Pub Date : 2022-07-08DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3188746
Jianzhong Chen;Wei Liu;Dawei Wu;Hu Ye
Flexible ultrasound array with phased array configurations have individually controllable array element emission and reception acoustic properties, however array conventional processes and array design are too complex. It is necessary to explore rapid creation methods and potential ultrasound applications for flexible arrays. In this paper, we provide a method for rapid fabrication of flexible transducers based on laser micromachining and verify the performance of the line array by multi-mode positioning imaging under curved surfaces. The proposed single-layered and double-sided conductive stretchable electrode configuration eliminated the blockage of acoustic waves,and ’island bridge’ structures are compatible with array flexibility and array excitation for row addressing.The mechanical, acoustic and electrical interconnections of the array are verified.Based on the Verasonics system, the ultrasonic line array scans multiple steel column targets in multiple modalities under curved surfaces for imaging and localization.The results show that the ultrasonic line array can obtain clear visual localization images in A-scan, B-scan and E-scan poses.In addition, the artifacts in the images can be effectively suppressed by adjusting the depth of focus of E-scan and optimizing the sparse line array structure. It is verified that laser micromachining for rapid creation of flexible ultrasonic line array has potential applications in the field of localization imaging.
{"title":"Laser Micromachined Flexible Ultrasound Line Array and Subplanar Multimodal Imaging Applications","authors":"Jianzhong Chen;Wei Liu;Dawei Wu;Hu Ye","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3188746","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3188746","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible ultrasound array with phased array configurations have individually controllable array element emission and reception acoustic properties, however array conventional processes and array design are too complex. It is necessary to explore rapid creation methods and potential ultrasound applications for flexible arrays. In this paper, we provide a method for rapid fabrication of flexible transducers based on laser micromachining and verify the performance of the line array by multi-mode positioning imaging under curved surfaces. The proposed single-layered and double-sided conductive stretchable electrode configuration eliminated the blockage of acoustic waves,and ’island bridge’ structures are compatible with array flexibility and array excitation for row addressing.The mechanical, acoustic and electrical interconnections of the array are verified.Based on the Verasonics system, the ultrasonic line array scans multiple steel column targets in multiple modalities under curved surfaces for imaging and localization.The results show that the ultrasonic line array can obtain clear visual localization images in A-scan, B-scan and E-scan poses.In addition, the artifacts in the images can be effectively suppressed by adjusting the depth of focus of E-scan and optimizing the sparse line array structure. It is verified that laser micromachining for rapid creation of flexible ultrasonic line array has potential applications in the field of localization imaging.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"131-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9819962","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62907032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-21DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3184909
Will Long;David Bradway;Rifat Ahmed;James Long;Gregg E. Trahey
Conventional color flow processing is associated with a high degree of operator dependence, often requiring the careful tuning of clutter filters and priority encoding to optimize the display and accuracy of color flow images. In a companion paper, we introduced a novel framework to adapt color flow processing based on local measurements of backscatter spatial coherence. Through simulation studies, the adaptive selection of clutter filters using coherence image quality characterization was demonstrated as a means to dynamically suppress weakly-coherent clutter while preserving coherent flow signal in order to reduce velocity estimation bias. In this study, we extend previous work to evaluate the application of coherence-adaptive clutter filtering (CACF) on experimental data acquired from both phantom and in vivo liver and fetal vessels. In phantom experiments with clutter-generating tissue, CACF was shown to increase the dynamic range of velocity estimates and decrease bias and artifact from flash and thermal noise relative to conventional color flow processing. Under in vivo conditions, such properties allowed for the direct visualization of vessels that would have otherwise required fine-tuning of filter cutoff and priority thresholds with conventional processing. These advantages are presented alongside various failure modes identified in CACF as well as discussions of solutions to mitigate such limitations.
