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2022 Index IEEE Open Journal of Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Vol. 2 《超声、铁电学与频率控制》第2卷
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3261160
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引用次数: 0
Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Spiral Phased Array for High-Precision Beamforming and Imaging 用于高精度波束形成和成像的空气耦合超声螺旋相控阵
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3142710
Gianni Allevato;Matthias Rutsch;Jan Hinrichs;Christoph Haugwitz;Raphael Müller;Marius Pesavento;Mario Kupnik
Sparse spiral phased arrays are advantageous for many emerging air-coupled ultrasonic applications, since grating lobes are prevented without being constrained to the half-wavelength element spacing requirement of well-known dense arrays. As a result, the limitation on the maximum transducer diameter is omitted and the aperture can be enlarged for improving the beamforming precision without requiring the number of transducers to be increased. We demonstrate that in-air imaging, in particular, benefits from these features, enabling large-volume, unambiguous and high-resolution image formation. Therefore, we created an air-coupled ultrasonic phased array based on the Fermat spiral, capable of transmit, receive and pulse-echo operation, as well as 3D imaging. The array consists of 64 piezoelectric 40-kHz transducers (Murata MA40S4S), spanning an aperture of 200mm. First, we provide an application-independent numerical and experimental characterization of the conventional beamforming performance of all operation modes for varying focal directions and distances. Second, we examine the resulting imaging capabilities using the single line transmission technique. Apart from the high maximum sound pressure level of 152 dB, we validate that unambiguous high-accuracy 3D imaging is possible in a wide field of view (±80°), long range (20cm to 5m+) and with a high angular resolution of up to 2.3°. Additionally, we demonstrate that object shapes and patterns of multiple reflectors are recognizable in the images generated using a simple threshold for separation. In total, the imaging capabilities achieved are promising to open up further possibilities, e.g. robust object classification in harsh environments based on ultrasonic images.
稀疏螺旋相控阵在许多新兴的空气耦合超声应用中是有利的,因为它可以避免光栅瓣,而不受众所周知的密集阵列的半波长单元间距要求的限制。因此,省去了对换能器最大直径的限制,在不增加换能器数量的情况下,可以扩大孔径以提高波束成形精度。我们证明,空中成像,特别是受益于这些特征,使大体积,明确和高分辨率的图像形成。因此,我们设计了一种基于费马螺旋的空气耦合超声相控阵,能够进行发射、接收和脉冲回波操作,并能进行三维成像。该阵列由64个40 khz压电换能器(Murata MA40S4S)组成,孔径为200mm。首先,我们提供了不同焦方向和距离的所有操作模式下传统波束形成性能的应用独立的数值和实验表征。其次,我们使用单线传输技术检查产生的成像能力。除了152 dB的最高声压级外,我们还验证了在宽视场(±80°)、远距离(20厘米至5米以上)和高达2.3°的高角分辨率下,清晰的高精度3D成像是可能的。此外,我们证明了多个反射器的物体形状和图案在使用简单的分离阈值生成的图像中是可识别的。总的来说,实现的成像能力有望开辟更多的可能性,例如,在恶劣环境下基于超声图像的鲁棒目标分类。
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引用次数: 15
IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL Ieee超音波学、铁电学与频率控制开放期刊
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3257501
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引用次数: 0
Tuning the Relative Strengths of Electromechanical Resonances Using Non-Uniform Polarization of Piezoelectric Wafers 利用压电晶圆的非均匀极化调谐机电共振的相对强度
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2021.3134935
Anurup Guha;Cristian Pantea;Vamshi Krishna Chillara
A free piezoelectric disc with uniform polarization shows multiple radial modes of vibration that occur in the low-frequency range. The strength of these radial mode resonances is fixed and reduces with increasing frequency or mode number. In this article, we show that piezoelectric wafers can be designed with appropriate non-uniform polarization profiles to selectively excite single or any combination of multiple radial modes with an additional capability of altering the relative strengths of electromechanical resonances that is not possible with uniform polarization. We first discuss the theory behind our approach based on a Fourier-Bessel expansion technique. Then, we present several examples demonstrating the capability of tuning the relative strengths of electromechanical resonances in a piezoelectric disc using axisymmetric, non-uniform polarization profiles. The methodology presented in this article finds application in the design of single element transducers with multi-frequency operation, frequency-tuned sensors/receivers, collimated beam sources for underwater acoustics, and other non-traditional applications such as information storage.
