Pub Date : 2025-02-25DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3545600
Chung-Shiang Mei;Wei-Hsiang Shen;Meng-Lin Li
To address the inherent complexity associated with fabricating fully-sampled (FS) 2-D arrays, row-column-addressed (RCA) arrays offer a promising alternative by significantly reducing the number of active elements. However, RCA arrays are limited by reduced image quality, as they only allow one-way focusing along both the x- and y-axes. This study introduces a post-filtering scheme that leverages a retrospective filtering method combined with filter-derived coherence-index (FCI) weighting to enhance RCA focusing quality, aiming to emulate the performance of FS arrays. Preliminary simulations were conducted to assess the efficacy of this approach, including point spread function (PSF) analysis and anechoic vessel phantom imaging. In the PSF analysis, our method achieved a 14.63-dB reduction in the sidelobe level, with improvements of 11.3% and 14.29% observed in the -6 dB and -20 dB full-width at half-maximum (FWHM), respectively. For anechoic vessel phantom imaging, the proposed scheme demonstrated substantial gains, with a 15.77 dB enhancement in contrast ratio (CR), a 1.615 increase in contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and a 27.03% improvement in generalized contrast-to-noise ratio (gCNR).
{"title":"Enhanced Row–Column-Addressed Array Imaging With Retrospective Filtering","authors":"Chung-Shiang Mei;Wei-Hsiang Shen;Meng-Lin Li","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3545600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3545600","url":null,"abstract":"To address the inherent complexity associated with fabricating fully-sampled (FS) 2-D arrays, row-column-addressed (RCA) arrays offer a promising alternative by significantly reducing the number of active elements. However, RCA arrays are limited by reduced image quality, as they only allow one-way focusing along both the x- and y-axes. This study introduces a post-filtering scheme that leverages a retrospective filtering method combined with filter-derived coherence-index (FCI) weighting to enhance RCA focusing quality, aiming to emulate the performance of FS arrays. Preliminary simulations were conducted to assess the efficacy of this approach, including point spread function (PSF) analysis and anechoic vessel phantom imaging. In the PSF analysis, our method achieved a 14.63-dB reduction in the sidelobe level, with improvements of 11.3% and 14.29% observed in the -6 dB and -20 dB full-width at half-maximum (FWHM), respectively. For anechoic vessel phantom imaging, the proposed scheme demonstrated substantial gains, with a 15.77 dB enhancement in contrast ratio (CR), a 1.615 increase in contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and a 27.03% improvement in generalized contrast-to-noise ratio (gCNR).","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"5 ","pages":"15-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10902463","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-11DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3541156
Kunfeng Xie;Liang Hu;Jianping Chen;Guiling Wu
In this letter, we proposed a point-to-multipoint fiber-optic time transfer scheme over a star-shaped fiber network based on bidirectional frequency division multiplexing without requiring link calibration. The time signals at the local station and remote stations are encoded into time-varying signals within in different spectral passbands, respectively. The optical carriers with the same wavelength are employed to transfer the two time-varying signals in both directions over a single fiber. The backscattering noises from fiber links can be effectively suppressed by simply electrical filtering due to the non-overlapping on spectrum between the forward and backward time-varying signals. The local station broadcasts the time signal of the reference clock to all remote stations based on space division multiplexing to support point-to-multipoint fiber-optic time transfer. The proposed scheme is demonstrated over a star-shaped fiber network with two remote stations. The results show that the measured mean clock difference can be less than -1.03 ps and 4.99 ps without link calibration, respectively. The measured time stability in terms of time deviation is better than 19.93 ps@1s, 0.50 ps@1000s and 25.35 ps@1s, 0.65 ps@1000s.
