent circuit. Acoustic cross-coupling between cells is considered using analytical methods, and the acoustic far-field is computed via the Rayleigh integral. We validated the model on rectangular designs with 11x11 cells and varying cell-to-cell pitches. CFA results showed in average less than 7% deviation from full FEA in terms of center frequency, fractional bandwidth, and peak sensitivity, while requiring less than 1% of the computation time. We also observed good agreements with measurements, with a deviation of 17% for the rectangular designs and less than 4% for a larger linear array element (428 cells) we recently produced. This makes the CFA model a powerful tool for fast design exploration and optimization of CMUTs.
{"title":"Accurately Predicting the Performance of Polymer-Based CMUTs by Coupling Finite-Element and Analytical Models","authors":"Martin Angerer;Jonas Welsch;Carlos D. Gerardo;Edmond Cretu;Robert Rohling","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3526123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3526123","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a hybrid modeling approach to accurately predict the performance of polymer-based Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (polyCMUTs) by coupling finite element analysis (FEA) with analytical methods. The coupled FEA and analytical (CFA) model integrates characteristics from a single-cell FEA into a multi-cell equivalent circuit. Acoustic cross-coupling between cells is considered using analytical methods, and the acoustic far-field is computed via the Rayleigh integral. We validated the model on rectangular designs with 11x11 cells and varying cell-to-cell pitches. CFA results showed in average less than 7% deviation from full FEA in terms of center frequency, fractional bandwidth, and peak sensitivity, while requiring less than 1% of the computation time. We also observed good agreements with measurements, with a deviation of 17% for the rectangular designs and less than 4% for a larger linear array element (428 cells) we recently produced. This makes the CFA model a powerful tool for fast design exploration and optimization of CMUTs.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"227-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10824871","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3520516
Sabiq Muhtadi;Caterina M. Gallippi
This study evaluates the potential for interrogating the Young’s elastic moduli in anisotropic media, including tissue, using Viscoelastic Response (VisR) ultrasound. VisR is an on-axis acoustic radiation force (ARF)-based elasticity imaging method that has been demonstrated previously for assessing the shear elastic moduli of transversely isotropic (TI) materials when the applied ARF excitation was incident normal to the axis of symmetry (AoS). It is hypothesized that by applying a range of non-normal ARF excitations and monitoring the percent change in VisR-derived relative elasticity (RE) versus ARF-AoS incidence angle, both the shear and the Young’s elastic moduli may be interrogated. The hypothesis was tested using in silico experiments, which showed that while RE measured at normal ARF-AoS incidence was related to only longitudinal shear modulus ( ${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}}}$ ) alone, the percent change in RE over ARF-AoS incidence angle (defined as ${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ ) exhibited a strong linear correlation with the ratio of longitudinal shear-to-Young’s moduli ( ${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}{/}{E}_{L}}}$ ), with correlation coefficients of 0.97-0.99. Additionally, the linear regression slopes of ${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ versus ARF-AoS incidence angle statistically discriminated TI materials with ${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}{/}{E}_{L}}}$ ratios that were as little as 7% different. These findings were validated ex vivo in chicken pectoralis major and bovine longissimus dorsi muscles, where the rate of change in of ${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ versus ARF-AoS incidence angle distinguished the two muscles with statistical significance. The results obtained in this study suggest that the rate of change of ${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ with ARF-AoS incidence angle may serve as a novel, semi-quantitative biomarker for characterizing anisotropic tissues such as kidney, skeletal muscle, and breast.