均匀极化的自由压电片在低频范围内表现出多种径向振动模式。这些径向模共振的强度是固定的,并随着频率或模数的增加而减小。在本文中,我们展示了压电晶片可以被设计成具有适当的非均匀极化曲线,以选择性地激发单个或多个径向模式的任何组合,并具有改变机电共振相对强度的额外能力,这是均匀极化不可能实现的。我们首先讨论基于傅里叶-贝塞尔展开技术的方法背后的理论。然后,我们提出了几个例子,证明了利用轴对称、非均匀极化剖面调整压电盘中机电共振相对强度的能力。本文提出的方法可用于设计多频操作的单元件换能器、频率调谐传感器/接收器、水声准直波源以及其他非传统应用,如信息存储。
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引用次数: 0
Physical Cause and Impact of Negative Capacitance Effect in Ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE) Gate Stack and Its Application to Landau Transistor 铁电P(VDF-TrFE)栅极堆负电容效应的物理原因及影响及其在朗道晶体管中的应用
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3172665
Khoirom Johnson Singh;Nitanshu Chauhan;Anand Bulusu;Sudeb Dasgupta
A novel approach to overcome Boltzmann’s tyranny is to exploit the negative capacitance (NC) effect found naturally in many ferroelectric (FE) materials. We apply a set of coupled equations based on electrostatics, Kirchoff’s law, and a well-calibrated Ginzburg-Landau-Khalatnikov technology computer-aided design (TCAD) model to simulate an organic FE poly(vinylidene fluoride- co -trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)]-based resistor metal-FE-metal ( $R$ -MFM) series circuit and a Landau transistor (LT) exhibiting sub-60 mV/decade subthreshold swing (SS). TCAD simulation parameters for P(VDF-TrFE) are derived from the reported experimental polarization versus voltage characteristics using Landau theory. Unlike oxide FEs, the P(VDF-TrFE)-based $R$ -MFM series circuit can exploit the NC effect at a lower supply voltage ( $V_{G}$ ) of ±0.5 V with little energy dissipation of ~2.7 fJ through $R$ . Our simulation results show an 84.89% reduction in the P(VDF-TrFE)’s coercivity concerning the oxide FE. We show that the underlying mechanism of the NC effect is directly related to FE polarization (FE- $P$ ) switching. The NC effect occurs only when the FE- $P$ is in the negative curvature of the P(VDF-TrFE)’s free energy landscape. The NC effect is explored in terms of $V_{G}$ , FE thickness, domain variations, $R$ , and dipole switching resistivity. The influence of $R$ variation on the NC time ( $delta t$ ) is investigated at 100 kHz. We can observe that $delta t$ and $R$ have a linear relationship. As $R$ approaches zero, we determined that the inherent FE- $P$ switching speed exclusively restricts the NC effect. Finally, a 32 nm P(VDF-TrFE) LT provides a minimal SS of 23.39 mV/decade, 74.92% less than its CMOS counterpart. Therefore, the proposed organic MFM stack could open the path for developing beyond CMOS transistor technology operating in sub-60 mV/decade.
