A novel reactive P-N intumescent flame retardant tetroxo (3-triethylphosphine-5-chlorine-1-triazine) neopentane (TTCTN) was prepared, and its structure was determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The flame retardance and physiological comfort properties of TTCTN-treated cotton fabrics (TTCTN-CF) was researched. The CF treated with 20 wt% TTCTN (TTCTN(20)-CF) showed the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was up to 28.6%, and the flame retardancy reached the class B1 of national standard of flame retardant fabrics, and its peak heat release rate and total heat release were reduced by 55.7% and 37.4% comparing with untreated CF, respectively. The FTIR proved the TTCTN was grafted on the CF matrix. Thermogravimetric (TG) showed TTCTN could reduce the decomposition speed of the cotton fabric and formed the stable char residue at high temperature to protect the remaining CF from complete dehydration. After 50 washing cycles, the LOI of TTCTN(20)-CF was 26.2%, still reaching class B1 of national standard of flame retardant fabrics. Scanning electron microscope showed the TTCTN was still bounded to the matrix of CF after 50 washing cycles which further proved TTCTN(20)-CF had excellent durable flame retardancy.
{"title":"Durable Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabric Modified by a Novel Reactive P-N Intumescent Flame Retardant","authors":"Denghui Wu, Xinhang Li, Peihua Zhao","doi":"10.1155/2023/4359057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4359057","url":null,"abstract":"A novel reactive P-N intumescent flame retardant tetroxo (3-triethylphosphine-5-chlorine-1-triazine) neopentane (TTCTN) was prepared, and its structure was determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The flame retardance and physiological comfort properties of TTCTN-treated cotton fabrics (TTCTN-CF) was researched. The CF treated with 20 wt% TTCTN (TTCTN(20)-CF) showed the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was up to 28.6%, and the flame retardancy reached the class B1 of national standard of flame retardant fabrics, and its peak heat release rate and total heat release were reduced by 55.7% and 37.4% comparing with untreated CF, respectively. The FTIR proved the TTCTN was grafted on the CF matrix. Thermogravimetric (TG) showed TTCTN could reduce the decomposition speed of the cotton fabric and formed the stable char residue at high temperature to protect the remaining CF from complete dehydration. After 50 washing cycles, the LOI of TTCTN(20)-CF was 26.2%, still reaching class B1 of national standard of flame retardant fabrics. Scanning electron microscope showed the TTCTN was still bounded to the matrix of CF after 50 washing cycles which further proved TTCTN(20)-CF had excellent durable flame retardancy.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47588354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fluor-hydroxyapatite (FHA) is a biomaterial with dental and orthopedic potential that is highly regarded as a result of bioactivity and high biocompatibility. Chitosan is used as a growth promoting agent in the tissues of the tooth and bone. Composite scaffold from these biomaterials is used as a pattern of natural bone and tooth grafts in tissue engineering. In this study FHA was synthesized through coprecipitation method. Then chitosan/FHA composites with different amounts of FHA (15 and 30 wt%) were prepared via freeze drying way. Structural and physical characteristics of the scaffolds were determined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra, and morphological properties of the scaffolds were investigated using SEM evaluation. The compressive strength, water-uptake capacity, and biodegradation behavior of scaffolds were performed, as well. The results indicated that chitosan/30%FHA scaffold showed more compressive strength, lower biodegradation in phosphate buffer solution after 4 weeks. Therefore, it might be a suitable scaffold for tooth engineering.
