首页 > 最新文献

IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control最新文献

英文 中文
Preliminary Demonstration of Pulse-Echo Imaging With a Long Monolithic Flexible CMUT Array 使用长单片柔性 CMUT 阵列进行脉冲回波成像的初步演示
Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3506532
Amirhossein Omidvar;Robert N. Rohling;Edmond Cretu;Mark E. Cresswell;Antony J. Hodgson
Conformal ultrasound imaging using large-area transducer arrays is an emerging technology with significant potential for real-time, continuous, functional, and health monitoring applications. This study addresses the challenge of fabricating such transducer arrays by presenting the development and preliminary imaging performance of a monolithic flexible capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array—the longest reported to date. A 128-element, 91 mm long flexible array was designed and fabricated using a lithography process, with SU-8 CMUT structures on a bendable polyimide substrate. The array was then packaged by mounting it onto a flexible printed circuit board and coated with a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer for in vivo testing. Electrical impedance measurements confirmed the full functionality of all transducer elements, with an average center resonant frequency of 5.84 MHz (SD: 0.14 MHz). Pulse-echo imaging experiments demonstrated the array’s capability to detect specular reflections and resolve fine features under various curvatures. In vivo scans revealed outlines of a finger and superficial tissues in the forearm. Despite the limitations associated with the lack of custom front-end electronics and low signal-to-noise ratio beamforming strategies, this work demonstrates the feasibility of manufacturing a flexible CMUT array suitable for large-area conformal sonography.
{"title":"Preliminary Demonstration of Pulse-Echo Imaging With a Long Monolithic Flexible CMUT Array","authors":"Amirhossein Omidvar;Robert N. Rohling;Edmond Cretu;Mark E. Cresswell;Antony J. Hodgson","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3506532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3506532","url":null,"abstract":"Conformal ultrasound imaging using large-area transducer arrays is an emerging technology with significant potential for real-time, continuous, functional, and health monitoring applications. This study addresses the challenge of fabricating such transducer arrays by presenting the development and preliminary imaging performance of a monolithic flexible capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array—the longest reported to date. A 128-element, 91 mm long flexible array was designed and fabricated using a lithography process, with SU-8 CMUT structures on a bendable polyimide substrate. The array was then packaged by mounting it onto a flexible printed circuit board and coated with a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer for in vivo testing. Electrical impedance measurements confirmed the full functionality of all transducer elements, with an average center resonant frequency of 5.84 MHz (SD: 0.14 MHz). Pulse-echo imaging experiments demonstrated the array’s capability to detect specular reflections and resolve fine features under various curvatures. In vivo scans revealed outlines of a finger and superficial tissues in the forearm. Despite the limitations associated with the lack of custom front-end electronics and low signal-to-noise ratio beamforming strategies, this work demonstrates the feasibility of manufacturing a flexible CMUT array suitable for large-area conformal sonography.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"191-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10767731","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142798049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The 3D Estimation of Mechanical Wave Velocities in the Heart: Methods and Insights 心脏机械波速度的三维估算:方法与启示
Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3494693
Mohammad Mohajery;Sebastien Salles;Torvald Espeland;Morten Smedsrud Wigen;Solveig Fadnes;Lasse Lovstakken
The velocity of mechanical waves (MW) in the heart reflects myocardial tissue properties. Different wave velocity estimation methods have been proposed, using the slope of the wave projection in M-mode, or based on the gradient of the time-of-flight (TOF) map (gradient method). In this work, we compare these methods using a simulation and 3D wave propagation in vivo. Waves were detected using both clutter filter wave imaging (CFWI) and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). The effect of pipeline parameters on velocity estimation was studied. Finally, an in vivo investigation was made for healthy controls and patients with aortic stenosis. When the wave propagation was mainly in-plane, all methods yielded similar results, verified using both simulations and in vivo data. However, velocity overestimation occurred due to misalignment between the M-line and the wave propagation direction, and for wave-view misalignment when using the 2D gradient method. The gradient method was sensitive to processing parameters, where smoothing of the TOF map also led to an overestimation of the wave velocities. For our data, CFWI provided the most robust results, however, the choice of filter cutoff influenced the output, which became similar to TDI for high cutoff velocities. Our study shows that the gradient method can provide similar results as the M-mode slope when the wave propagation is aligned in-plane, and further provide localized wave velocity estimates in 2D and 3D, limited by smoothing requirements. This can be advantageous for mapping heterogeneous tissue properties, and the method can provide valuable clinical insight in the future.