本研究评估了使用粘弹性响应（VisR）超声在各向异性介质（包括组织）中询问杨氏弹性模量的潜力。VisR是一种基于轴向声辐射力（ARF）的弹性成像方法，当施加的ARF激励垂直于对称轴（AoS）时，该方法已被证明用于评估横向各向同性（TI）材料的剪切弹性模量。假设通过施加一系列非正常的ARF激励并监测visr衍生的相对弹性（RE）与ARF- aos入射角的百分比变化，可以询问剪切和杨氏弹性模量。利用硅实验对该假设进行了验证，结果表明，在ARF-AoS正常入射下测量的RE仅与纵向剪切模量（${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}}}$）有关，而RE随ARF-AoS入射角（定义为${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$）的变化百分比与纵向剪切与杨氏模量之比（${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}{/}{E}_{L}}}$）呈很强的线性相关，相关系数为0.97-0.99。此外，${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$与ARF-AoS入射角的线性回归斜率在统计上区分TI材料，其${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}{/}{E}_{L}}}$比小至7% different. These findings were validated ex vivo in chicken pectoralis major and bovine longissimus dorsi muscles, where the rate of change in of ${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ versus ARF-AoS incidence angle distinguished the two muscles with statistical significance. The results obtained in this study suggest that the rate of change of ${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ with ARF-AoS incidence angle may serve as a novel, semi-quantitative biomarker for characterizing anisotropic tissues such as kidney, skeletal muscle, and breast.
{"title":"VisR Ultrasound With Non-Normal ARF-AoS Incidence Interrogates Both Shear and Young’s Elastic Moduli in Transversely Isotropic Materials","authors":"Sabiq Muhtadi;Caterina M. Gallippi","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3520516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3520516","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the potential for interrogating the Young’s elastic moduli in anisotropic media, including tissue, using Viscoelastic Response (VisR) ultrasound. VisR is an on-axis acoustic radiation force (ARF)-based elasticity imaging method that has been demonstrated previously for assessing the shear elastic moduli of transversely isotropic (TI) materials when the applied ARF excitation was incident normal to the axis of symmetry (AoS). It is hypothesized that by applying a range of non-normal ARF excitations and monitoring the percent change in VisR-derived relative elasticity (RE) versus ARF-AoS incidence angle, both the shear and the Young’s elastic moduli may be interrogated. The hypothesis was tested using in silico experiments, which showed that while RE measured at normal ARF-AoS incidence was related to only longitudinal shear modulus (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) alone, the percent change in RE over ARF-AoS incidence angle (defined as \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) exhibited a strong linear correlation with the ratio of longitudinal shear-to-Young’s moduli (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}{/}{E}_{L}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000), with correlation coefficients of 0.97-0.99. Additionally, the linear regression slopes of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 versus ARF-AoS incidence angle statistically discriminated TI materials with \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}{/}{E}_{L}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 ratios that were as little as 7% different. These findings were validated ex vivo in chicken pectoralis major and bovine longissimus dorsi muscles, where the rate of change in of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 versus ARF-AoS incidence angle distinguished the two muscles with statistical significance. The results obtained in this study suggest that the rate of change of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 with ARF-AoS incidence angle may serve as a novel, semi-quantitative biomarker for characterizing anisotropic tissues such as kidney, skeletal muscle, and breast.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"204-215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10807274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142918523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3506532
Amirhossein Omidvar;Robert N. Rohling;Edmond Cretu;Mark E. Cresswell;Antony J. Hodgson
Conformal ultrasound imaging using large-area transducer arrays is an emerging technology with significant potential for real-time, continuous, functional, and health monitoring applications. This study addresses the challenge of fabricating such transducer arrays by presenting the development and preliminary imaging performance of a monolithic flexible capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array—the longest reported to date. A 128-element, 91 mm long flexible array was designed and fabricated using a lithography process, with SU-8 CMUT structures on a bendable polyimide substrate. The array was then packaged by mounting it onto a flexible printed circuit board and coated with a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer for in vivo testing. Electrical impedance measurements confirmed the full functionality of all transducer elements, with an average center resonant frequency of 5.84 MHz (SD: 0.14 MHz). Pulse-echo imaging experiments demonstrated the array’s capability to detect specular reflections and resolve fine features under various curvatures. In vivo scans revealed outlines of a finger and superficial tissues in the forearm. Despite the limitations associated with the lack of custom front-end electronics and low signal-to-noise ratio beamforming strategies, this work demonstrates the feasibility of manufacturing a flexible CMUT array suitable for large-area conformal sonography.