{"title":"Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Chitosan/FHA Scaffolds","authors":"M. Salehi, S. Molzemi","doi":"10.1155/2023/2758621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2758621","url":null,"abstract":"Fluor-hydroxyapatite (FHA) is a biomaterial with dental and orthopedic potential that is highly regarded as a result of bioactivity and high biocompatibility. Chitosan is used as a growth promoting agent in the tissues of the tooth and bone. Composite scaffold from these biomaterials is used as a pattern of natural bone and tooth grafts in tissue engineering. In this study FHA was synthesized through coprecipitation method. Then chitosan/FHA composites with different amounts of FHA (15 and 30 wt%) were prepared via freeze drying way. Structural and physical characteristics of the scaffolds were determined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra, and morphological properties of the scaffolds were investigated using SEM evaluation. The compressive strength, water-uptake capacity, and biodegradation behavior of scaffolds were performed, as well. The results indicated that chitosan/30%FHA scaffold showed more compressive strength, lower biodegradation in phosphate buffer solution after 4 weeks. Therefore, it might be a suitable scaffold for tooth engineering.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43835006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Sultana, Md. Raju Ahmmed, Md Inzamam Ul Hoque, Tanvir Ebna Mohsen, Atol Mondol, Md. Hafezur Rahaman, Moumita Yesmin, Md. Shahedur Rahman, S. Alam
Biodegradable and eco-friendly composite adsorbent was synthesized from modified jute fiber and gelatin and evaluated its efficacy in removing cadmium (Cd2+), lead (Pb2+), and chromium (Cr3+) ions from an aqueous solution. The prepared sample was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analyses, which revealed that gelatin successfully intercalated into the microcrystalline cellulose matrix. In batch adsorption studies, the effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and temperature on the removal of heavy metal ions were investigated. The adsorption capacity of the composite varied with changing parameters, and the maximum removal efficiency obtained for Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cr3+ was 95%, 88%, and 70%, respectively, at pH 6 with 60 ppm of each metal ions concentration and an adsorbent dosage of 1.0 g L−1. Different functional groups in composite adsorbent facilitated heavy metal ions adsorption. Five error analysis methods were used to evaluate the fit the goodness of the data. The equilibrium adsorption and kinetic data were well-fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order, respectively. Moreover, the thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption was spontaneous, chemisorption, and endothermic. Our work offers a sustainable and biodegradable composite synthesized from modified jute fiber and gelatin for multimetal ions removal from an aqueous, which is an eco-friendly alternative to conventional nonbiodegradable adsorbents with potential environmental risks.
以改性黄麻纤维和明胶为原料合成了可生物降解、环保的复合吸附剂，并对其去除水溶液中镉（Cd2+）、铅（Pb2+）和铬（Cr3+）离子的效果进行了评价。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜和能量色散X射线分析对制备的样品进行了表征，结果表明明胶成功地嵌入了微晶纤维素基体中。在分批吸附研究中，研究了pH、吸附剂用量、初始金属离子浓度和温度对重金属离子去除的影响。复合材料的吸附容量随着参数的变化而变化，在pH 6和60的条件下，对Cd2+、Pb2+和Cr3+的最大去除率分别为95%、88%和70% ppm的每种金属离子浓度和1.0的吸附剂剂量 g L−1。复合吸附剂中不同官能团有利于重金属离子的吸附。使用五种误差分析方法来评估数据的拟合优度。平衡吸附和动力学数据分别与Langmuir等温线模型和拟二阶模型拟合良好。此外，热力学研究表明，吸附是自发的、化学吸附的和吸热的。我们的工作提供了一种由改性黄麻纤维和明胶合成的可持续且可生物降解的复合材料，用于从水中去除多金属离子，这是传统的不可生物降解吸附剂的环保替代品，具有潜在的环境风险。
{"title":"Biodegradable Composite of Gelatin Blend Microcrystalline Cellulose for Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cr3+ Adsorption from an Aqueous Solution","authors":"M. Sultana, Md. Raju Ahmmed, Md Inzamam Ul Hoque, Tanvir Ebna Mohsen, Atol Mondol, Md. Hafezur Rahaman, Moumita Yesmin, Md. Shahedur Rahman, S. Alam","doi":"10.1155/2023/1893660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1893660","url":null,"abstract":"Biodegradable and eco-friendly composite adsorbent was synthesized from modified jute fiber and gelatin and evaluated its efficacy in removing cadmium (Cd2+), lead (Pb2+), and chromium (Cr3+) ions from an aqueous solution. The prepared sample was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analyses, which revealed that gelatin successfully intercalated into the microcrystalline cellulose matrix. In batch adsorption studies, the effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and temperature on the removal of heavy metal ions were investigated. The adsorption capacity of the composite varied with changing parameters, and the maximum removal efficiency obtained for Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cr3+ was 95%, 88%, and 70%, respectively, at pH 6 with 60 ppm of each metal ions concentration and an adsorbent dosage of 1.0 g L−1. Different functional groups in composite adsorbent facilitated heavy metal ions adsorption. Five error analysis methods were used to evaluate the fit the goodness of the data. The equilibrium adsorption and kinetic data were well-fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order, respectively. Moreover, the thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption was spontaneous, chemisorption, and endothermic. Our work offers a sustainable and biodegradable composite synthesized from modified jute fiber and gelatin for multimetal ions removal from an aqueous, which is an eco-friendly alternative to conventional nonbiodegradable adsorbents with potential environmental risks.