心脏中机械波(MW)的速度反映了心肌组织的特性。目前已提出了不同的波速估算方法,有的使用 M 型中波投影的斜率,有的则基于飞行时间(TOF)图的梯度(梯度法)。在这项工作中,我们利用模拟和体内三维波传播对这些方法进行了比较。我们使用杂波滤波成像(CFWI)和组织多普勒成像(TDI)对波进行了检测。研究了管道参数对速度估计的影响。最后,对健康对照组和主动脉瓣狭窄患者进行了体内调查。当波主要在平面内传播时,所有方法都得出了相似的结果,并通过模拟和活体数据进行了验证。然而,在使用二维梯度法时,由于 M 线与波传播方向的错位以及波视角的错位,会出现速度高估的情况。梯度法对处理参数很敏感,TOF 图的平滑化也会导致波速的高估。对于我们的数据,CFWI 提供了最稳健的结果,然而,滤波器截止点的选择影响了输出结果,在截止点速度较高时,输出结果与 TDI 相似。我们的研究表明,当波在平面内传播时,梯度法可以提供与 M 模式斜率相似的结果,并进一步提供二维和三维的局部波速估计,但受平滑要求的限制。这对于绘制异质组织特性图非常有利,而且该方法在未来能为临床提供有价值的见解。
{"title":"The 3D Estimation of Mechanical Wave Velocities in the Heart: Methods and Insights","authors":"Mohammad Mohajery;Sebastien Salles;Torvald Espeland;Morten Smedsrud Wigen;Solveig Fadnes;Lasse Lovstakken","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3494693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3494693","url":null,"abstract":"The velocity of mechanical waves (MW) in the heart reflects myocardial tissue properties. Different wave velocity estimation methods have been proposed, using the slope of the wave projection in M-mode, or based on the gradient of the time-of-flight (TOF) map (gradient method). In this work, we compare these methods using a simulation and 3D wave propagation in vivo. Waves were detected using both clutter filter wave imaging (CFWI) and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). The effect of pipeline parameters on velocity estimation was studied. Finally, an in vivo investigation was made for healthy controls and patients with aortic stenosis. When the wave propagation was mainly in-plane, all methods yielded similar results, verified using both simulations and in vivo data. However, velocity overestimation occurred due to misalignment between the M-line and the wave propagation direction, and for wave-view misalignment when using the 2D gradient method. The gradient method was sensitive to processing parameters, where smoothing of the TOF map also led to an overestimation of the wave velocities. For our data, CFWI provided the most robust results, however, the choice of filter cutoff influenced the output, which became similar to TDI for high cutoff velocities. Our study shows that the gradient method can provide similar results as the M-mode slope when the wave propagation is aligned in-plane, and further provide localized wave velocity estimates in 2D and 3D, limited by smoothing requirements. This can be advantageous for mapping heterogeneous tissue properties, and the method can provide valuable clinical insight in the future.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"177-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10747501","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Direct Digital Simultaneous Phase-Amplitude Noise and Allan Deviation Measurement System 直接数字同步相位振幅噪声和阿伦偏差测量系统
Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3487147
Marco Pomponio;Archita Hati;Craig Nelson
In this paper, we present a direct digital measurement system capable of simultaneously measuring phase noise, amplitude noise, and Allan deviation with and without cross-correlation. The residual phase noise of the single-channel system achieves $mathscr {L}left ({{1 text {Hz}}}right)~ textrm {=} -143 text {dBc/Hz}$ for a 10 MHz input signal and an Allan deviation noise floor of $3.2 times 10^{-15}$ at 1 second averaging time ( $tau $ ). The system’s performance improves as expected with cross-correlation, resulting in an average-limited residual white noise floor of −185 dBc/Hz after only a few minutes of averaging, an improvement of 30 dB compared to a single-channel system. It also reaches an average limited flicker phase noise floor of $mathscr {L}left ({{1 text {Hz}}}right) ~textrm {=} -160 text {dBc/Hz}$ within two days, with an Allan deviation of $5 times 10^{-16}$ @ $tau ~textrm {=}1 text {second}$ . To our knowledge, this represents the lowest noise performance ever reported for a digital measurement system. Our solution is based on a pair of high-performance analog-to-digital converters and a single system-on-a-chip (SoC) with multiple processors and a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The architecture allows for processing all data samples in real-time without dead-time between calculation frames, enabling the fastest averaging possible during cross-correlation.
