Advances in Nutrition最新文献

Objective biomarkers of dietary intake are needed to advance nutrition research. The carbon isotope ratio (C¹³/C¹²; CIR) holds promise as an objective biomarker of added sugar (AS) and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake. This systematic scoping review presents the current evidence on CIRs from human studies. Search results (through April 12, 2024) yielded 6297 studies and 24 final articles. Studies were observational (n = 12), controlled feeding (n = 10), or dietary interventions (n = 2). CIRs were sampled from blood (n = 23), hair (n = 5), breath (n = 2), and/or adipose tissue (n = 1). Most (n = 17) conducted whole tissue (that is, bulk) analysis, 8 used compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA), and/or 2 studies used methods appropriate for analyzing breath. Studies were conducted in 3 concentrated geographic regions of the United States (n = 7 Virginia; n = 5 Arizona; n = 4 Alaska), with only 2 studies conducted in other countries. Studies that used CSIA to examine the CIR from the amino acid alanine (CIR-Ala; n = 4) and CIR analyzed from breath (n = 2) provided the most robust evidence for CIR as an objective biomarker of AS and SSBs (R² range 0.36–0.91). Studies using bulk analysis of hair or blood showed positive, but modest and more variable associations with AS and SSBs (R² range 0.05–0.48). Few studies showed no association, particularly in non-United States populations and those with low AS and SSB intakes. Two studies provided evidence for CIR to detect changes in SSB intake in response to dietary interventions. Overall, the most compelling evidence supports CIR-Ala as an objective indicator of AS intake and breath CIR as an indicator of short-term AS intake. Considering how to adjust for underlying dietary patterns remains an important area of future work and emerging methods using breath and CSIA warrant additional investigation. More evidence is needed to refine the utility and specificity of CIRs to measure AS and SSB intake.

Malnutrition among the population of the world is a frequent yet underdiagnosed problem in both children and adults. Development of malnutrition screening and diagnostic tools for early detection of malnutrition is necessary to prevent long-term complications to patients’ health and well-being. Most of these tools are based on predefined questionnaires and consensus guidelines. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) allows for automated tools to detect malnutrition in an earlier stage to prevent long-term consequences. In this study, a systematic literature review was carried out with the goal of providing detailed information on what patient groups, screening tools, machine learning algorithms, data types, and variables are being used, as well as the current limitations and implementation stage of these AI-based tools. The results showed that a staggering majority exceeding 90% of all AI models go unused in day-to-day clinical practice. Furthermore, supervised learning models seemed to be the most popular type of learning. Alongside this, disease-related malnutrition was the most common category of malnutrition found in the analysis of all primary studies. This research provides a resource for researchers to identify directions for their research on the use of AI in malnutrition.

An increasing number of cross-sectional studies suggests that diet may impact memory and cognition in healthy older adults. However, randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of whole-diet interventions on memory and cognition in healthy older adults are rather rare, and conflicting results are often reported. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to compile the current evidence regarding the potential effects of whole-diet interventions on 1) memory and 2) other cognitive outcomes in older adults. Studies that reported on randomized controlled trials with dietary interventions in healthy older adults (≥60 y) were included. Studies utilizing supplements, single food items, or trials in specific patient groups (i.e., neurodegenerative diagnoses) were excluded. For the 23 included articles, the main outcomes examined fell into 1 or more of the following categories: cognitive task-based outcomes related to memory, other cognitive task-based outcomes, and additional outcomes related to cognitive function or disease risk. Three of the studies that investigated dietary interventions alone and 2 multidomain studies showed positive effects on memory function, whereas 5 multidomain interventions and 1 intervention that focused on diet alone showed positive effects on other cognitive outcomes. The effect of randomized, controlled whole-diet interventions on memory and cognitive function in healthy older adults is modest and inconclusive, highlighting the need for more well-designed, sufficiently powered studies. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms by which diet impacts cognition in healthy aging need to be elucidated.

This systematic review is registered in PROSPERO as CRD42022329759.

Cachexia is associated with lower overall survival (OS) in patients with cancer; however, the relationship between the two is reported to differ according to the definitive criteria for diagnosing cachexia.