一种克服玻尔兹曼暴政的新方法是利用许多铁电材料中自然存在的负电容效应。我们应用一组基于静电学、基尔霍夫定律的耦合方程,以及一个校准良好的ginzberg -Landau- khalatnikov技术计算机辅助设计(TCAD)模型,模拟了一个基于有机FE聚偏氟乙烯- co -三氟乙烯[P(VDF-TrFE)]的电阻金属-FE-金属($R$ - mfm)系列电路和一个表现出低于60 mV/ 10年亚阈值摆幅(SS)的朗道晶体管(LT)。利用朗道理论,从已有的实验极化电压特性推导出了P(VDF-TrFE)的TCAD仿真参数。与氧化物FEs不同,基于P(VDF-TrFE)的$R$ -MFM系列电路可以在±0.5 V的较低电源电压($V_{G}$)下发挥NC效应,并且通过$R$的能量损耗很小,约2.7 fJ。模拟结果表明,P(VDF-TrFE)的矫顽力随氧化物FE的增加而降低了84.89%。我们发现NC效应的潜在机制与FE极化(FE- $P$)开关直接相关。NC效应仅在FE- P$处于P(VDF-TrFE)自由能曲线的负曲率时才会发生。从V_{G}$、FE厚度、畴变化、R$和偶极子开关电阻率等方面探讨了NC效应。研究了100 kHz时R变化对NC时间(t)的影响。我们可以观察到$ t$和$R$具有线性关系。当R$接近零时,我们确定固有的FE- P$开关速度完全限制NC效果。最后,32 nm P(VDF-TrFE) LT提供23.39 mV/ 10年的最小SS,比CMOS低74.92%。因此,所提出的有机MFM堆叠可以为超越工作在低于60 mV/ 10年的CMOS晶体管技术的发展开辟道路。
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引用次数: 5
Spatiotemporal Bayesian Regularization for Cardiac Strain Imaging: Simulation and In Vivo Results 心脏应变成像的时空贝叶斯正则化:模拟和体内结果
Pub Date : 2021-11-22 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2021.3130021
Rashid Al Mukaddim;Nirvedh H. Meshram;Ashley M. Weichmann;Carol C. Mitchell;Tomy Varghese
Cardiac strain imaging (CSI) plays a critical role in the detection of myocardial motion abnormalities. Displacement estimation is an important processing step to ensure the accuracy and precision of derived strain tensors. In this paper, we propose and implement Spatiotemporal Bayesian regularization (STBR) algorithms for two-dimensional (2-D) normalized cross-correlation (NCC) based multi-level block matching along with incorporation into a Lagrangian cardiac strain estimation framework. Assuming smooth temporal variation over a short span of time, the proposed STBR algorithm performs displacement estimation using at least four consecutive ultrasound radio-frequency (RF) frames by iteratively regularizing 2-D NCC matrices using information from a local spatiotemporal neighborhood in a Bayesian sense. Two STBR schemes are proposed to construct Bayesian likelihood functions termed as Spatial then Temporal Bayesian (STBR-1) and simultaneous Spatiotemporal Bayesian (STBR-2). Radial and longitudinal strain estimated from a finite-element-analysis (FEA) model of realistic canine myocardial deformation were utilized to quantify strain bias, normalized strain error and total temporal relative error (TTR). Statistical analysis with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that all Bayesian regularization methods significantly outperform NCC with lower bias and errors ( ${p} < $ 0.001). However, there was no significant difference among Bayesian methods. For example, mean longitudinal TTR for NCC, SBR, STBR-1 and STBR-2 were 25.41%, 9.27%, 10.38% and 10.13% respectively An in vivo feasibility study using RF data from ten healthy mice hearts were used to compare the elastographic signal-to-noise ratio ( ${mathrm {SNR}}_{mathrm {e}}$ ) calculated using stochastic analysis. STBR-2 had the highest expected SNRe both for radial and longitudinal strain. The mean expected SNRe values for accumulated radial strain for NCC, SBR, STBR-1 and STBR-2 were 5.03, 9.43, 9.42 and 10.58, respectively. Overall results suggest that STBR improves CSI in vivo.