{"title":"Spatial Coherence Adaptive Clutter Filtering in Color Flow Imaging—Part II: Phantom and In Vivo Experiments","authors":"Will Long;David Bradway;Rifat Ahmed;James Long;Gregg E. Trahey","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3184909","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3184909","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional color flow processing is associated with a high degree of operator dependence, often requiring the careful tuning of clutter filters and priority encoding to optimize the display and accuracy of color flow images. In a companion paper, we introduced a novel framework to adapt color flow processing based on local measurements of backscatter spatial coherence. Through simulation studies, the adaptive selection of clutter filters using coherence image quality characterization was demonstrated as a means to dynamically suppress weakly-coherent clutter while preserving coherent flow signal in order to reduce velocity estimation bias. In this study, we extend previous work to evaluate the application of coherence-adaptive clutter filtering (CACF) on experimental data acquired from both phantom and \u0000<italic>in vivo</i>\u0000 liver and fetal vessels. In phantom experiments with clutter-generating tissue, CACF was shown to increase the dynamic range of velocity estimates and decrease bias and artifact from flash and thermal noise relative to conventional color flow processing. Under \u0000<italic>in vivo</i>\u0000 conditions, such properties allowed for the direct visualization of vessels that would have otherwise required fine-tuning of filter cutoff and priority thresholds with conventional processing. These advantages are presented alongside various failure modes identified in CACF as well as discussions of solutions to mitigate such limitations.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"119-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9881236/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10592053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-21DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3184914
Will Long;David Bradway;Rifat Ahmed;James Long;Gregg E. Trahey
The appropriate selection of a clutter filter is critical for ensuring the accuracy of velocity estimates in ultrasound color flow imaging. Given the complex spatio-temporal dynamics of flow signal and clutter, however, the manual selection of filters can be a significant challenge, increasing the risk for bias and variance introduced by the removal of flow signal and/or poor clutter suppression. We propose a novel framework to adaptively select clutter filter settings based on color flow image quality feedback derived from the spatial coherence of ultrasonic backscatter. This framework seeks to relax assumptions of clutter magnitude and velocity that are traditionally required in existing adaptive filtering methods to generalize clutter filtering to a wider range of clinically-relevant color flow imaging conditions. In this study, the relationship between color flow velocity estimation error and the spatial coherence of clutter filtered channel signals was investigated in Field II simulations for a wide range of flow and clutter conditions. This relationship was leveraged in a basic implementation of coherence-adaptive clutter filtering (CACF) designed to dynamically adapt clutter filters at each imaging pixel and frame based on local measurements of spatial coherence. In simulation studies with known scatterer and clutter motion, CACF was demonstrated to reduce velocity estimation bias while maintaining variance on par with conventional filtering.
{"title":"Spatial Coherence Adaptive Clutter Filtering in Color Flow Imaging—Part I: Simulation Studies","authors":"Will Long;David Bradway;Rifat Ahmed;James Long;Gregg E. Trahey","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3184914","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3184914","url":null,"abstract":"The appropriate selection of a clutter filter is critical for ensuring the accuracy of velocity estimates in ultrasound color flow imaging. Given the complex spatio-temporal dynamics of flow signal and clutter, however, the manual selection of filters can be a significant challenge, increasing the risk for bias and variance introduced by the removal of flow signal and/or poor clutter suppression. We propose a novel framework to adaptively select clutter filter settings based on color flow image quality feedback derived from the spatial coherence of ultrasonic backscatter. This framework seeks to relax assumptions of clutter magnitude and velocity that are traditionally required in existing adaptive filtering methods to generalize clutter filtering to a wider range of clinically-relevant color flow imaging conditions. In this study, the relationship between color flow velocity estimation error and the spatial coherence of clutter filtered channel signals was investigated in Field II simulations for a wide range of flow and clutter conditions. This relationship was leveraged in a basic implementation of coherence-adaptive clutter filtering (CACF) designed to dynamically adapt clutter filters at each imaging pixel and frame based on local measurements of spatial coherence. In simulation studies with known scatterer and clutter motion, CACF was demonstrated to reduce velocity estimation bias while maintaining variance on par with conventional filtering.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"106-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9881314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10589914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study proposes a new acoustic wave (AW) multiplexer topology with a single-inductor matching network for carrier aggregation (CA) in the fifth-generation communication systems. To satisfy the desired specifications of all the multiplexer ports based on ladder-type filters, the frequency response fitting method (FRFM) is proposed to obtain the BVD parameters for each AW resonator. Using the proposed computer-aided method, a parameter solution can be obtained under practical design limitations, such as the selection of the piezoelectric material, properties of the manufacturing process, and used circuit topology. Furthermore, a measurement of a band 1 and 3 surface acoustic wave (SAW) multiplexer is set up to confirm the feasibility of the proposed FRFM. The designed SAW multiplexer based on the lithium tantalate with Euler angle (0, −38, 0), 42°YX-LiTaO 3 , is arranged. The designed quadplexer achieves high selectively with a return loss (RL), stopband reflection, and isolation better than −12 dB, −43 dB, and −50 dB, respectively, in a $2.15times2.65$ mm 2 occupation. The measurement results confirm the feasibility of the multiplexer topology and the proposed FRFM. The approach is also extended to a quadplexer design with band 4 and 25 and a hexaplexer design with band 1, 3, and 7 for CA applications, demonstrating its flexibility and simplicity.