We aimed to investigate 1) the difference in the prevalence of cachexia in patients with cancer and 2) the association between cachexia and OS, depending on the definitive criteria for diagnosing cachexia in patients with cancer. We searched PubMed and Web of Science from their inception until July 31, 2023, to identify eligible studies. We conducted a systematic review of the prevalence of cachexia in patients with cancer and performed a meta-analysis to investigate its relationship with OS. A total of 125 articles comprising 137,960 patients were included in the systematic review, and 26 articles consisting of 11,118 patients underwent meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of cachexia in patients with cancer was 33.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32.8, 33.3); however, it varied according to the definitive criteria for diagnosing cachexia (13.9%–56.5%). According to the Fearon 2011 criteria, the prevalence of cachexia was associated with a high hazard ratio (HR) for OS compared with that of noncachexia [HR: 1.58 (95% CI: 1.45, 1.73)]; according to the other criteria, the HR was 2.78 (95% CI: 1.88, 4.11), indicating significant subgroup differences (P = 0.006). The dose–response curve indicated that the HR for OS plateaued at a cachexia prevalence range of 40%–50% (l-shaped relationship). The prevalence of cachexia in patients with cancer may vary depending on the definitive criteria used to diagnose cachexia. The HR for OS was higher for low cachexia prevalence. The definitive criteria should be carefully considered when assessing cachexia in patients with cancer.

This trial was registered at the PROSPERO as CRD42023435474.

Dietary diversity is a crucial component of healthy eating patterns because it ensures nutritional adequacy. Yet, concerns have been raised about the potential risks of its increase, which may reflect excessive consumption of unhealthy foods and higher obesity or cardiometabolic risk, particularly in high-income countries. However, the links between dietary diversity and different health outcomes remain inconclusive because of methodological differences in assessing dietary diversity. Numerous studies, mostly cross-sectional, have assessed dietary diversity using different indicators usually based only on the number of foods or food groups consumed. In this perspective, we emphasize that dietary diversity is a multidimensional concept encompassing the number of foods in the diet (food coverage) but also their relative proportions (food evenness) and the nutritional dissimilarity of foods consumed over time (food complementarity). Consequently, a comprehensive assessment of dietary diversity reflecting all its dimensions, both between and within-food groups, is needed to determine the optimal level of complementarity between and within-food groups required to improve health and diet quality. Moreover, given the prevailing context of abundant highly processed and energy-dense foods in high-income countries, promoting dietary diversity should prioritize nutrient-dense food groups. Until recently, within-food group diversity has received limited attention in research and public health recommendations. Still, it may play a role in improving diet quality and long-term health. This perspective aims to clarify the concept of dietary diversity and suggest research avenues that should be explored to better understand its associations with nutritional adequacy and health among adults in high-income countries.

Magnesium (Mg) plays a key role in neurological functioning and manifestations. However, the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohorts on Mg and cognitive health among adults has not been systematically reviewed. We aimed to examine the associations of various Mg forms (supplements, dietary intake, and biomarkers) with cognitive outcomes by summarizing evidence from RCTs and cohorts. PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for relevant peer-reviewed articles published up to May 3, 2024. Three random-effects models were performed, when appropriate, to evaluate the relationship between Mg and cognitive outcomes: 1) linear meta-regression, 2) nonlinear (quadratic) meta-regression, and 3) meta-analysis using Mg variables categorized based on pre-existing recommendations. Three RCTs and 12 cohort studies were included in this systematic review. Evidence from the limited number of RCTs was insufficient to draw conclusions on the effects of Mg supplements. Cohort studies showed inconsistent dose–response relationships between dietary Mg and cognitive disorders, with high heterogeneity across populations. However, consistent U-shape associations of serum Mg with all-cause dementia and cognitive impairment were found in cohorts, suggesting an optimal serum Mg concentration of ∼0.85 mmol/L. This nonlinear association was detected in meta-regression (P_quadratic = 0.003) and in meta-analysis based on the reference interval of serum Mg (0.75–0.95 mmol/L) [<0.75 compared with 0.85 mmol/L: pooled hazard ratio (HR) = 1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05, 1.93; >0.95 compared with 0.85 mmol/L: pooled HR = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.03, 1.64]. More evidence from RCTs and cohorts is warranted. Future cohort studies should evaluate various Mg biomarkers and collect repeated measurements of Mg intake over time, considering different sources (diet or supplements) and factors affecting absorption (for example, calcium-to-Mg intake ratio). This systematic review was preregistered in PROSPERO (CRD42023423663).