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45372315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) capable of selectively recognizing and absorbing 4,4 ′ -methylenedianiline (MDA) were successfully synthesized, using Fe3O4 coated with mesoporous silicon (Fe3O4@mSiO2) as the magnetic carrier, 4-vinyl pyridine (4-VP) as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linking agent, and MDA as the template molecule. The morphology, structure, and properties of MIPs were characterized, suggesting that the MIPs had obvious core-shell structure and strong magnetic responsiveness. The results of adsorption property tests showed that the MIPs could specifically recognize and adsorb MDA with excellent selectivity and reusability. The adsorption kinetic process could be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption isotherm could be fitted by the Langmuir model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 59.5 μmol/g. Furthermore, the magnetic MIPs have been applied to the electrochemical detection of MDA from the composite film sample, with recoveries in the range from 87.8% to 92.5% and the RSD values less than 4.4%. The prepared magnetic MIPs showed potential for the selective separation and detection of MDA in food-contact materials.
{"title":"Synthesis, Evaluation, and Electrochemical Detection Application of Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for 4,4\u0000 ′\u0000 -Methylenedianiline from Food-Contact Materials","authors":"Lijing Lu, Haoyue Ning, Jipeng Guo, Chuang Guo, Liao Pan, Li-jing Lu","doi":"10.1155/2023/9306542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9306542","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) capable of selectively recognizing and absorbing 4,4\u0000 \u0000 ′\u0000 \u0000 -methylenedianiline (MDA) were successfully synthesized, using Fe3O4 coated with mesoporous silicon (Fe3O4@mSiO2) as the magnetic carrier, 4-vinyl pyridine (4-VP) as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linking agent, and MDA as the template molecule. The morphology, structure, and properties of MIPs were characterized, suggesting that the MIPs had obvious core-shell structure and strong magnetic responsiveness. The results of adsorption property tests showed that the MIPs could specifically recognize and adsorb MDA with excellent selectivity and reusability. The adsorption kinetic process could be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption isotherm could be fitted by the Langmuir model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 59.5 μmol/g. Furthermore, the magnetic MIPs have been applied to the electrochemical detection of MDA from the composite film sample, with recoveries in the range from 87.8% to 92.5% and the RSD values less than 4.4%. The prepared magnetic MIPs showed potential for the selective separation and detection of MDA in food-contact materials.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47060473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarower Kabir, F. Ahmad, Chowdhury Ahmed Shahed, Ebru Gunister
Drilling in synthetic fiber-reinforced polymer composites is facing challenges due to their anisotropic, inhomogeneity, and abrasive machining behavior. The joining of composite parts using fasteners is commonly done by the drilling, and the generated heat is one of the main causes to damage the drilled hole in the composite. Moreover, the quality of drilled hole is crucial for joining parts effectively. The paper presents the design, fabrication, and drilling of a hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer (HFRP) based on insulative coating. These composites were fabricated using vacuum infusion molding (VIM) and coated with different thicknesses to investigate the influence of drilling parameters and associated damages. Cutting speed, feed rate, and coating thicknesses were varied, and a full factorial design of the experiment was formulated. High-speed steel (HSS) twist drill bit was used to drill the coated composite and test samples, and delamination factor and surface roughness were measured. ANOVA and full factorial response optimizer were used to evaluate the influence and optimum drilling parameters. The delamination factor (DF) at the entry and surface roughness were found to decrease with the increasing cutting speed. However, the DF at the exit showed the opposite. Coating thickness influenced the delamination at the entry whereas delamination at the exit has been found insignificant. For drilling HFRP composite with 1 mm coating thickness, 3000 RPM spindle speed and 0.08 mm/rev feed rate were found optimum parameters in minimizing surface roughness and delamination damage. However, 6000 RPM and 0.02 mm/rev were found optimum parameters for drilling HFRP composite with 1.5 mm coating thickness.