{"title":"Design for Acoustic Wave Multiplexers With Single Inductor Matching Network Using Frequency Response Fitting Method","authors":"Shu-Yuan Tseng;Min-Yuan Yang;Chin-Chung Hsiao;Yung-Yu Chen;Ruey-Beei Wu","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3182321","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3182321","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a new acoustic wave (AW) multiplexer topology with a single-inductor matching network for carrier aggregation (CA) in the fifth-generation communication systems. To satisfy the desired specifications of all the multiplexer ports based on ladder-type filters, the frequency response fitting method (FRFM) is proposed to obtain the BVD parameters for each AW resonator. Using the proposed computer-aided method, a parameter solution can be obtained under practical design limitations, such as the selection of the piezoelectric material, properties of the manufacturing process, and used circuit topology. Furthermore, a measurement of a band 1 and 3 surface acoustic wave (SAW) multiplexer is set up to confirm the feasibility of the proposed FRFM. The designed SAW multiplexer based on the lithium tantalate with Euler angle (0, −38, 0), 42°YX-LiTaO\u0000<sub>3</sub>\u0000, is arranged. The designed quadplexer achieves high selectively with a return loss (RL), stopband reflection, and isolation better than −12 dB, −43 dB, and −50 dB, respectively, in a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.15times2.65$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 mm\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000 occupation. The measurement results confirm the feasibility of the multiplexer topology and the proposed FRFM. The approach is also extended to a quadplexer design with band 4 and 25 and a hexaplexer design with band 1, 3, and 7 for CA applications, demonstrating its flexibility and simplicity.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"140-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9794779","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62907340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-11DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3173919
Stewart Sherrit;Mircea Badescu;John B. Steeves;William E. Krieger;Clifford A. Klein;Otto R. Polanco;Carey Louise Weisberg;David Van Buren;Joseph Sauvageau;Keith Coste
A variety of applications require precision control at cryogenic temperatures. The next-generation of telescopes are looking to increase apertures in space telescopes and observations in the mid through far infrared regions enabling new science ranging from exoplanet characterization to precision astronomical observations to further refine astrophysics models. Concepts include segmented telescopes which are capable of observations in UV through IR bands, thus driving the need for UV surface performance at cryogenic temperatures. These telescope’s segments will require actuators for controlled surface displacements capable of operation at cryogenic temperatures ( $le 150text{K}$ ). The work reported in this paper is directed at understanding piezoelectric stack actuator operation down to cryogenic temperatures (100 K) which will provide actuator designers the needed information to model and predict performance. The data reported down to 100 K includes; resonance data, displacement voltage (S vs E) and capacitor voltage (D vs E) curves, stiffness, hysteresis, blocking force, DC resistance measurements, thermal strains and the coefficients of thermal expansion as a function of the electrical boundary conditions. Open-loop control drive strategies and errors are also reported. We apply this data to a surface parallel actuator mirror design.