{"title":"Multiple-Node Time Transfer Over Star Fiber Network Without Requiring Link Calibration","authors":"Kunfeng Xie;Liang Hu;Jianping Chen;Guiling Wu","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3541156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3541156","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we proposed a point-to-multipoint fiber-optic time transfer scheme over a star-shaped fiber network based on bidirectional frequency division multiplexing without requiring link calibration. The time signals at the local station and remote stations are encoded into time-varying signals within in different spectral passbands, respectively. The optical carriers with the same wavelength are employed to transfer the two time-varying signals in both directions over a single fiber. The backscattering noises from fiber links can be effectively suppressed by simply electrical filtering due to the non-overlapping on spectrum between the forward and backward time-varying signals. The local station broadcasts the time signal of the reference clock to all remote stations based on space division multiplexing to support point-to-multipoint fiber-optic time transfer. The proposed scheme is demonstrated over a star-shaped fiber network with two remote stations. The results show that the measured mean clock difference can be less than -1.03 ps and 4.99 ps without link calibration, respectively. The measured time stability in terms of time deviation is better than 19.93 ps@1s, 0.50 ps@1000s and 25.35 ps@1s, 0.65 ps@1000s.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"5 ","pages":"11-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10879779","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143489203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most clinical studies use a 2D parasternal long-axis view to measure natural shear waves after valve closure for myocardial stiffness assessment. However, its 3D wave propagation direction and its alignment with the 2D imaging plane are not well understood. Previous 3D research has mainly focused on wave propagation from an apical view, primarily tracking the longitudinal component of wave motion instead of the transverse component observed in the parasternal view. Therefore, this work aims to bridge this gap by using 3D high-frame-rate imaging in the parasternal view in 6 healthy volunteers (~750 volumes/s), and compared its results to 2D measurements (~1000 frames/s). We found a more complex wave propagation pattern after mitral valve closure encompassing two wave excitation sources, whereas the wave propagation after aortic valve closure clearly originated near the left ventricular outflow tract. The extent of the wave excitation region varied across volunteers. For the septal wall – tracked in 2D shear wave imaging, the overall wave propagation was from base to apex, which is theoretically in line with the 2D imaging plane orientation. However, wave speed estimations were lower for 3D measurements than for 2D (-0.7 m/s for mitral valve and -0.5 m/s for AVC, on average), potentially due to misalignment of the 2D imaging plane with the longitudinal direction of the heart.
{"title":"3D High-Frame-Rate Imaging of Natural Shear Waves in the Parasternal View of the Heart","authors":"Annette Caenen;Konstantina Papangelopoulou;Laurine Wouters;Ekaterina Seliverstova;Jens-Uwe Voigt;Jan D’Hooge","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3538819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3538819","url":null,"abstract":"Most clinical studies use a 2D parasternal long-axis view to measure natural shear waves after valve closure for myocardial stiffness assessment. However, its 3D wave propagation direction and its alignment with the 2D imaging plane are not well understood. Previous 3D research has mainly focused on wave propagation from an apical view, primarily tracking the longitudinal component of wave motion instead of the transverse component observed in the parasternal view. Therefore, this work aims to bridge this gap by using 3D high-frame-rate imaging in the parasternal view in 6 healthy volunteers (~750 volumes/s), and compared its results to 2D measurements (~1000 frames/s). We found a more complex wave propagation pattern after mitral valve closure encompassing two wave excitation sources, whereas the wave propagation after aortic valve closure clearly originated near the left ventricular outflow tract. The extent of the wave excitation region varied across volunteers. For the septal wall – tracked in 2D shear wave imaging, the overall wave propagation was from base to apex, which is theoretically in line with the 2D imaging plane orientation. However, wave speed estimations were lower for 3D measurements than for 2D (-0.7 m/s for mitral valve and -0.5 m/s for AVC, on average), potentially due to misalignment of the 2D imaging plane with the longitudinal direction of the heart.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"5 ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10870294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143403799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-03DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3537962
Yohkoh Shimano;Motoshi Suzuki;Takahiko Yanagitani