在本文中,我们介绍了一种直接数字测量系统,该系统能够同时测量相位噪声、振幅噪声和阿伦偏差(有无交叉相关)。单通道系统的残余相位噪声达到 $mathscr {L}left ({{1 text {Hz}}right)~ textrm {=}对于 10 MHz 输入信号,-143 text {dBc/Hz}$;在 1 秒平均时间($tau $)下,阿伦偏差噪声本底为 3.2 times 10^{-15}$。该系统的性能随着交叉相关性的提高而提高,仅在几分钟的平均时间后,平均限制残余白噪声本底就达到了 -185 dBc/Hz,与单通道系统相比提高了 30 dB。它的平均有限闪烁相位噪声本底也达到了 $mathscr {L} ({{1 text {Hz}}} (right) ~textrm {=}-160(文本{dBc/Hz}}$ 在两天内,阿伦偏差为 5 (times 10^{-16}$ @ $tau ~textrm {=}1 (文本{秒}}$ 。据我们所知,这是迄今为止报告的数字测量系统中噪音最低的性能。我们的解决方案基于一对高性能模数转换器和一个带有多个处理器和现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的单芯片系统(SoC)。该架构可实时处理所有数据样本,计算帧之间没有死区时间,从而在交叉相关过程中实现最快的平均。
{"title":"Direct Digital Simultaneous Phase-Amplitude Noise and Allan Deviation Measurement System","authors":"Marco Pomponio;Archita Hati;Craig Nelson","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3487147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3487147","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a direct digital measurement system capable of simultaneously measuring phase noise, amplitude noise, and Allan deviation with and without cross-correlation. The residual phase noise of the single-channel system achieves \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathscr {L}left ({{1 text {Hz}}}right)~ textrm {=} -143 text {dBc/Hz}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 for a 10 MHz input signal and an Allan deviation noise floor of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$3.2 times 10^{-15}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at 1 second averaging time (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$tau $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000). The system’s performance improves as expected with cross-correlation, resulting in an average-limited residual white noise floor of −185 dBc/Hz after only a few minutes of averaging, an improvement of 30 dB compared to a single-channel system. It also reaches an average limited flicker phase noise floor of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathscr {L}left ({{1 text {Hz}}}right) ~textrm {=} -160 text {dBc/Hz}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 within two days, with an Allan deviation of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$5 times 10^{-16}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 @ \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$tau ~textrm {=}1 text {second}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. To our knowledge, this represents the lowest noise performance ever reported for a digital measurement system. Our solution is based on a pair of high-performance analog-to-digital converters and a single system-on-a-chip (SoC) with multiple processors and a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The architecture allows for processing all data samples in real-time without dead-time between calculation frames, enabling the fastest averaging possible during cross-correlation.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"160-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10737107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Rochelle Salt Revisited for Eco-Designed Ultrasonic Transducers 为生态设计的超声波换能器重新审视罗谢尔盐
Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3475348
Etienne Lemaire;Atilla Atli;Dominique Certon
This paper details some characterization results of selected Rochelle salt based transducers previously or recently fabricated using various techniques. Several elements of the expected increasing lifetime are shown. Polarization results comparing monocrystalline and polycrystalline structures show that the former is ferroelectric and strongly piezoelectric as expected. The second behaves as a piezoelectric and is strongly electrostrictive, reaching a significant displacement when subjected to high voltage. Because Rochelle salt could be the lowest environmental footprint ferroelectric and piezoelectric, it is an ecological smart material. It may have some limitations, but also circular and recoverable highly interesting properties. Thus, the possibility of revisiting the Rochelle salt based technology for disposable, ecological or eco-designed efficient acoustic transducer is here illustrated and discussed.
本文详细介绍了以前或最近使用各种技术制造的基于罗谢尔盐的传感器的一些特性分析结果。其中显示了预期寿命延长的几个要素。比较单晶和多晶结构的极化结果表明,前者是铁电体,并具有预期的强压电性。第二种结构表现为压电和强电致伸缩,在高压下会产生显著位移。由于罗谢尔盐是对环境影响最小的铁电和压电材料,因此它是一种生态智能材料。它可能有一些局限性,但也具有非常有趣的循环和可回收特性。因此,本文阐述并讨论了将基于罗谢尔盐的技术重新用于一次性、生态或生态设计的高效声换能器的可能性。
{"title":"Rochelle Salt Revisited for Eco-Designed Ultrasonic Transducers","authors":"Etienne Lemaire;Atilla Atli;Dominique Certon","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3475348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3475348","url":null,"abstract":"This paper details some characterization results of selected Rochelle salt based transducers previously or recently fabricated using various techniques. Several elements of the expected increasing lifetime are shown. Polarization results comparing monocrystalline and polycrystalline structures show that the former is ferroelectric and strongly piezoelectric as expected. The second behaves as a piezoelectric and is strongly electrostrictive, reaching a significant displacement when subjected to high voltage. Because Rochelle salt could be the lowest environmental footprint ferroelectric and piezoelectric, it is an ecological smart material. It may have some limitations, but also circular and recoverable highly interesting properties. Thus, the possibility of revisiting the Rochelle salt based technology for disposable, ecological or eco-designed efficient acoustic transducer is here illustrated and discussed.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"171-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10707200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
3-D Object Reconstruction From Outdoor Ultrasonic Image and Variation Autoencoder 从室外超声波图像和变异自动编码器重建三维物体
Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3466090
Ryotaro Ohara;Yuto Yasuda;Riku Hamabe;Shun Sato;Ishii Toru;Shintaro Izumi;Hiroshi Kawaguchi
We present a technique for three-dimensional (3D) object reconstruction utilizing an ultrasonic array sensor and a variational autoencoder (VAE) within a high-interference environment. In scenarios where optical instruments such as cameras and LiDAR are impractical, the utilization of air-coupled ultrasonic waves for 3D measurements has emerged as a viable alternative. Nevertheless, deploying this technology in high-interference settings, particularly outdoor environments, has presented significant challenges. To tackle this challenge, we have developed and established a methodology for the 3D reconstruction of stationary objects by combining the time-of-flight point cloud data acquired through beamforming with the deep learning model VAE. This study proceeds by elucidating the procedure for conducting beamforming and measuring distances using ultrasonic waves. Subsequently, we expound upon an experimental methodology that employs 3D object reconstruction and associated techniques. Finally, we present the results obtained from attaching an ultrasonic sensor to a utility pole and conducting ultrasonic measurements. Our investigation focuses on four distinct types of objects: boxes, motorbikes, humans, and reflectors. The measurement system was positioned 5 m above the ground on a utility pole situated alongside the road. The objects selected for measurement were situated in stationary positions within a $3~text {m}^{{3}}$ area, with a maximum distance of 10 m from the utility pole. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of ultrasonic measurements and object reconstruction techniques under these specified conditions. The results indicate a precision of 0.939, a recall of 0.868, and an F-value of 0.902, which are considered sufficient for the application of ultrasonic waves.