{"title":"Influence of Drilling Parameters on the Delamination and Surface Roughness of Insulative-Coated Glass/Carbon-Hybrid Composite","authors":"Sarower Kabir, F. Ahmad, Chowdhury Ahmed Shahed, Ebru Gunister","doi":"10.1155/2023/6271115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6271115","url":null,"abstract":"Drilling in synthetic fiber-reinforced polymer composites is facing challenges due to their anisotropic, inhomogeneity, and abrasive machining behavior. The joining of composite parts using fasteners is commonly done by the drilling, and the generated heat is one of the main causes to damage the drilled hole in the composite. Moreover, the quality of drilled hole is crucial for joining parts effectively. The paper presents the design, fabrication, and drilling of a hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer (HFRP) based on insulative coating. These composites were fabricated using vacuum infusion molding (VIM) and coated with different thicknesses to investigate the influence of drilling parameters and associated damages. Cutting speed, feed rate, and coating thicknesses were varied, and a full factorial design of the experiment was formulated. High-speed steel (HSS) twist drill bit was used to drill the coated composite and test samples, and delamination factor and surface roughness were measured. ANOVA and full factorial response optimizer were used to evaluate the influence and optimum drilling parameters. The delamination factor (DF) at the entry and surface roughness were found to decrease with the increasing cutting speed. However, the DF at the exit showed the opposite. Coating thickness influenced the delamination at the entry whereas delamination at the exit has been found insignificant. For drilling HFRP composite with 1 mm coating thickness, 3000 RPM spindle speed and 0.08 mm/rev feed rate were found optimum parameters in minimizing surface roughness and delamination damage. However, 6000 RPM and 0.02 mm/rev were found optimum parameters for drilling HFRP composite with 1.5 mm coating thickness.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42562307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. V. V. Kumar, N. Shanmugapriya, S. Arun, G. Ramasubramanian
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement is being used to fill voids that are created due to vertebral compression fractures. It is also a grouting medium in orthopedic joint replacement surgeries as they possess fast primary fixation to the bone. Considering the cement properties and in vitro bioactivity of bone cement is essential for cemented hip and knee joint replacement surgeries. In this study, commercial Simplex P bone cement (SPBC) is modified with carboxyl- (-COOH-) functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to overcome high polymerization temperature, volumetric shrinkage, surface wettability, and in vitro bioactivity. A geometric dilution method is used to incorporate MWCNTs with the PMMA powder, which is in unequal proportions. The PMMA/MWCNT nanocomposite with different concentrations of reinforcements, such as 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 weight percentages, is prepared for the investigation. It was observed that the MWCNTs had a beneficial impact on PMMA bone cement (PMMA-BC) by enhancing its setting time (2.94%↑) and surface wettability (23.58%↑). Also, diminished polymerization temperature (29%↓) and volumetric shrinkage (40.9%↓) are observed for an optimum concentration of 0.7 wt. %. The bioactivity of the cement surface is validated by the in vitro bioactivity observed in simulated body fluid (SBF) through the development of primary and secondary apatite. It is concluded that the synthesized PMMA/MWCNT nanocomposites are found to have enhanced cement properties compared to PMMA-BC.