Probiotics are typically marketed as foods and dietary supplements, categories for products intended to maintain health in generally healthy populations and which, unlike drugs, cannot claim to treat or cure disease. This review addresses the existing evidence that probiotics are beneficial to healthy people. Our approach was to perform a descriptive review of efficacy evidence that probiotics can prevent urinary, vaginal, gastrointestinal, and respiratory infections, and improve risk factors associated with cardiovascular health or reduce antibiotic use. Other endpoints such as mental, dental, or immune health were not specifically addressed. We concluded that there is sufficient evidence of efficacy and safety for clinicians and consumers to consider using specific probiotics for some indications – such as the use of probiotics to support gut function during antibiotic use or to reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections – for certain people. However, we did not find a sufficiently high level of evidence to support unconditional, population-wide recommendations for other preventive endpoints we reviewed for healthy people. Although evidence for some indications is suggestive of the preventive benefits of probiotics, additional research is needed.

Dietary and movement behaviors [physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SED), and sleep] occur throughout a 24-h day and involve multiple contexts. Understanding the temporal patterning of these 24-h behaviors and their contextual determinants is key to determining their combined effect on health. A scoping review was conducted to identify novel analytic methods for determining temporal behavior patterns and their contextual correlates. We searched Embase, ProQuest, and EBSCOhost databases in July 2022 to identify studies published between 1997 and 2022 on temporal patterns and their contextual correlates (e.g., locational, social, environmental, personal). We included 14 studies after title and abstract (n = 33,292) and full-text (n = 135) screening, of which 11 were published after 2018. Most studies (n = 4 in adults; n = 5 in children and adolescents), examined waking behavior patterns (i.e., both PA and SED) of which 3 also included sleep and 6 included contextual correlates. PA and diet were examined together in only 1 study of adults. Contextual correlates of dietary, PA, and sleep temporal behavior patterns were also examined. Machine learning with various clustering algorithms and model-based clustering techniques were most used to determine 24-h temporal behavior patterns. Although the included studies used a diverse range of methods, behavioral variables, and assessment periods, results showed that temporal patterns characterized by high SED and low PA were linked to poorer health outcomes, than those with low SED and high PA. This review identified temporal behavior patterns, and their contextual correlates, which were associated with adiposity and cardiometabolic disease risk, suggesting these methods hold promise for the discovery of holistic lifestyle exposures important to health. Standardized reporting of methods and patterns and multidisciplinary collaboration among nutrition, PA, and sleep researchers; statisticians; and computer scientists were identified as key pathways to advance future research on temporal behavior patterns in relation to health.

This systematic review and meta-analysis, spanning studies published between 1995 and 2021, investigates various aspects of lunches brought from home (LBFH) to school by children. These meals, in contrast to those provided by the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), lack strict nutritional standards. Despite the availability of NSLP lunches, ∼40% of US children opt for LBFH. This review aims to assess the food content and nutritional quality of LBFH, their adherence to NSLP standards in terms of nutrition and cost, effectiveness of intervention programs designed to enhance their nutritional quality and parental and student perceptions of LBFH. The comprehensive literature search yielded 28 eligible papers, with 16 included in meta-analysis. LBFH commonly include fruits (50%), yet vegetables (17%) and dairy (25%) are less prevalent. They frequently contain snacks (50%), sweets (48%), and sugar-sweetened beverages (31%). Compared with school lunches, LBFH exhibit lower levels of calcium, protein, iron, fiber, and vitamin A, and higher levels of carbohydrates and saturated fat. Intervention programs had no effect on quality of LBFH. On average, LBFH ($1.81) cost slightly less than lunches served at school ($1.98), without accounting for free/reduced-price meals in the calculation. The cost of school lunch for pre-k and kindergarten children became $11.32, nearly 4 times higher than that of LBFH ($2.92), after replicating the meal at home and accounting for meal preparation time. Parents preferred LBFH over school lunches because of concerns related to the quality of school meals served. This study concludes that LBFH are generally less nutritious compared with lunches provided by NSLP. Future research needs to further explore ways to improve parent perception of NSLP. Especially with many states making free meals available to all children, identifying effective ways in promoting and increasing NSLP participation can ensure more children have access to nutritionally balanced and affordable lunches.