我们介绍了一种在高干扰环境下利用超声波阵列传感器和变异自动编码器(VAE)重建三维(3D)物体的技术。在相机和激光雷达等光学仪器不可行的情况下,利用空气耦合超声波进行三维测量已成为一种可行的替代方法。然而,在高干扰环境,尤其是室外环境中部署这项技术面临着巨大挑战。为了应对这一挑战,我们开发并建立了一种方法,将通过波束成形获取的飞行时间点云数据与深度学习模型 VAE 相结合,重建静止物体的三维。本研究首先阐明了利用超声波进行波束成形和距离测量的程序。随后,我们阐述了采用三维物体重建和相关技术的实验方法。最后,我们介绍了将超声波传感器安装到电线杆上并进行超声波测量所获得的结果。我们的研究重点是四种不同类型的物体:箱子、摩托车、人和反射器。测量系统安装在离地面 5 米高的路边电线杆上。被选中进行测量的物体位于 3~text {m}^{{3}}$ 区域内的固定位置,与电线杆的最大距离为 10 米。本研究的目的是评估超声波测量和物体重构技术在这些特定条件下的有效性。结果表明,精确度为 0.939,召回率为 0.868,F 值为 0.902,足以应用超声波。
{"title":"3-D Object Reconstruction From Outdoor Ultrasonic Image and Variation Autoencoder","authors":"Ryotaro Ohara;Yuto Yasuda;Riku Hamabe;Shun Sato;Ishii Toru;Shintaro Izumi;Hiroshi Kawaguchi","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3466090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3466090","url":null,"abstract":"We present a technique for three-dimensional (3D) object reconstruction utilizing an ultrasonic array sensor and a variational autoencoder (VAE) within a high-interference environment. In scenarios where optical instruments such as cameras and LiDAR are impractical, the utilization of air-coupled ultrasonic waves for 3D measurements has emerged as a viable alternative. Nevertheless, deploying this technology in high-interference settings, particularly outdoor environments, has presented significant challenges. To tackle this challenge, we have developed and established a methodology for the 3D reconstruction of stationary objects by combining the time-of-flight point cloud data acquired through beamforming with the deep learning model VAE. This study proceeds by elucidating the procedure for conducting beamforming and measuring distances using ultrasonic waves. Subsequently, we expound upon an experimental methodology that employs 3D object reconstruction and associated techniques. Finally, we present the results obtained from attaching an ultrasonic sensor to a utility pole and conducting ultrasonic measurements. Our investigation focuses on four distinct types of objects: boxes, motorbikes, humans, and reflectors. The measurement system was positioned 5 m above the ground on a utility pole situated alongside the road. The objects selected for measurement were situated in stationary positions within a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$3~text {m}^{{3}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 area, with a maximum distance of 10 m from the utility pole. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of ultrasonic measurements and object reconstruction techniques under these specified conditions. The results indicate a precision of 0.939, a recall of 0.868, and an F-value of 0.902, which are considered sufficient for the application of ultrasonic waves.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"140-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10685487","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Investigation of Non-Linearities in Medical Ultrasound Imaging Probes by Characterizing Free and Clamped Capacitances 通过分析自由电容和钳位电容研究医用超声波成像探头的非线性特性
Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3459858
Thong Huynh;Trym Haakon Eggen;Lars Hoff
Tissue harmonic imaging requires good control of the nonlinearity in the ultrasound probe, as transmitted second harmonics from the probe may interfere with tissue harmonics and degrade image quality. We have studied the nonlinearity in four different medical ultrasound probes by measuring the capacitive part of their electrical impedances under varying electric fields, at frequencies well below and above the resonances. The probes were made with two different piezoelectric materials, piezoceramic PZT and single-crystal PMN-PT, with either soft backing operating at half-wavelength resonance or hard backing operating at quarter-wavelength resonance. When the applied electric field amplitude E was increased from $mathrm {0.05~V/mu m}$ to $mathrm {0.5~V/mu m}$ , we observed an increase in both the capacitance at high frequency, interpreted as clamped conditions, and at low frequency, interpreted as free conditions. This is a nonlinear phenomenon as these capacitances will not change in the linear regime. The increase in free capacitance was from 4 to 10 times larger than the increase in clamped capacitance for all the investigated probes. This indicates a stronger nonlinearity for the free capacitance. At the low-frequency excitation, we observed distortion in the current passing through the acoustic stack corresponding to a relative second harmonic level of −20 dB. We conclude that the nonlinear impedance of the acoustic stack in the investigated probes was primarily caused by nonlinearities in the mechanical coefficients, while contributions from dielectric nonlinearity were negligible.