{"title":"Preliminary Demonstration of Pulse-Echo Imaging With a Long Monolithic Flexible CMUT Array","authors":"Amirhossein Omidvar;Robert N. Rohling;Edmond Cretu;Mark E. Cresswell;Antony J. Hodgson","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3506532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3506532","url":null,"abstract":"Conformal ultrasound imaging using large-area transducer arrays is an emerging technology with significant potential for real-time, continuous, functional, and health monitoring applications. This study addresses the challenge of fabricating such transducer arrays by presenting the development and preliminary imaging performance of a monolithic flexible capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array—the longest reported to date. A 128-element, 91 mm long flexible array was designed and fabricated using a lithography process, with SU-8 CMUT structures on a bendable polyimide substrate. The array was then packaged by mounting it onto a flexible printed circuit board and coated with a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer for in vivo testing. Electrical impedance measurements confirmed the full functionality of all transducer elements, with an average center resonant frequency of 5.84 MHz (SD: 0.14 MHz). Pulse-echo imaging experiments demonstrated the array’s capability to detect specular reflections and resolve fine features under various curvatures. In vivo scans revealed outlines of a finger and superficial tissues in the forearm. Despite the limitations associated with the lack of custom front-end electronics and low signal-to-noise ratio beamforming strategies, this work demonstrates the feasibility of manufacturing a flexible CMUT array suitable for large-area conformal sonography.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"191-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10767731","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142798049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3494693
Mohammad Mohajery;Sebastien Salles;Torvald Espeland;Morten Smedsrud Wigen;Solveig Fadnes;Lasse Lovstakken
The velocity of mechanical waves (MW) in the heart reflects myocardial tissue properties. Different wave velocity estimation methods have been proposed, using the slope of the wave projection in M-mode, or based on the gradient of the time-of-flight (TOF) map (gradient method). In this work, we compare these methods using a simulation and 3D wave propagation in vivo. Waves were detected using both clutter filter wave imaging (CFWI) and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). The effect of pipeline parameters on velocity estimation was studied. Finally, an in vivo investigation was made for healthy controls and patients with aortic stenosis. When the wave propagation was mainly in-plane, all methods yielded similar results, verified using both simulations and in vivo data. However, velocity overestimation occurred due to misalignment between the M-line and the wave propagation direction, and for wave-view misalignment when using the 2D gradient method. The gradient method was sensitive to processing parameters, where smoothing of the TOF map also led to an overestimation of the wave velocities. For our data, CFWI provided the most robust results, however, the choice of filter cutoff influenced the output, which became similar to TDI for high cutoff velocities. Our study shows that the gradient method can provide similar results as the M-mode slope when the wave propagation is aligned in-plane, and further provide localized wave velocity estimates in 2D and 3D, limited by smoothing requirements. This can be advantageous for mapping heterogeneous tissue properties, and the method can provide valuable clinical insight in the future.
心脏中机械波（MW）的速度反映了心肌组织的特性。目前已提出了不同的波速估算方法，有的使用 M 型中波投影的斜率，有的则基于飞行时间（TOF）图的梯度（梯度法）。在这项工作中，我们利用模拟和体内三维波传播对这些方法进行了比较。我们使用杂波滤波成像（CFWI）和组织多普勒成像（TDI）对波进行了检测。研究了管道参数对速度估计的影响。最后，对健康对照组和主动脉瓣狭窄患者进行了体内调查。当波主要在平面内传播时，所有方法都得出了相似的结果，并通过模拟和活体数据进行了验证。然而，在使用二维梯度法时，由于 M 线与波传播方向的错位以及波视角的错位，会出现速度高估的情况。梯度法对处理参数很敏感，TOF 图的平滑化也会导致波速的高估。对于我们的数据，CFWI 提供了最稳健的结果，然而，滤波器截止点的选择影响了输出结果，在截止点速度较高时，输出结果与 TDI 相似。我们的研究表明，当波在平面内传播时，梯度法可以提供与 M 模式斜率相似的结果，并进一步提供二维和三维的局部波速估计，但受平滑要求的限制。这对于绘制异质组织特性图非常有利，而且该方法在未来能为临床提供有价值的见解。
{"title":"The 3D Estimation of Mechanical Wave Velocities in the Heart: Methods and Insights","authors":"Mohammad Mohajery;Sebastien Salles;Torvald Espeland;Morten Smedsrud Wigen;Solveig Fadnes;Lasse Lovstakken","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3494693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3494693","url":null,"abstract":"The velocity of mechanical waves (MW) in the heart reflects myocardial tissue properties. Different wave velocity estimation methods have been proposed, using the slope of the wave projection in M-mode, or based on the gradient of the time-of-flight (TOF) map (gradient method). In this work, we compare these methods using a simulation and 3D wave propagation in vivo. Waves were detected using both clutter filter wave imaging (CFWI) and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). The effect of pipeline parameters on velocity estimation was studied. Finally, an in vivo investigation was made for healthy controls and patients with aortic stenosis. When the wave propagation was mainly in-plane, all methods yielded similar results, verified using both simulations and in vivo data. However, velocity overestimation occurred due to misalignment between the M-line and the wave propagation direction, and for wave-view misalignment when using the 2D gradient method. The gradient method was sensitive to processing parameters, where smoothing of the TOF map also led to an overestimation of the wave velocities. For our data, CFWI provided the most robust results, however, the choice of filter cutoff influenced the output, which became similar to TDI for high cutoff velocities. Our study shows that the gradient method can provide similar results as the M-mode slope when the wave propagation is aligned in-plane, and further provide localized wave velocity estimates in 2D and 3D, limited by smoothing requirements. This can be advantageous for mapping heterogeneous tissue properties, and the method can provide valuable clinical insight in the future.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"177-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10747501","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3487147