各种应用需要在低温下进行精确控制。下一代望远镜正在寻求增加空间望远镜的孔径，并在中红外到远红外区域进行观测，从而实现从系外行星表征到精确天文观测的新科学，以进一步完善天体物理模型。概念包括分段望远镜，它能够通过红外波段观察紫外线，从而推动了对低温下紫外线表面性能的需求。这些望远镜的部分将需要能够在低温下操作的控制表面位移的执行器。本文报道的工作旨在了解压电堆叠致动器在低温(100 K)下的操作，这将为致动器设计人员提供建模和预测性能所需的信息。100 K以下报告的数据包括;谐振数据，位移电压(S vs E)和电容电压(D vs E)曲线，刚度，滞后，阻塞力，直流电阻测量，热应变和热膨胀系数作为电边界条件的函数。文中还报道了开环控制驱动策略及其误差。我们将这些数据应用于一个表面平行执行器反射镜的设计。
{"title":"Characterization of Multilayer Piezoelectric Stacks Down to 100K","authors":"Stewart Sherrit;Mircea Badescu;John B. Steeves;William E. Krieger;Clifford A. Klein;Otto R. Polanco;Carey Louise Weisberg;David Van Buren;Joseph Sauvageau;Keith Coste","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3173919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3173919","url":null,"abstract":"A variety of applications require precision control at cryogenic temperatures. The next-generation of telescopes are looking to increase apertures in space telescopes and observations in the mid through far infrared regions enabling new science ranging from exoplanet characterization to precision astronomical observations to further refine astrophysics models. Concepts include segmented telescopes which are capable of observations in UV through IR bands, thus driving the need for UV surface performance at cryogenic temperatures. These telescope’s segments will require actuators for controlled surface displacements capable of operation at cryogenic temperatures (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$le 150text{K}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000). The work reported in this paper is directed at understanding piezoelectric stack actuator operation down to cryogenic temperatures (100 K) which will provide actuator designers the needed information to model and predict performance. The data reported down to 100 K includes; resonance data, displacement voltage (S vs E) and capacitor voltage (D vs E) curves, stiffness, hysteresis, blocking force, DC resistance measurements, thermal strains and the coefficients of thermal expansion as a function of the electrical boundary conditions. Open-loop control drive strategies and errors are also reported. We apply this data to a surface parallel actuator mirror design.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"65-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/9674185/09772685.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49907934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3178972
Sedat Pala;Liwei Lin
This paper presents an improved lumped element model for clamped, circular-shape, piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (pMUTs). A small signal equivalent circuit is developed to include electrical, mechanical, and acoustic domains, which are analyzed separately and combined with the associated couplings. For the first time, a two-term mode shape approach is adapted to reveal intrinsic and extrinsic properties of a pMUT, such as equivalent circuit parameters, input impedance, velocity, displacement, bandwidth, quality factor, directivity, and the on-axis pressure in the near and far field. These properties are compared with prior reports in the literature and exact solutions, as well as Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations. The errors relative to exact solution for all these properties are below 0.5%. These improvements in error are from 5x to about 3 orders of magnitude better than those of prior works. As such, the improved model could be helpful in design and simulation tools for pMUTs.
{"title":"An Improved Lumped Element Model for Circular-Shape pMUTs","authors":"Sedat Pala;Liwei Lin","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3178972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3178972","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an improved lumped element model for clamped, circular-shape, piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (pMUTs). A small signal equivalent circuit is developed to include electrical, mechanical, and acoustic domains, which are analyzed separately and combined with the associated couplings. For the first time, a two-term mode shape approach is adapted to reveal intrinsic and extrinsic properties of a pMUT, such as equivalent circuit parameters, input impedance, velocity, displacement, bandwidth, quality factor, directivity, and the on-axis pressure in the near and far field. These properties are compared with prior reports in the literature and exact solutions, as well as Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations. The errors relative to exact solution for all these properties are below 0.5%. These improvements in error are from 5x to about 3 orders of magnitude better than those of prior works. As such, the improved model could be helpful in design and simulation tools for pMUTs.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"83-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/9674185/09785627.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49908654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2021.3134938
Tony Merrien;Audren Boulmé;Dominique Certon
Design and modeling are key steps in the value chain of Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) arrays. Although CMUT array element models are very powerful, most of them are still limited in their use as tools for electronic design assistance. The electroacoustic equivalent circuits developed are mainly based on a distributed-element approach while lumped-parameter electrical circuits are better suited for electronic software design tools interoperations. To meet this need, the present study aims to implement an electroacoustic equivalent scheme of a full array element, based on a two-port network representation made of lumped-parameters. After an extensive bibliographical review of CMUT models, the new model is set-up from a fully distributed approach using Foldy’s electroacoustic definitions at the element level. Transmit and receive modes are implemented using scalar equations given by the lumped parameters. Moreover, based on a reciprocity analysis, the performance of the complete measurement chain in emission and reception will be defined using the relevant transfer functions. Finally, to help one design CMUT array elements for a given application, a method based on the computation of membranes thickness-size master curves is proposed. The two-port network representation of a full CMUT-based array element allowed by the new lumped-parameter modeling opens a wide range of possibilities regarding array design, electronic integration, operations with acoustic propagation simulation tools and more.