组织谐波成像需要很好地控制超声探头的非线性,因为探头传输的二次谐波可能会干扰组织谐波并降低图像质量。我们研究了四种不同医用超声探头的非线性,方法是在不同电场下测量其电阻抗的电容部分,频率远远低于和高于共振频率。探头由两种不同的压电材料(压电陶瓷 PZT 和单晶 PMN-PT)制成,软衬底在半波长共振时工作,硬衬底在四分之一波长共振时工作。当外加电场振幅 E 从 $mathrm {0.05~V/mu m}$ 增加到 $mathrm {0.5~V/mu m}$ 时,我们观察到电容在高频(解释为箝位条件)和低频(解释为自由条件)下都有所增加。这是一种非线性现象,因为这些电容在线性状态下不会发生变化。在所有研究的探头中,自由电容的增幅是钳位电容增幅的 4 到 10 倍。这表明自由电容的非线性更强。在低频激励下,我们观察到通过声学叠层的电流失真,相当于 -20 dB 的相对二次谐波电平。我们得出结论,在所研究的探头中,声学叠层的非线性阻抗主要是由机械系数的非线性引起的,而介质非线性的影响可以忽略不计。
{"title":"Investigation of Non-Linearities in Medical Ultrasound Imaging Probes by Characterizing Free and Clamped Capacitances","authors":"Thong Huynh;Trym Haakon Eggen;Lars Hoff","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3459858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3459858","url":null,"abstract":"Tissue harmonic imaging requires good control of the nonlinearity in the ultrasound probe, as transmitted second harmonics from the probe may interfere with tissue harmonics and degrade image quality. We have studied the nonlinearity in four different medical ultrasound probes by measuring the capacitive part of their electrical impedances under varying electric fields, at frequencies well below and above the resonances. The probes were made with two different piezoelectric materials, piezoceramic PZT and single-crystal PMN-PT, with either soft backing operating at half-wavelength resonance or hard backing operating at quarter-wavelength resonance. When the applied electric field amplitude E was increased from \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {0.05~V/mu m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 to \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {0.5~V/mu m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, we observed an increase in both the capacitance at high frequency, interpreted as clamped conditions, and at low frequency, interpreted as free conditions. This is a nonlinear phenomenon as these capacitances will not change in the linear regime. The increase in free capacitance was from 4 to 10 times larger than the increase in clamped capacitance for all the investigated probes. This indicates a stronger nonlinearity for the free capacitance. At the low-frequency excitation, we observed distortion in the current passing through the acoustic stack corresponding to a relative second harmonic level of −20 dB. We conclude that the nonlinear impedance of the acoustic stack in the investigated probes was primarily caused by nonlinearities in the mechanical coefficients, while contributions from dielectric nonlinearity were negligible.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"116-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10679659","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142368493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Inspection of Foods: A Review 空气耦合超声波检测食品:综述
Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3457503
Anabella Giacomozzi;Jose Benedito;Tomás E. Gómez Álvarez-Arenas;Jose V. García-Perez
In the context of the ongoing digital revolution, the food industry grapples with significant challenges concerning quality control, safety, production efficiency, and economic viability. Tackling these challenges requires analyzing a large volume of samples-preferably the whole production-to extract the maximum amount of information, facilitating food processing optimization, quality assurance, safety protocols, and minimizing the energetic impact. Developing monitoring systems for the non-invasive, accurate and real-time measurement of compositional properties, texture, and the detection of foreign bodies throughout the entire production remains a challenge in the agri-food sector. This challenge reflects that these properties affect both quality and food safety but also that current technologies are not capable of monitoring them at an industrial level. Over recent decades, ultrasound technology has garnered significant attention from stakeholders across the food supply chain owing to its potential to revolutionize food industry automation. Ultrasound inspection offers numerous advantages, including the rapid, precise, and cost-effective assessment of product properties, as well as the real-time monitoring of internal quality attributes across various stages of food processing. By interacting with matter, sound waves provide valuable insights into the composition, structure, and physical state of food constituents through changes in velocity, attenuation, and spectral response. This review summarizes recent findings in the use of air-coupled ultrasound inspection for ensuring food quality and safety control.