Marco Pomponio;Archita Hati;Craig Nelson
In this paper, we present a direct digital measurement system capable of simultaneously measuring phase noise, amplitude noise, and Allan deviation with and without cross-correlation. The residual phase noise of the single-channel system achieves $mathscr {L}left ({{1 text {Hz}}}right)~ textrm {=} -143 text {dBc/Hz}$ for a 10 MHz input signal and an Allan deviation noise floor of $3.2 times 10^{-15}$ at 1 second averaging time ( $tau $ ). The system’s performance improves as expected with cross-correlation, resulting in an average-limited residual white noise floor of −185 dBc/Hz after only a few minutes of averaging, an improvement of 30 dB compared to a single-channel system. It also reaches an average limited flicker phase noise floor of $mathscr {L}left ({{1 text {Hz}}}right) ~textrm {=} -160 text {dBc/Hz}$ within two days, with an Allan deviation of $5 times 10^{-16}$ @ $tau ~textrm {=}1 text {second}$ . To our knowledge, this represents the lowest noise performance ever reported for a digital measurement system. Our solution is based on a pair of high-performance analog-to-digital converters and a single system-on-a-chip (SoC) with multiple processors and a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The architecture allows for processing all data samples in real-time without dead-time between calculation frames, enabling the fastest averaging possible during cross-correlation.
{"title":"Direct Digital Simultaneous Phase-Amplitude Noise and Allan Deviation Measurement System","authors":"Marco Pomponio;Archita Hati;Craig Nelson","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3487147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3487147","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a direct digital measurement system capable of simultaneously measuring phase noise, amplitude noise, and Allan deviation with and without cross-correlation. The residual phase noise of the single-channel system achieves \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathscr {L}left ({{1 text {Hz}}}right)~ textrm {=} -143 text {dBc/Hz}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 for a 10 MHz input signal and an Allan deviation noise floor of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$3.2 times 10^{-15}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at 1 second averaging time (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$tau $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000). The system’s performance improves as expected with cross-correlation, resulting in an average-limited residual white noise floor of −185 dBc/Hz after only a few minutes of averaging, an improvement of 30 dB compared to a single-channel system. It also reaches an average limited flicker phase noise floor of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathscr {L}left ({{1 text {Hz}}}right) ~textrm {=} -160 text {dBc/Hz}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 within two days, with an Allan deviation of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$5 times 10^{-16}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 @ \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$tau ~textrm {=}1 text {second}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. To our knowledge, this represents the lowest noise performance ever reported for a digital measurement system. Our solution is based on a pair of high-performance analog-to-digital converters and a single system-on-a-chip (SoC) with multiple processors and a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The architecture allows for processing all data samples in real-time without dead-time between calculation frames, enabling the fastest averaging possible during cross-correlation.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"160-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10737107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3475348
Etienne Lemaire;Atilla Atli;Dominique Certon
This paper details some characterization results of selected Rochelle salt based transducers previously or recently fabricated using various techniques. Several elements of the expected increasing lifetime are shown. Polarization results comparing monocrystalline and polycrystalline structures show that the former is ferroelectric and strongly piezoelectric as expected. The second behaves as a piezoelectric and is strongly electrostrictive, reaching a significant displacement when subjected to high voltage. Because Rochelle salt could be the lowest environmental footprint ferroelectric and piezoelectric, it is an ecological smart material. It may have some limitations, but also circular and recoverable highly interesting properties. Thus, the possibility of revisiting the Rochelle salt based technology for disposable, ecological or eco-designed efficient acoustic transducer is here illustrated and discussed.