{"title":"Lumped-Parameter Equivalent Circuit Modeling of CMUT Array Elements","authors":"Tony Merrien;Audren Boulmé;Dominique Certon","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2021.3134938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2021.3134938","url":null,"abstract":"Design and modeling are key steps in the value chain of Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) arrays. Although CMUT array element models are very powerful, most of them are still limited in their use as tools for electronic design assistance. The electroacoustic equivalent circuits developed are mainly based on a distributed-element approach while lumped-parameter electrical circuits are better suited for electronic software design tools interoperations. To meet this need, the present study aims to implement an electroacoustic equivalent scheme of a full array element, based on a two-port network representation made of lumped-parameters. After an extensive bibliographical review of CMUT models, the new model is set-up from a fully distributed approach using Foldy’s electroacoustic definitions at the element level. Transmit and receive modes are implemented using scalar equations given by the lumped parameters. Moreover, based on a reciprocity analysis, the performance of the complete measurement chain in emission and reception will be defined using the relevant transfer functions. Finally, to help one design CMUT array elements for a given application, a method based on the computation of membranes thickness-size master curves is proposed. The two-port network representation of a full CMUT-based array element allowed by the new lumped-parameter modeling opens a wide range of possibilities regarding array design, electronic integration, operations with acoustic propagation simulation tools and more.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/9674185/09656816.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49907685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3221354
Myrthe Wiersma;Baptiste Heiles;Dylan Kalisvaart;David Maresca;Carlas S. Smith
Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) is a vascular imaging method that provides a 10-fold improvement in resolution compared to ultrasound Doppler imaging. Because typical ULM acquisitions accumulate large numbers of synthetic microbubble (MB) trajectories over hundreds of cardiac cycles, transient hemodynamic variations such as pulsatility get averaged out. Here we introduce two independent processing methods to retrieve pulsatile flow characteristics from MB trajectories sampled at kilohertz frame rates and demonstrate their potential on a simulated dataset. The first approach follows a Lagrangian description of the flow. We filter the MB trajectories to eliminate ULM localization grid artifacts and successfully recover the pulsatility fraction $P_{mathrm {f}}$ with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.3%. Our second approach follows a Eulerian description of the flow. It relies on the accumulation of MB velocity estimates as observed from a stationary observer. We show that pulsatile flow gives rise to a bimodal velocity distribution with peaks indicating the maximum and minimum velocities of the cardiac cycle. In this second method, we recovered the pulsatility fraction $P_{mathrm {f}}$ by measuring the location of these distribution peaks with a RMSE of 5.2%. We evaluated the impact of the MB localization precision $sigma $ on our ability to retrieve the bimodal signature of a pulsatile flow. Together, our results demonstrate that pulsatility can be retrieved from ULM acquisitions at kilohertz frame rate and that the estimation of the pulsatility fraction improves with localization precision.