在当前数字革命的背景下,食品工业面临着质量控制、安全、生产效率和经济可行性方面的重大挑战。要应对这些挑战,就必须分析大量样品,最好是整个生产过程的样品,以提取最多的信息,促进食品加工优化、质量保证、安全协议,并最大限度地减少对能源的影响。开发监测系统,对整个生产过程中的成分特性、质地和异物进行无创、准确和实时的测量,仍然是农业食品行业面临的一项挑战。这一挑战反映了这些特性对质量和食品安全的影响,同时也反映了目前的技术无法在工业水平上对其进行监测。近几十年来,由于超声波技术具有彻底改变食品工业自动化的潜力,因此受到了整个食品供应链利益相关者的极大关注。超声波检测具有众多优势,包括快速、精确和经济高效地评估产品特性,以及实时监控食品加工各个阶段的内部质量属性。声波与物质相互作用,通过速度、衰减和光谱响应的变化,为了解食品成分的组成、结构和物理状态提供了宝贵的信息。本综述总结了在使用空气耦合超声波检测确保食品质量和安全控制方面的最新研究成果。
{"title":"Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Inspection of Foods: A Review","authors":"Anabella Giacomozzi;Jose Benedito;Tomás E. Gómez Álvarez-Arenas;Jose V. García-Perez","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3457503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3457503","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the ongoing digital revolution, the food industry grapples with significant challenges concerning quality control, safety, production efficiency, and economic viability. Tackling these challenges requires analyzing a large volume of samples-preferably the whole production-to extract the maximum amount of information, facilitating food processing optimization, quality assurance, safety protocols, and minimizing the energetic impact. Developing monitoring systems for the non-invasive, accurate and real-time measurement of compositional properties, texture, and the detection of foreign bodies throughout the entire production remains a challenge in the agri-food sector. This challenge reflects that these properties affect both quality and food safety but also that current technologies are not capable of monitoring them at an industrial level. Over recent decades, ultrasound technology has garnered significant attention from stakeholders across the food supply chain owing to its potential to revolutionize food industry automation. Ultrasound inspection offers numerous advantages, including the rapid, precise, and cost-effective assessment of product properties, as well as the real-time monitoring of internal quality attributes across various stages of food processing. By interacting with matter, sound waves provide valuable insights into the composition, structure, and physical state of food constituents through changes in velocity, attenuation, and spectral response. This review summarizes recent findings in the use of air-coupled ultrasound inspection for ensuring food quality and safety control.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"100-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10679167","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Robust Non-Parametric Estimation of Speckle Probability Densities and gCNR 斑点概率密度的稳健非参数估计和 gCNR
Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3445868
Håvard Kjellmo Arnestad;Ole Marius Hoel Rindal;Andreas Austeng;Sven Peter Näsholm
In ultrasound imaging, speckle originates from a large amount of sub-resolution scatterers within the medium. In idealized cases, the speckle envelope statistics follow a Rayleigh distribution, but in practical pulse-echo imaging, the distribution depends on both the imaging system and the underlying tissue structure. Estimating envelope statistics is part of quantitative ultrasound workflows and is also important for image quality assessment as it relates to lesion and tissue detectability. A concrete example is the generalized contrast-to-noise ratio (gCNR), which is a functional of two pixel-value probability density functions (PDFs) from different speckle regions. Such speckle PDFs have, by convention, been estimated from data using histograms, but the accuracy of these estimates can be affected by the nontrivial selection and tuning of the binning parameters. However, the statistics literature widely advocates kernel density estimation (KDE) as a better alternative to histogram-based approaches. In this article, we propose applying a KDE-based method to estimate speckle PDFs in medical ultrasound imaging. The method is practically tuning-free and leverages the Box-Cox transformation to achieve best-in-class performance across a wide range of test cases, and is also robust in cases where gCNR estimation may otherwise fail, such as for skewed distributions that may arise with adaptive beamformers. Furthermore, this work highlights theoretical aspects related to the estimation of PDFs and derived quantities, including the gCNR.