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We present a technique for three-dimensional (3D) object reconstruction utilizing an ultrasonic array sensor and a variational autoencoder (VAE) within a high-interference environment. In scenarios where optical instruments such as cameras and LiDAR are impractical, the utilization of air-coupled ultrasonic waves for 3D measurements has emerged as a viable alternative. Nevertheless, deploying this technology in high-interference settings, particularly outdoor environments, has presented significant challenges. To tackle this challenge, we have developed and established a methodology for the 3D reconstruction of stationary objects by combining the time-of-flight point cloud data acquired through beamforming with the deep learning model VAE. This study proceeds by elucidating the procedure for conducting beamforming and measuring distances using ultrasonic waves. Subsequently, we expound upon an experimental methodology that employs 3D object reconstruction and associated techniques. Finally, we present the results obtained from attaching an ultrasonic sensor to a utility pole and conducting ultrasonic measurements. Our investigation focuses on four distinct types of objects: boxes, motorbikes, humans, and reflectors. The measurement system was positioned 5 m above the ground on a utility pole situated alongside the road. The objects selected for measurement were situated in stationary positions within a $3~text {m}^{{3}}$ area, with a maximum distance of 10 m from the utility pole. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of ultrasonic measurements and object reconstruction techniques under these specified conditions. The results indicate a precision of 0.939, a recall of 0.868, and an F-value of 0.902, which are considered sufficient for the application of ultrasonic waves.
{"title":"3-D Object Reconstruction From Outdoor Ultrasonic Image and Variation Autoencoder","authors":"Ryotaro Ohara;Yuto Yasuda;Riku Hamabe;Shun Sato;Ishii Toru;Shintaro Izumi;Hiroshi Kawaguchi","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3466090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3466090","url":null,"abstract":"We present a technique for three-dimensional (3D) object reconstruction utilizing an ultrasonic array sensor and a variational autoencoder (VAE) within a high-interference environment. In scenarios where optical instruments such as cameras and LiDAR are impractical, the utilization of air-coupled ultrasonic waves for 3D measurements has emerged as a viable alternative. Nevertheless, deploying this technology in high-interference settings, particularly outdoor environments, has presented significant challenges. To tackle this challenge, we have developed and established a methodology for the 3D reconstruction of stationary objects by combining the time-of-flight point cloud data acquired through beamforming with the deep learning model VAE. This study proceeds by elucidating the procedure for conducting beamforming and measuring distances using ultrasonic waves. Subsequently, we expound upon an experimental methodology that employs 3D object reconstruction and associated techniques. Finally, we present the results obtained from attaching an ultrasonic sensor to a utility pole and conducting ultrasonic measurements. Our investigation focuses on four distinct types of objects: boxes, motorbikes, humans, and reflectors. The measurement system was positioned 5 m above the ground on a utility pole situated alongside the road. The objects selected for measurement were situated in stationary positions within a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$3~text {m}^{{3}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 area, with a maximum distance of 10 m from the utility pole. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of ultrasonic measurements and object reconstruction techniques under these specified conditions. The results indicate a precision of 0.939, a recall of 0.868, and an F-value of 0.902, which are considered sufficient for the application of ultrasonic waves.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"140-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10685487","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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