A method for estimating intrinsic electromechanical coupling coefficient ${k}_{{33}}^{{2}}$ of piezoelectric thin films using piezoelectrically stiffened acoustic velocity ${V}^{text {D}}$ and unstiffened acoustic velocity ${V}^{text {E}}$ was proposed. ${V}^{text {D}}$ and ${V}^{text {E}}$ velocities of thin films in the sub-GHz range were estimated by ultrasonic reflectometry. Directly depositing a film specimen on the backside of the ultrasonic delay line eliminates the need for a coupler layer and avoids acoustic attenuation in the layer. The ${V}^{text {D}}$ velocity can be estimated from the phase differences of the echoes: before and after the film specimen is deposited. In contrast, ${V}^{text {E}}$ velocity can be estimated from the phase difference when the film specimen is under the open circuit and the short circuit. The intrinsic ${k}_{{33}}^{{2}}{}$ can be obtained from the relationship of ${k}_{{33}}^{{2}}~text {=}$ 1 – (${V}^{text {E}}$ /${V}^{text {D}})^{{2}}$ . For the Sc0.4Al0.6N thin film specimen, ${k}_{{33}}^{{2}}$ was determined to be 11.6% from ${V}^{text {D}}$ and ${V}^{text {E}}$ of 8400 m/s and 7900 m/s, respectively. For the ZnO thin film specimen, ${k}_{{33}}^{{2}}$ was estimated to be 4.7% from ${V}^{text {D}}$ and ${V}^{text {E}}$ of 6250 m/s and 6100 m/s, respectively. These values are in good agreement with previously reported results.
{"title":"k²₃₃Estimation of Thin Films via Piezoelectric Stiffening Using Ultrasonic Reflectometry","authors":"Yohkoh Shimano;Motoshi Suzuki;Takahiko Yanagitani","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3537962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3537962","url":null,"abstract":"A method for estimating intrinsic electromechanical coupling coefficient <inline-formula> <tex-math>${k}_{{33}}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of piezoelectric thin films using piezoelectrically stiffened acoustic velocity <inline-formula> <tex-math>${V}^{text {D}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and unstiffened acoustic velocity <inline-formula> <tex-math>${V}^{text {E}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> was proposed. <inline-formula> <tex-math>${V}^{text {D}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>${V}^{text {E}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> velocities of thin films in the sub-GHz range were estimated by ultrasonic reflectometry. Directly depositing a film specimen on the backside of the ultrasonic delay line eliminates the need for a coupler layer and avoids acoustic attenuation in the layer. The <inline-formula> <tex-math>${V}^{text {D}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> velocity can be estimated from the phase differences of the echoes: before and after the film specimen is deposited. In contrast, <inline-formula> <tex-math>${V}^{text {E}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> velocity can be estimated from the phase difference when the film specimen is under the open circuit and the short circuit. The intrinsic <inline-formula> <tex-math>${k}_{{33}}^{{2}}{}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> can be obtained from the relationship of <inline-formula> <tex-math>${k}_{{33}}^{{2}}~text {=}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> 1 – (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${V}^{text {E}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula> <tex-math>${V}^{text {D}})^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. For the Sc0.4Al0.6N thin film specimen, <inline-formula> <tex-math>${k}_{{33}}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> was determined to be 11.6% from <inline-formula> <tex-math>${V}^{text {D}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>${V}^{text {E}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 8400 m/s and 7900 m/s, respectively. For the ZnO thin film specimen, <inline-formula> <tex-math>${k}_{{33}}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> was estimated to be 4.7% from <inline-formula> <tex-math>${V}^{text {D}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>${V}^{text {E}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 6250 m/s and 6100 m/s, respectively. These values are in good agreement with previously reported results.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"5 ","pages":"6-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10869444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-31DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3537476
{"title":"2024 Index IEEE Open Journal of Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Vol. 4","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3537476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3537476","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"247-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10864476","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-15DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3530395
Pooriya Navaeilavasani;Daler Rakhmatov
Ultrafast ultrasound imaging based on coherent plane-wave compounding (CPWC) enables very high data acquisition rates in the order of thousands of frames per second. This capability allows the user to capture and characterize fast-changing dynamics of blood flow or tissue motion, thus facilitating advanced biomedical diagnostics. Fast data acquisition should be supported by high image reconstruction rates, which translates into significant computational demands. To address this issue, several state-of-the-art hardware accelerators for CPWC image reconstruction, or beamforming, have been reported in the literature. They primarily target time-domain methods based on delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming. For the first time, this article proposes a novel hardware architecture for accelerating Fourier-domain image reconstruction, based on an efficient migration technique from geophysics. Our FPGA implementation of one specific architectural instance achieves the reconstruction throughput of 1,380 frames per second (without compounding), where each complex-valued “analytic” image frame consists of $2048times 128~64$ -bit data samples. The presented work also aims to motivate further research into hardware support for Fourier-domain migration. This technique is asymptotically faster than conventional DAS beamforming; however, its efficient hardware realization is challenging, partly due to its relatively large memory footprint.