在超声成像中,斑点源于介质中大量的亚分辨率散射体。在理想情况下,斑点包络统计遵循瑞利分布,但在实际脉冲回波成像中,其分布取决于成像系统和底层组织结构。估算包络统计是定量超声工作流程的一部分,对于图像质量评估也很重要,因为这关系到病变和组织的可探测性。一个具体的例子是广义对比度-噪声比(gCNR),它是来自不同斑点区域的两个像素值概率密度函数(PDF)的函数。按照惯例,这种斑点概率密度函数是使用直方图从数据中估算出来的,但这些估算的准确性可能会受到分选参数的非线性选择和调整的影响。然而,统计文献普遍认为核密度估计(KDE)是基于直方图方法的更好替代方法。在本文中,我们建议在医学超声成像中应用基于 KDE 的方法来估计斑点 PDF。该方法实际上无需调整,并利用 Box-Cox 变换在广泛的测试案例中实现了同类最佳的性能,而且在 gCNR 估计可能失败的情况下也很稳健,例如自适应波束成形器可能出现的偏斜分布。此外,这项工作还强调了与估计 PDF 和派生量(包括 gCNR)相关的理论方面。
{"title":"Robust Non-Parametric Estimation of Speckle Probability Densities and gCNR","authors":"Håvard Kjellmo Arnestad;Ole Marius Hoel Rindal;Andreas Austeng;Sven Peter Näsholm","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3445868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3445868","url":null,"abstract":"In ultrasound imaging, speckle originates from a large amount of sub-resolution scatterers within the medium. In idealized cases, the speckle envelope statistics follow a Rayleigh distribution, but in practical pulse-echo imaging, the distribution depends on both the imaging system and the underlying tissue structure. Estimating envelope statistics is part of quantitative ultrasound workflows and is also important for image quality assessment as it relates to lesion and tissue detectability. A concrete example is the generalized contrast-to-noise ratio (gCNR), which is a functional of two pixel-value probability density functions (PDFs) from different speckle regions. Such speckle PDFs have, by convention, been estimated from data using histograms, but the accuracy of these estimates can be affected by the nontrivial selection and tuning of the binning parameters. However, the statistics literature widely advocates kernel density estimation (KDE) as a better alternative to histogram-based approaches. In this article, we propose applying a KDE-based method to estimate speckle PDFs in medical ultrasound imaging. The method is practically tuning-free and leverages the Box-Cox transformation to achieve best-in-class performance across a wide range of test cases, and is also robust in cases where gCNR estimation may otherwise fail, such as for skewed distributions that may arise with adaptive beamformers. Furthermore, this work highlights theoretical aspects related to the estimation of PDFs and derived quantities, including the gCNR.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"89-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10638550","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Origin, Development, and Applications of Air-Coupled Broadband Ultrasounds for the Study of Tissues and Water Relations in Plant Leaves: A Review 用于研究植物叶片组织和水分关系的空气耦合宽带超声波的起源、发展和应用:综述
Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3433316
Lola Fariñas;Domingo Sancho-Knapik;José J. Peguero-Pina;Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín;Tomás E. Gómez Álvarez-Arenas
This paper reviews the origin, development and use of air-coupled ultrasonic techniques for the study of plant leaf tissues and their water relations. The two techniques proposed so far are included: Non-Contact Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy and Non-Resonant Time Domain Transmittance. While both are completely non-invasive, non-destructive and fast, the former has been used to determine water potential, turgor loss point and differential behavior of various leaf tissues, and has been extensively tested for different species, both in vivo and ex vivo in parallel with in-field experiments; while the latter has recently been proposed as a universal technique that can be applied to plant leaves regardless of the possibility of exciting thickness resonances.