{"title":"Analysis of the Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Polymethyl Methacrylate Bone Cement’s Characteristics and In Vitro Bioactivity to Prolong Its Functionality in Orthopedic Application","authors":"T. V. V. Kumar, N. Shanmugapriya, S. Arun, G. Ramasubramanian","doi":"10.1155/2023/8832582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8832582","url":null,"abstract":"Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement is being used to fill voids that are created due to vertebral compression fractures. It is also a grouting medium in orthopedic joint replacement surgeries as they possess fast primary fixation to the bone. Considering the cement properties and in vitro bioactivity of bone cement is essential for cemented hip and knee joint replacement surgeries. In this study, commercial Simplex P bone cement (SPBC) is modified with carboxyl- (-COOH-) functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to overcome high polymerization temperature, volumetric shrinkage, surface wettability, and in vitro bioactivity. A geometric dilution method is used to incorporate MWCNTs with the PMMA powder, which is in unequal proportions. The PMMA/MWCNT nanocomposite with different concentrations of reinforcements, such as 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 weight percentages, is prepared for the investigation. It was observed that the MWCNTs had a beneficial impact on PMMA bone cement (PMMA-BC) by enhancing its setting time (2.94%↑) and surface wettability (23.58%↑). Also, diminished polymerization temperature (29%↓) and volumetric shrinkage (40.9%↓) are observed for an optimum concentration of 0.7 wt. %. The bioactivity of the cement surface is validated by the in vitro bioactivity observed in simulated body fluid (SBF) through the development of primary and secondary apatite. It is concluded that the synthesized PMMA/MWCNT nanocomposites are found to have enhanced cement properties compared to PMMA-BC.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44953272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Raksaksri, Y. Ruksakulpiwat, Thamolwan Udomkitpanya
Wet blue leather is a waste produced by the leather industry. It is a difficult waste product to dispose of, and if not disposed of properly, it will affect the environment and cause toxicity. Therefore, recycling was considered as an alternative to waste disposal. In this study, polymer composites were prepared from two types of polymers, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and wet blue leather (WBL). A twin screw extruder and injection molding were used to prepare the composites. The effect of polymer type and WBL content (5, 10, and 15 wt%) on mechanical properties, thermal properties, flammability, MFI, water absorption, and morphology was investigated. All the polymer composites showed an increase in tensile and flexural strength, Young’s modulus, and water absorption but decreased in elongation at break, impact strength, and flammability compared to neat polymers.
{"title":"The Properties of Tannery Waste Addition as a Filler Based on Two Types of Polymer Matrices: Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) (PBAT) and Poly(Butylene Succinate) (PBS)","authors":"L. Raksaksri, Y. Ruksakulpiwat, Thamolwan Udomkitpanya","doi":"10.1155/2023/8301108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8301108","url":null,"abstract":"Wet blue leather is a waste produced by the leather industry. It is a difficult waste product to dispose of, and if not disposed of properly, it will affect the environment and cause toxicity. Therefore, recycling was considered as an alternative to waste disposal. In this study, polymer composites were prepared from two types of polymers, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and wet blue leather (WBL). A twin screw extruder and injection molding were used to prepare the composites. The effect of polymer type and WBL content (5, 10, and 15 wt%) on mechanical properties, thermal properties, flammability, MFI, water absorption, and morphology was investigated. All the polymer composites showed an increase in tensile and flexural strength, Young’s modulus, and water absorption but decreased in elongation at break, impact strength, and flammability compared to neat polymers.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42678605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Min, W. Lim, Ju-Hong Lee, Chung Ryeol Kwon, G. Song, J. Bae, P. Huh
A series of isosorbide-based thermoplastic polyurethanes (ISB-TPUs) with different soft/hard ratios have been successfully step polymerized using individual two types of polycaprolactone diol (PCL) or poly (tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG) for soft segment and bio-based isosorbide (ISB) or methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) for hard segment, based on the similar molecular weight. The effect of the molecular structure on the mechanical and thermal properties has been evaluated in terms of the types of soft/hard and polyol, ranging from 6/4 to 9/1 ratio values. With the increasing of PCL content, the thermal properties of the ISB-TPU have enhanced gradually. When the range from PCL was 6/4, the tensile strength has achieved the maximum value in comparison with that of the PTMG block. Elongation at break has increased with the increase of hard segment concentration, due to the superior interaction between ester groups and urethane groups. The obtained ISB-TPUs can be a promising resin for soft, flexible, and biocompatible application fields.