{"title":"Accelerator Architecture for Plane-Wave Ultrasound Image Reconstruction in Fourier Domain","authors":"Pooriya Navaeilavasani;Daler Rakhmatov","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3530395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3530395","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrafast ultrasound imaging based on coherent plane-wave compounding (CPWC) enables very high data acquisition rates in the order of thousands of frames per second. This capability allows the user to capture and characterize fast-changing dynamics of blood flow or tissue motion, thus facilitating advanced biomedical diagnostics. Fast data acquisition should be supported by high image reconstruction rates, which translates into significant computational demands. To address this issue, several state-of-the-art hardware accelerators for CPWC image reconstruction, or beamforming, have been reported in the literature. They primarily target time-domain methods based on delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming. For the first time, this article proposes a novel hardware architecture for accelerating Fourier-domain image reconstruction, based on an efficient migration technique from geophysics. Our FPGA implementation of one specific architectural instance achieves the reconstruction throughput of 1,380 frames per second (without compounding), where each complex-valued “analytic” image frame consists of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2048times 128~64$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-bit data samples. The presented work also aims to motivate further research into hardware support for Fourier-domain migration. This technique is asymptotically faster than conventional DAS beamforming; however, its efficient hardware realization is challenging, partly due to its relatively large memory footprint.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"231-246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10843301","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3525767
{"title":"IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3525767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3525767","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10832403","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-03DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3526123
Martin Angerer;Jonas Welsch;Carlos D. Gerardo;Edmond Cretu;Robert Rohling
This paper introduces a hybrid modeling approach to accurately predict the performance of polymer-based Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (polyCMUTs) by coupling finite element analysis (FEA) with analytical methods. The coupled FEA and analytical (CFA) model integrates characteristics from a single-cell FEA into a multi-cell equivalent circuit. Acoustic cross-coupling between cells is considered using analytical methods, and the acoustic far-field is computed via the Rayleigh integral. We validated the model on rectangular designs with 11x11 cells and varying cell-to-cell pitches. CFA results showed in average less than 7% deviation from full FEA in terms of center frequency, fractional bandwidth, and peak sensitivity, while requiring less than 1% of the computation time. We also observed good agreements with measurements, with a deviation of 17% for the rectangular designs and less than 4% for a larger linear array element (428 cells) we recently produced. This makes the CFA model a powerful tool for fast design exploration and optimization of CMUTs.