本文回顾了用于研究植物叶片组织及其水分关系的空气耦合超声波技术的起源、发展和应用。其中包括迄今为止提出的两种技术:非接触共振超声波光谱法和非共振时域透射法。前者已被用于测定各种叶片组织的水势、湍流损失点和差异行为,并在不同物种上进行了广泛的体内和体外测试,与现场实验并行;而后者是最近提出的一种通用技术,无论是否可能激发厚度共振,均可应用于植物叶片。
{"title":"Origin, Development, and Applications of Air-Coupled Broadband Ultrasounds for the Study of Tissues and Water Relations in Plant Leaves: A Review","authors":"Lola Fariñas;Domingo Sancho-Knapik;José J. Peguero-Pina;Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín;Tomás E. Gómez Álvarez-Arenas","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3433316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3433316","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the origin, development and use of air-coupled ultrasonic techniques for the study of plant leaf tissues and their water relations. The two techniques proposed so far are included: Non-Contact Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy and Non-Resonant Time Domain Transmittance. While both are completely non-invasive, non-destructive and fast, the former has been used to determine water potential, turgor loss point and differential behavior of various leaf tissues, and has been extensively tested for different species, both in vivo and ex vivo in parallel with in-field experiments; while the latter has recently been proposed as a universal technique that can be applied to plant leaves regardless of the possibility of exciting thickness resonances.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"77-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10608179","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Determination of Elastic Parameters of Thin Layers Used in Paintings by Air-Coupled Ultrasound Transmission Measurements Under Varying Incidence 在不同入射率下通过空气耦合超声波透射测量确定绘画所用薄层的弹性参数
Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3413604
Victor Takahashi;Michaël Lematre;Jérôme Fortineau;Marc Lethiecq
Paintings are intricate structures made up of multiple layers of materials that possess different properties and thicknesses. Due to their fragility, they can be damaged by exposure to various environmental factors such very large amplitude vibrations, as well as temperature and humidity variations. Restorers use various techniques such as raking light, x-rays, infrared, and UV to gather information about the condition of the artwork. Unlike these methods, ultrasonic techniques use elastic waves and can thus provide information about the mechanical properties of the materials and their interfaces. The goal of this work is twofold. First, it consists in numerically analyzing the sensitivity of elastic parameters of painting layers through their influence on the acoustic transmission coefficient and dispersion curves. Then, an experimental device is set up to confirm some of these results by the determination of the values of the elastic parameters of the constituent layers of paintings. To this aim, we have developed an original association of numerical and experimental methods for characterization and determination of the layer elastic parameters of some materials used in paintings. A matrix stiffness model associated to a genetic algorithm are used for the numerical study and optimization process between the theoretical transmission coefficient and the experimental one. Then, focused Air-Coupled Transducers (ACTs) in conjunction with a rotary motor are used to perform measurements of transmitted signal amplitude on several components used in paintings under various angles of incidence. Our results concerning the determination of elastic parameters values on various materials including plexiglass (PMMA), acrylic paint, varnish, gesso and wood, taken as single plates, and bi-layered structures, are strongly supported by theoretical results obtained using the matrix stiffness model.
绘画是由多层材料组成的复杂结构,这些材料具有不同的特性和厚度。由于其脆弱性,暴露在各种环境因素(如大振幅振动以及温度和湿度变化)下可能会对其造成损坏。修复人员使用各种技术,如强光、X 射线、红外线和紫外线来收集有关艺术品状况的信息。与这些方法不同的是,超声波技术使用的是弹性波,因此可以提供有关材料及其界面机械特性的信息。这项工作有两个目标。首先,通过对声波传输系数和频散曲线的影响,对绘画层弹性参数的敏感性进行数值分析。然后,我们建立了一个实验装置,通过确定绘画组成层的弹性参数值来证实其中的一些结果。为此,我们开发了一种独创的数值与实验相结合的方法,用于描述和确定绘画中使用的某些材料的层弹性参数。在理论透射系数和实验透射系数的数值研究和优化过程中,使用了与遗传算法相关的矩阵刚度模型。然后,将聚焦空气耦合传感器(ACT)与旋转电机结合使用,在不同的入射角度下对绘画中使用的几个组件进行传输信号振幅的测量。我们对各种材料(包括有机玻璃(PMMA)、丙烯酸涂料、清漆、石膏粉和木材)的弹性参数值进行了测定,这些材料既有单层结构,也有双层结构,这些结果都得到了使用矩阵刚度模型得出的理论结果的有力支持。
{"title":"Determination of Elastic Parameters of Thin Layers Used in Paintings by Air-Coupled Ultrasound Transmission Measurements Under Varying Incidence","authors":"Victor Takahashi;Michaël Lematre;Jérôme Fortineau;Marc Lethiecq","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3413604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3413604","url":null,"abstract":"Paintings are intricate structures made up of multiple layers of materials that possess different properties and thicknesses. Due to their fragility, they can be damaged by exposure to various environmental factors such very large amplitude vibrations, as well as temperature and humidity variations. Restorers use various techniques such as raking light, x-rays, infrared, and UV to gather information about the condition of the artwork. Unlike these methods, ultrasonic techniques use elastic waves and can thus provide information about the mechanical properties of the materials and their interfaces. The goal of this work is twofold. First, it consists in numerically analyzing the sensitivity of elastic parameters of painting layers through their influence on the acoustic transmission coefficient and dispersion curves. Then, an experimental device is set up to confirm some of these results by the determination of the values of the elastic parameters of the constituent layers of paintings. To this aim, we have developed an original association of numerical and experimental methods for characterization and determination of the layer elastic parameters of some materials used in paintings. A matrix stiffness model associated to a genetic algorithm are used for the numerical study and optimization process between the theoretical transmission coefficient and the experimental one. Then, focused Air-Coupled Transducers (ACTs) in conjunction with a rotary motor are used to perform measurements of transmitted signal amplitude on several components used in paintings under various angles of incidence. Our results concerning the determination of elastic parameters values on various materials including plexiglass (PMMA), acrylic paint, varnish, gesso and wood, taken as single plates, and bi-layered structures, are strongly supported by theoretical results obtained using the matrix stiffness model.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"126-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10558716","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142377117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1