心脏应变成像(CSI)在检测心肌运动异常中起着至关重要的作用。位移估计是保证应变张量导出精度的重要处理步骤。在本文中,我们提出并实现了时空贝叶斯正则化(STBR)算法,用于二维(2-D)归一化互相关(NCC)的多级块匹配,并将其纳入拉格朗日心脏应变估计框架。假设在短时间内平滑的时间变化,提出的STBR算法使用至少四个连续的超声射频(RF)帧,通过使用贝叶斯意义上的局部时空邻域信息迭代正则化二维NCC矩阵来执行位移估计。提出了两种构造贝叶斯似然函数的STBR方案,即时空贝叶斯(STBR-1)和同步时空贝叶斯(STBR-2)。利用真实犬心肌变形有限元分析(FEA)模型估算径向和纵向应变,量化应变偏差、归一化应变误差和总时间相对误差(TTR)。单因素方差分析(ANOVA)的统计分析表明,所有贝叶斯正则化方法都显著优于NCC,偏差和误差更低(${p} <0.001美元)。然而,贝叶斯方法之间没有显著差异。例如,NCC、SBR、STBR-1和STBR-2的平均纵向TTR分别为25.41%、9.27%、10.38%和10.13%。采用10只健康小鼠心脏的射频数据进行体内可行性研究,比较随机分析计算的弹性图信噪比(${ mathm {SNR}}_{ mathm {e}}$)。STBR-2的径向应变和纵向应变的期望信噪比均最高。NCC、SBR、STBR-1和STBR-2的累积径向应变信噪比均值分别为5.03、9.43、9.42和10.58。总体结果表明,STBR改善了体内CSI。
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引用次数: 6
Synchronous Temperature Variation Monitoring During Ultrasound Imaging and/or Treatment Pulse Application: A Phantom Study 超声成像和/或治疗脉冲应用过程中的同步温度变化监测:一项模拟研究
Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2021.3085539
Hermes A. S. Kamimura;Niloufar Saharkhiz;Stephen A. Lee;Elisa E. Konofagou
Ultrasound attenuation through soft tissues can produce an acoustic radiation force (ARF) and heating. The ARF-induced displacements and temperature evaluations can reveal tissue properties and provide insights into focused ultrasound (FUS) bio-effects. In this study, we describe an interleaving pulse sequence tested in a tissue-mimicking phantom that alternates FUS and plane-wave imaging pulses at a 1 kHz frame rate. The FUS is amplitude modulated, enabling the simultaneous evaluation of tissue-mimicking phantom displacement using harmonic motion imaging (HMI) and temperature rise using thermal strain imaging (TSI). The parameters were varied with a spatial peak temporal average acoustic intensity ( $I_{spta}$ ) ranging from 1.5 to 311 W.cm−2, mechanical index (MI) from 0.43 to 4.0, and total energy ( $E$ ) from 0.24 to 83 J.cm−2. The HMI and TSI processing could estimate displacement and temperature independently for temperatures below 1.80°C and displacements up to $sim -117 mu {text{m}}$ ( $I_{spta} < 311 text{ W.cm}^{-2}$ , $MI < 4.0$ , and $E < 83 text{ J.cm}^{-2}$ ) indicated by a steady-state tissue-mimicking phantom displacement throughout the sonication and a comparable temperature estimation with simulations in the absence of tissue-mimicking phantom motion. The TSI estimations presented a mean error of ±0.03°C versus thermocouple estimations with a mean error of ±0.24°C. The results presented herein indicate that HMI can operate at diagnostictemperature levels (i.e., <1°C)> $720 text{ mW.cm}^{-2} < I_{spta} < 207 text{ W.cm}^{-2}$ ). In addition, the combined HMI and TSI can potentially be used for simultaneous evaluation of safety during tissue elasticity imaging as well as FUS mechanism involved in novel ultrasound applications such as ultrasound neuromodulation and tumor ablation.