{"title":"Retrieving Pulsatility in Ultrasound Localization Microscopy","authors":"Myrthe Wiersma;Baptiste Heiles;Dylan Kalisvaart;David Maresca;Carlas S. Smith","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3221354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3221354","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) is a vascular imaging method that provides a 10-fold improvement in resolution compared to ultrasound Doppler imaging. Because typical ULM acquisitions accumulate large numbers of synthetic microbubble (MB) trajectories over hundreds of cardiac cycles, transient hemodynamic variations such as pulsatility get averaged out. Here we introduce two independent processing methods to retrieve pulsatile flow characteristics from MB trajectories sampled at kilohertz frame rates and demonstrate their potential on a simulated dataset. The first approach follows a Lagrangian description of the flow. We filter the MB trajectories to eliminate ULM localization grid artifacts and successfully recover the pulsatility fraction <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$P_{mathrm {f}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.3%. Our second approach follows a Eulerian description of the flow. It relies on the accumulation of MB velocity estimates as observed from a stationary observer. We show that pulsatile flow gives rise to a bimodal velocity distribution with peaks indicating the maximum and minimum velocities of the cardiac cycle. In this second method, we recovered the pulsatility fraction <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$P_{mathrm {f}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> by measuring the location of these distribution peaks with a RMSE of 5.2%. We evaluated the impact of the MB localization precision <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> on our ability to retrieve the bimodal signature of a pulsatile flow. Together, our results demonstrate that pulsatility can be retrieved from ULM acquisitions at kilohertz frame rate and that the estimation of the pulsatility fraction improves with localization precision.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"283-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/9674185/09954170.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49907681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3141333
Christoph Haugwitz;Claas Hartmann;Gianni Allevato;Matthias Rutsch;Jan Hinrichs;Johannes Brötz;Dieter Bothe;Peter F. Pelz;Mario Kupnik
In this work we combine a multipath ultrasonic gas flow meter (UFM) with an ultrasonic air-coupled phased-array. This allows complementing the advantages of a multipath UFM, i.e. higher accuracy and more robustness to irregular flow, with the extended velocity measuring range due to sound drift compensation via a phased-array. We created a 3D-printed flow meter consisting of an $8 times 8,,lambda /2$ phased-array for transmission and 14 individual receivers for seven upstream and seven downstream sound paths. Measurements were conducted in a test rig with a maximum gas flow rates of 8.3 m3 s−1 (107 ms−1). A differential pressure nozzle was used as reference sensor. Three configurations were compared: Parallel sound paths with a single transmitter; parallel sound paths with the phased-array as transmitter; and fan-shaped sound paths with the phased-array as transmitter. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and deviation of measured flow were used as comparison criteria. In addition, we measured the optimum steering angles of the phased-array required to compensate the sound drift effect. Using the phased-array with the sound drift effect compensation enabled and disabled, the SNR increases by 10.6 dB and 4.95 dB, respectively, compared to the single transmitter setup at 83 m s−1. Furthermore, the phased-array with compensation active, extends the velocity measuring range by 29%, from 83 ms−1 to 107 m s−1, while maintaining a similar standard deviation of the flow measured. Besides demonstrating that a phased-array in a gas flow meter significantly extends the measurement range, our setup qualifies as versatile research platform for designing future high-velocity gas flow meters.
在这项工作中，我们将多径超声波气体流量计(UFM)与超声波空气耦合相控阵相结合。这可以补充多径UFM的优点，即更高的精度和对不规则流的更强鲁棒性，并通过相控阵进行声漂移补偿，从而扩展了速度测量范围。我们创建了一个3d打印流量计，该流量计由用于传输的$8 × 8，，lambda /2$相控阵和14个单独的接收器组成，分别用于7个上游和7个下游声音路径。测量是在一个最大气体流速为8.3 m3 s - 1 (107 ms - 1)的试验台进行的。采用差压喷嘴作为参考传感器。比较了三种配置:单个发射器的平行声路;以相控阵为发射机的平行声路;以及以相控阵作为发射器的扇形声路。以测量流量的信噪比(SNR)和偏差作为比较标准。此外，我们测量了补偿声漂移效应所需的相控阵的最佳转向角。在启用和禁用声音漂移效应补偿的相控阵中，与83 m s−1的单发射机设置相比，信噪比分别增加了10.6 dB和4.95 dB。此外，具有补偿功能的相控阵将速度测量范围从83 ms−1扩展到107 ms−1，增加了29%，同时保持了测量流量的相似标准偏差。除了证明气体流量计中的相控阵显着扩展了测量范围外，我们的装置还可以作为设计未来高速气体流量计的多功能研究平台。