{"title":"Isosorbide-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane with Different Polyols and Soft/Hard Ratios","authors":"J. Min, W. Lim, Ju-Hong Lee, Chung Ryeol Kwon, G. Song, J. Bae, P. Huh","doi":"10.1155/2023/6411623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6411623","url":null,"abstract":"A series of isosorbide-based thermoplastic polyurethanes (ISB-TPUs) with different soft/hard ratios have been successfully step polymerized using individual two types of polycaprolactone diol (PCL) or poly (tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG) for soft segment and bio-based isosorbide (ISB) or methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) for hard segment, based on the similar molecular weight. The effect of the molecular structure on the mechanical and thermal properties has been evaluated in terms of the types of soft/hard and polyol, ranging from 6/4 to 9/1 ratio values. With the increasing of PCL content, the thermal properties of the ISB-TPU have enhanced gradually. When the range from PCL was 6/4, the tensile strength has achieved the maximum value in comparison with that of the PTMG block. Elongation at break has increased with the increase of hard segment concentration, due to the superior interaction between ester groups and urethane groups. The obtained ISB-TPUs can be a promising resin for soft, flexible, and biocompatible application fields.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49566841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Luo, Yinlong Zhu, Haifeng Zhao, Luqiang Ma, Jingjing Zhang
The equibiaxial planar tension test is an important method for determining the mechanical properties of hyperplastic membranes, and it is also critical to designing an effective equibiaxial tension test rig to meet experimental accuracy requirements. However, any analysis addressing the accuracy of this test is not reported in the literature. In this paper, an equibiaxial planar tension apparatus is proposed for conducting single-corner-point tension tests on hyperelastic electroactive polymer (EAP) membranes. The experimental data were compared with those obtained from two-corner-point-fixed tension tests and fitted with nonlinear material models, and the model’s parameters were also evaluated. Finally, the widely-used finite element software ABAQUS was employed to simulate equibiaxial planar tension methods and investigate the impact of clamping mode and point number on test accuracy as well as the uniformity of overall deformation. The test results indicate that the stress-strain curves for the two tensions remain consistent across small stretch ratios. However, as the stretch ratio increases (about λ > 2.25 ) in two-corner-point-fixed tension, stress shielding may lead to a degradation of strain uniformity and result in greater stresses than single-corner-point tension. Additionally, both the three-parameter Yeoh model and the four-parameter Ogden model can provide an accurate description of the EAP membrane material. The simulation results indicate that the axial strain variation amplitudes remain below 5% within a region spanning approximately 80% of the specimen’s overall length from its center to edge and even below 1% within a region spanning 85% in the single-corner-point tension; stress inaccuracies increase with stretch ratio, while the calculated error is about 2.1% when λ = 4 in the single-corner-point tension test, which has the smallest stress error among the tests; when the number of tension points is increased, the overall deformation becomes more sufficient, and the test accuracy improves as well. The conclusions drawn from this paper will be beneficial in designing equibiaxial planar tension test rigs and analyzing their accuracy and uniformity of deformation.