超声通过软组织的衰减会产生声辐射力(ARF)和加热。arf诱导的位移和温度评估可以揭示组织特性,并提供聚焦超声(FUS)生物效应的见解。在这项研究中,我们描述了一个交错脉冲序列,在一个模拟组织的幻影中,以1khz帧率交替FUS和平面波成像脉冲。FUS是调幅的,可以使用谐波运动成像(HMI)和热应变成像(TSI)同时评估模拟组织的幻像位移。各参数的变化范围为:空间峰值时间平均声强($I_{spta}$)在1.5 ~ 311 W.cm−2之间,力学指数(MI)在0.43 ~ 4.0之间,总能量($E$)在0.24 ~ 83 J.cm−2之间。HMI和TSI处理可以独立估计温度低于1.80°C的位移和温度,位移高达$sim -117 mu {text{m}}$ ($I_{spta} < 311 text{ W.cm}^{-2}$, $MI < 4.0$和$E < 83 text{ J.cm}^{-2}$),由整个超声过程中的稳态组织模拟幻影位移和无组织模拟幻影运动模拟的可比温度估计所指示。TSI估计的平均误差为±0.03°C,而热电偶估计的平均误差为±0.24°C。本文给出的结果表明,HMI可以在诊断温度水平(即$720 text{ mW.cm}^{-2} < I_{spta} < 207 text{ W.cm}^{-2}$)下运行。此外,联合HMI和TSI可以潜在地用于同时评估组织弹性成像的安全性,以及超声神经调节和肿瘤消融等新型超声应用中涉及的FUS机制。
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引用次数: 2
Fluid Independent Flow Determination by Surface Acoustic Wave Driven Ultrasonic Techniques 表面声波驱动超声技术的流体独立流动测定
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2021.3120234
Andreas Hefele;Christoph Strobl;Erik Baigar;Georg Kurzmaier;Alexander Reiner;Andreas L. Hörner;Achim Wixforth
A fluid-independent ultrasonic approach for flow determination in microchannels in the harsh environment of an ultra high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system is presented. Ultrasonic waves in the fluid are excited by separate media surface acoustic waves (SAW) of Rayleigh-Wave type. The LiNbO3 SAW chip being equipped with interdigitated transducers for SAW excitation also marks the bottom of the fluid channel and thus allows for very effective SAW coupling to the fluid. The channel ceiling acts as an acoustical mirror for longitudinal ultrasonic waves propagating through the fluid. To deduce the fluid flow from the ultrasonic transmission after reflection, we employ a combination of time differential phase and time of flight measurements with a two port vector network analyzer. To verify and assign our experimental results, we use an adapted time explicit finite element method. In the simulation, both the piezoelectric single crystal and the fluid are included and we solve the linear Navier-Stokes equation to evaluate the background flow. By changing the ultrasonic propagation direction, we are able to deduce the fluid volume flow over time with very high accuracy, independent of the actual liquid in the channel.
提出了一种在超高压液相色谱(UHPLC)系统的恶劣环境下进行微通道流量测定的不依赖流体的超声方法。流体中的超声波是由瑞利波型分离介质表面声波激发的。LiNbO3 SAW芯片配备了用于SAW激励的交叉换能器,也标记了流体通道的底部,从而允许非常有效的SAW与流体耦合。通道顶板作为纵向超声波在流体中传播的声学反射镜。为了从反射后的超声波传输中推断流体流动,我们采用了双端口矢量网络分析仪的时差相位和飞行时间测量相结合的方法。为了验证和分配我们的实验结果,我们使用了一种适应的时间显式有限元方法。在仿真中,同时考虑压电单晶和流体,通过求解线性Navier-Stokes方程来计算背景流。通过改变超声波传播方向,我们能够以非常高的精度推断出流体体积流量随时间的变化,而不依赖于通道中的实际液体。
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引用次数: 0
IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL Ieee超音波学、铁电学与频率控制开放期刊
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3157415
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引用次数: 0
期刊
IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control
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