{"title":"Multipath Flow Metering of High-Velocity Gas Using Ultrasonic Phased-Arrays","authors":"Christoph Haugwitz;Claas Hartmann;Gianni Allevato;Matthias Rutsch;Jan Hinrichs;Johannes Brötz;Dieter Bothe;Peter F. Pelz;Mario Kupnik","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3141333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3141333","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we combine a multipath ultrasonic gas flow meter (UFM) with an ultrasonic air-coupled phased-array. This allows complementing the advantages of a multipath UFM, i.e. higher accuracy and more robustness to irregular flow, with the extended velocity measuring range due to sound drift compensation via a phased-array. We created a 3D-printed flow meter consisting of an $8 times 8,,lambda /2$ phased-array for transmission and 14 individual receivers for seven upstream and seven downstream sound paths. Measurements were conducted in a test rig with a maximum gas flow rates of 8.3 m3 s−1 (107 ms−1). A differential pressure nozzle was used as reference sensor. Three configurations were compared: Parallel sound paths with a single transmitter; parallel sound paths with the phased-array as transmitter; and fan-shaped sound paths with the phased-array as transmitter. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and deviation of measured flow were used as comparison criteria. In addition, we measured the optimum steering angles of the phased-array required to compensate the sound drift effect. Using the phased-array with the sound drift effect compensation enabled and disabled, the SNR increases by 10.6 dB and 4.95 dB, respectively, compared to the single transmitter setup at 83 m s−1. Furthermore, the phased-array with compensation active, extends the velocity measuring range by 29%, from 83 ms−1 to 107 m s−1, while maintaining a similar standard deviation of the flow measured. Besides demonstrating that a phased-array in a gas flow meter significantly extends the measurement range, our setup qualifies as versatile research platform for designing future high-velocity gas flow meters.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"30-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/9674185/09675139.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49907931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present the nonlinearity of Aluminum Nitride (AlN)-based Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (PMUT) utilizing Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) technique. The PMUT working at resonant frequency excite the piezoelectric layer into strong nonlinear region. The nonlinear phenomena are observed, such as frequency shift and nonlinear out-of-plane displacement magnitude. A mathematic model of piezoelectric nonlinearity is employed for analyzing the nonlinear behavior, and the second order piezoelectric coefficient is obtained subsequently. Approximately 120 harmonics, which are generated by PMUT nonlinearity, are obtained experimentally under a single-tone AC signal of a relatively high-level voltage. In addition, the number of harmonics can be controlled meticulously. Three different applications are developed to utilize harmonic generations in acoustic-optical hybrid microsystem and Radio Frequency (RF) field. The observation and analysis of AlN piezoelectric nonlinearity could benefit a further understanding of PMUT based on AlN thin film. We believe the generated harmonics can be potentially used in a wide variety of applications in signal processing and modulation.
{"title":"Nonlinearity of Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer Using AlN Thin Film","authors":"Zhifang Luo;Junxiang Cai;Songsong Zhang;Yuandong Gu;Liang Lou;Tao Wu","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3182926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3182926","url":null,"abstract":"We present the nonlinearity of Aluminum Nitride (AlN)-based Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (PMUT) utilizing Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) technique. The PMUT working at resonant frequency excite the piezoelectric layer into strong nonlinear region. The nonlinear phenomena are observed, such as frequency shift and nonlinear out-of-plane displacement magnitude. A mathematic model of piezoelectric nonlinearity is employed for analyzing the nonlinear behavior, and the second order piezoelectric coefficient is obtained subsequently. Approximately 120 harmonics, which are generated by PMUT nonlinearity, are obtained experimentally under a single-tone AC signal of a relatively high-level voltage. In addition, the number of harmonics can be controlled meticulously. Three different applications are developed to utilize harmonic generations in acoustic-optical hybrid microsystem and Radio Frequency (RF) field. The observation and analysis of AlN piezoelectric nonlinearity could benefit a further understanding of PMUT based on AlN thin film. We believe the generated harmonics can be potentially used in a wide variety of applications in signal processing and modulation.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"96-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/9674185/09795327.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49907935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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