{"title":"Accurately Predicting the Performance of Polymer-Based CMUTs by Coupling Finite-Element and Analytical Models","authors":"Martin Angerer;Jonas Welsch;Carlos D. Gerardo;Edmond Cretu;Robert Rohling","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3526123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3526123","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a hybrid modeling approach to accurately predict the performance of polymer-based Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (polyCMUTs) by coupling finite element analysis (FEA) with analytical methods. The coupled FEA and analytical (CFA) model integrates characteristics from a single-cell FEA into a multi-cell equivalent circuit. Acoustic cross-coupling between cells is considered using analytical methods, and the acoustic far-field is computed via the Rayleigh integral. We validated the model on rectangular designs with 11x11 cells and varying cell-to-cell pitches. CFA results showed in average less than 7% deviation from full FEA in terms of center frequency, fractional bandwidth, and peak sensitivity, while requiring less than 1% of the computation time. We also observed good agreements with measurements, with a deviation of 17% for the rectangular designs and less than 4% for a larger linear array element (428 cells) we recently produced. This makes the CFA model a powerful tool for fast design exploration and optimization of CMUTs.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"227-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10824871","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3520516
Sabiq Muhtadi;Caterina M. Gallippi
This study evaluates the potential for interrogating the Young’s elastic moduli in anisotropic media, including tissue, using Viscoelastic Response (VisR) ultrasound. VisR is an on-axis acoustic radiation force (ARF)-based elasticity imaging method that has been demonstrated previously for assessing the shear elastic moduli of transversely isotropic (TI) materials when the applied ARF excitation was incident normal to the axis of symmetry (AoS). It is hypothesized that by applying a range of non-normal ARF excitations and monitoring the percent change in VisR-derived relative elasticity (RE) versus ARF-AoS incidence angle, both the shear and the Young’s elastic moduli may be interrogated. The hypothesis was tested using in silico experiments, which showed that while RE measured at normal ARF-AoS incidence was related to only longitudinal shear modulus ( ${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}}}$ ) alone, the percent change in RE over ARF-AoS incidence angle (defined as ${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ ) exhibited a strong linear correlation with the ratio of longitudinal shear-to-Young’s moduli ( ${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}{/}{E}_{L}}}$ ), with correlation coefficients of 0.97-0.99. Additionally, the linear regression slopes of ${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ versus ARF-AoS incidence angle statistically discriminated TI materials with ${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}{/}{E}_{L}}}$ ratios that were as little as 7% different. These findings were validated ex vivo in chicken pectoralis major and bovine longissimus dorsi muscles, where the rate of change in of ${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ versus ARF-AoS incidence angle distinguished the two muscles with statistical significance. The results obtained in this study suggest that the rate of change of ${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ with ARF-AoS incidence angle may serve as a novel, semi-quantitative biomarker for characterizing anisotropic tissues such as kidney, skeletal muscle, and breast.
本研究评估了使用粘弹性响应（VisR）超声在各向异性介质（包括组织）中询问杨氏弹性模量的潜力。VisR是一种基于轴向声辐射力（ARF）的弹性成像方法，当施加的ARF激励垂直于对称轴（AoS）时，该方法已被证明用于评估横向各向同性（TI）材料的剪切弹性模量。假设通过施加一系列非正常的ARF激励并监测visr衍生的相对弹性（RE）与ARF- aos入射角的百分比变化，可以询问剪切和杨氏弹性模量。利用硅实验对该假设进行了验证，结果表明，在ARF-AoS正常入射下测量的RE仅与纵向剪切模量（${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}}}$）有关，而RE随ARF-AoS入射角（定义为${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$）的变化百分比与纵向剪切与杨氏模量之比（${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}{/}{E}_{L}}}$）呈很强的线性相关，相关系数为0.97-0.99。此外，${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$与ARF-AoS入射角的线性回归斜率在统计上区分TI材料，其${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}{/}{E}_{L}}}$比小至7% different. These findings were validated ex vivo in chicken pectoralis major and bovine longissimus dorsi muscles, where the rate of change in of ${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ versus ARF-AoS incidence angle distinguished the two muscles with statistical significance. The results obtained in this study suggest that the rate of change of ${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ with ARF-AoS incidence angle may serve as a novel, semi-quantitative biomarker for characterizing anisotropic tissues such as kidney, skeletal muscle, and breast.