{"title":"Equibiaxial Planar Tension Test Method and the Simulation Analysis for Hyperelastic EAP Membrane","authors":"H. Luo, Yinlong Zhu, Haifeng Zhao, Luqiang Ma, Jingjing Zhang","doi":"10.1155/2023/7343992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7343992","url":null,"abstract":"The equibiaxial planar tension test is an important method for determining the mechanical properties of hyperplastic membranes, and it is also critical to designing an effective equibiaxial tension test rig to meet experimental accuracy requirements. However, any analysis addressing the accuracy of this test is not reported in the literature. In this paper, an equibiaxial planar tension apparatus is proposed for conducting single-corner-point tension tests on hyperelastic electroactive polymer (EAP) membranes. The experimental data were compared with those obtained from two-corner-point-fixed tension tests and fitted with nonlinear material models, and the model’s parameters were also evaluated. Finally, the widely-used finite element software ABAQUS was employed to simulate equibiaxial planar tension methods and investigate the impact of clamping mode and point number on test accuracy as well as the uniformity of overall deformation. The test results indicate that the stress-strain curves for the two tensions remain consistent across small stretch ratios. However, as the stretch ratio increases (about \u0000 \u0000 λ\u0000 >\u0000 2.25\u0000 \u0000 ) in two-corner-point-fixed tension, stress shielding may lead to a degradation of strain uniformity and result in greater stresses than single-corner-point tension. Additionally, both the three-parameter Yeoh model and the four-parameter Ogden model can provide an accurate description of the EAP membrane material. The simulation results indicate that the axial strain variation amplitudes remain below 5% within a region spanning approximately 80% of the specimen’s overall length from its center to edge and even below 1% within a region spanning 85% in the single-corner-point tension; stress inaccuracies increase with stretch ratio, while the calculated error is about 2.1% when \u0000 \u0000 λ\u0000 =\u0000 4\u0000 \u0000 in the single-corner-point tension test, which has the smallest stress error among the tests; when the number of tension points is increased, the overall deformation becomes more sufficient, and the test accuracy improves as well. The conclusions drawn from this paper will be beneficial in designing equibiaxial planar tension test rigs and analyzing their accuracy and uniformity of deformation.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46287580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sudheer D. Kulkarni, B. Manjunatha, U. Chandrasekhar, G. K. Siddesh, Haiter Lenin, Sujin Jose Arul
A seal is a mechanism or a piece of material that securely shuts a hole so that air, liquid, or other substances cannot enter or exit the system. Seals are an essential component of practically all machinery and engines and have several applications in industry. The development of novel materials for sealing applications is essentially required on these days. In this research, an attempt is made to find the polymer material for the said application. Poly vinyl rubber material has been taken, and the specimens are prepared for testing the tensile properties and hardness. The specimens were prepared by using die with various temperatures and curing time. Sixteen specimens were prepared by changing the curing temperature, curing time, postcuring temperature, and postcuring time. The curing temperature 150°C and 170°C, postcuring temperature 100°C and 50°C, curing time 14 mins and 18 mins, postcuring time 120 mins and 60 mins, and the pressure of 150 kg/cm2 for all the specimens were maintained. The tensile strength and hardness analysis were done as per the ASTM standard, and it was found that the specimen prepared on 150°C curing temperature, 18 min curing time, 50°C postcuring temperature, and 120 min postcuring time provides the higher tensile strength. DOE analysis is also done to determine the best values of the factors impacting the mechanical characteristics of the seal material. Simple regression analysis is used to find the influence of curing temperature and curing time on the tensile strength and hardness for every 1°C temperature rise and 1 sec curing time.
{"title":"Effect of Curing Temperature and Time on Mechanical Properties of Vinyl Polymer Material for Sealing Applications in Industry Using Machine Learning Techniques","authors":"Sudheer D. Kulkarni, B. Manjunatha, U. Chandrasekhar, G. K. Siddesh, Haiter Lenin, Sujin Jose Arul","doi":"10.1155/2023/9964610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9964610","url":null,"abstract":"A seal is a mechanism or a piece of material that securely shuts a hole so that air, liquid, or other substances cannot enter or exit the system. Seals are an essential component of practically all machinery and engines and have several applications in industry. The development of novel materials for sealing applications is essentially required on these days. In this research, an attempt is made to find the polymer material for the said application. Poly vinyl rubber material has been taken, and the specimens are prepared for testing the tensile properties and hardness. The specimens were prepared by using die with various temperatures and curing time. Sixteen specimens were prepared by changing the curing temperature, curing time, postcuring temperature, and postcuring time. The curing temperature 150°C and 170°C, postcuring temperature 100°C and 50°C, curing time 14 mins and 18 mins, postcuring time 120 mins and 60 mins, and the pressure of 150 kg/cm2 for all the specimens were maintained. The tensile strength and hardness analysis were done as per the ASTM standard, and it was found that the specimen prepared on 150°C curing temperature, 18 min curing time, 50°C postcuring temperature, and 120 min postcuring time provides the higher tensile strength. DOE analysis is also done to determine the best values of the factors impacting the mechanical characteristics of the seal material. Simple regression analysis is used to find the influence of curing temperature and curing time on the tensile strength and hardness for every 1°C temperature rise and 1 sec curing time.","PeriodicalId":7372,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Polymer Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47813511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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