{"title":"VisR Ultrasound With Non-Normal ARF-AoS Incidence Interrogates Both Shear and Young’s Elastic Moduli in Transversely Isotropic Materials","authors":"Sabiq Muhtadi;Caterina M. Gallippi","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3520516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3520516","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the potential for interrogating the Young’s elastic moduli in anisotropic media, including tissue, using Viscoelastic Response (VisR) ultrasound. VisR is an on-axis acoustic radiation force (ARF)-based elasticity imaging method that has been demonstrated previously for assessing the shear elastic moduli of transversely isotropic (TI) materials when the applied ARF excitation was incident normal to the axis of symmetry (AoS). It is hypothesized that by applying a range of non-normal ARF excitations and monitoring the percent change in VisR-derived relative elasticity (RE) versus ARF-AoS incidence angle, both the shear and the Young’s elastic moduli may be interrogated. The hypothesis was tested using in silico experiments, which showed that while RE measured at normal ARF-AoS incidence was related to only longitudinal shear modulus (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) alone, the percent change in RE over ARF-AoS incidence angle (defined as \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) exhibited a strong linear correlation with the ratio of longitudinal shear-to-Young’s moduli (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}{/}{E}_{L}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000), with correlation coefficients of 0.97-0.99. Additionally, the linear regression slopes of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 versus ARF-AoS incidence angle statistically discriminated TI materials with \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${boldsymbol{{mu }_{L}{/}{E}_{L}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 ratios that were as little as 7% different. These findings were validated ex vivo in chicken pectoralis major and bovine longissimus dorsi muscles, where the rate of change in of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 versus ARF-AoS incidence angle distinguished the two muscles with statistical significance. The results obtained in this study suggest that the rate of change of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${boldsymbol{Delta RE}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 with ARF-AoS incidence angle may serve as a novel, semi-quantitative biomarker for characterizing anisotropic tissues such as kidney, skeletal muscle, and breast.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"204-215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10807274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142918523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3506532
Amirhossein Omidvar;Robert N. Rohling;Edmond Cretu;Mark E. Cresswell;Antony J. Hodgson
Conformal ultrasound imaging using large-area transducer arrays is an emerging technology with significant potential for real-time, continuous, functional, and health monitoring applications. This study addresses the challenge of fabricating such transducer arrays by presenting the development and preliminary imaging performance of a monolithic flexible capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array—the longest reported to date. A 128-element, 91 mm long flexible array was designed and fabricated using a lithography process, with SU-8 CMUT structures on a bendable polyimide substrate. The array was then packaged by mounting it onto a flexible printed circuit board and coated with a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer for in vivo testing. Electrical impedance measurements confirmed the full functionality of all transducer elements, with an average center resonant frequency of 5.84 MHz (SD: 0.14 MHz). Pulse-echo imaging experiments demonstrated the array’s capability to detect specular reflections and resolve fine features under various curvatures. In vivo scans revealed outlines of a finger and superficial tissues in the forearm. Despite the limitations associated with the lack of custom front-end electronics and low signal-to-noise ratio beamforming strategies, this work demonstrates the feasibility of manufacturing a flexible CMUT array suitable for large-area conformal sonography.
{"title":"Preliminary Demonstration of Pulse-Echo Imaging With a Long Monolithic Flexible CMUT Array","authors":"Amirhossein Omidvar;Robert N. Rohling;Edmond Cretu;Mark E. Cresswell;Antony J. Hodgson","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3506532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3506532","url":null,"abstract":"Conformal ultrasound imaging using large-area transducer arrays is an emerging technology with significant potential for real-time, continuous, functional, and health monitoring applications. This study addresses the challenge of fabricating such transducer arrays by presenting the development and preliminary imaging performance of a monolithic flexible capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array—the longest reported to date. A 128-element, 91 mm long flexible array was designed and fabricated using a lithography process, with SU-8 CMUT structures on a bendable polyimide substrate. The array was then packaged by mounting it onto a flexible printed circuit board and coated with a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer for in vivo testing. Electrical impedance measurements confirmed the full functionality of all transducer elements, with an average center resonant frequency of 5.84 MHz (SD: 0.14 MHz). Pulse-echo imaging experiments demonstrated the array’s capability to detect specular reflections and resolve fine features under various curvatures. In vivo scans revealed outlines of a finger and superficial tissues in the forearm. Despite the limitations associated with the lack of custom front-end electronics and low signal-to-noise ratio beamforming strategies, this work demonstrates the feasibility of manufacturing a flexible CMUT array suitable for large-area conformal sonography.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"4 ","pages":"191-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10767731","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142798049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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