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The bond-algebraic approach to dualities 对偶的键代数方法
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2011-03-14 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2011.619814
E. Cobanera, G. Ortiz, Z. Nussinov
An algebraic theory of dualities is developed based on the notion of bond algebras. It deals with classical and quantum dualities in a unified fashion explaining the precise connection between quantum dualities and the low temperature (strong-coupling)/high temperature (weak-coupling) dualities of classical statistical mechanics (or (Euclidean) path integrals). Its range of applications includes discrete lattice, continuum field and gauge theories. Dualities are revealed to be local, structure-preserving mappings between model-specific bond algebras that can be implemented as unitary transformations, or partial isometries if gauge symmetries are involved. This characterization permits us to search systematically for dualities and self-dualities in quantum models of arbitrary system size, dimensionality and complexity, and any classical model admitting a transfer matrix or operator representation. In particular, special dualities such as exact dimensional reduction, emergent and gauge-reducing dualities that solve gauge constraints can be easily understood in terms of mappings of bond algebras. As a new example, we show that the ℤ2 Higgs model is dual to the extended toric code model in any number of dimensions. Non-local transformations such as dual variables and Jordan–Wigner dictionaries are algorithmically derived from the local mappings of bond algebras. This permits us to establish a precise connection between quantum dual and classical disorder variables. Our bond-algebraic approach goes beyond the standard approach to classical dualities, and could help resolve the long-standing problem of obtaining duality transformations for lattice non-Abelian models. As an illustration, we present new dualities in any spatial dimension for the quantum Heisenberg model. Finally, we discuss various applications including location of phase boundaries, spectral behavior and, notably, we show how bond-algebraic dualities help constrain and realize fermionization in an arbitrary number of spatial dimensions.
基于键代数的概念,提出了对偶的代数理论。它以统一的方式处理经典和量子对偶性,解释量子对偶性与经典统计力学(或(欧几里得)路径积分)的低温(强耦合)/高温(弱耦合)对偶性之间的精确联系。它的应用范围包括离散晶格、连续介质场和规范理论。对偶性被揭示为特定于模型的键代数之间的局部、结构保持映射,这些映射可以被实现为酉变换,或者如果涉及规范对称,则可以实现部分等距。这种表征使我们能够系统地搜索任意系统大小、维数和复杂性的量子模型中的对偶性和自对偶性,以及任何允许传递矩阵或算子表示的经典模型。特别是,特殊的对偶性,如精确降维,紧急和规范降维对偶,解决规范约束,可以很容易地理解键代数的映射。作为一个新的例子,我们证明了在任意维数上,s2希格斯模型与扩展环码模型是对偶的。非局部变换,如对偶变量和Jordan-Wigner字典,是从键代数的局部映射算法派生出来的。这使我们能够在量子对偶和经典无序变量之间建立精确的联系。我们的键代数方法超越了经典对偶的标准方法,可以帮助解决晶格非阿贝尔模型长期存在的对偶变换问题。作为说明,我们提出了量子海森堡模型在任何空间维度上的新对偶性。最后,我们讨论了各种应用,包括相边界的位置,光谱行为,值得注意的是,我们展示了键代数对偶性如何帮助约束和实现任意数量空间维度的费米化。
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引用次数: 85
Amorphous carbon 非晶碳
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2011-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2011.534871
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引用次数: 8
Ultrathin oxide films and interfaces for electronics and spintronics 用于电子和自旋电子学的超薄氧化膜和界面
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2011-01-06 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2010.534865
M. Bibes, J. Villegas, A. Barthélémy
Oxides have become a key ingredient for new concepts of electronic devices. To a large extent, this is due to the profusion of new physics and novel functionalities arising from ultrathin oxide films and at oxide interfaces. We present here a perspective on selected topics within this vast field and focus on two main issues. The first part of this review is dedicated to the use of ultrathin films of insulating oxides as barriers for tunnel junctions. In addition to dielectric non-magnetic epitaxial barriers, which can produce tunneling magnetoresistances in excess of a few hundred percent, we pay special attention to the possibility of exploiting the multifunctional character of some oxides in order to realize ‘active’ tunnel barriers. In these, the conductance across the barrier is not only controlled by the bias voltage and/or the electrodes magnetic state, but also depends on the barrier ferroic state. Some examples include spin-filtering effects using ferro- and ferrimagnetic oxides, and the possibility of realizing hysteretic, multi-state junctions using ferroelectric barriers. The second part of this review is devoted to novel states appearing at oxide interfaces. Often completely different from those of the corresponding bulk materials, they bring about novel functionalities to be exploited in spintronics and electronics architectures. We review the main mechanisms responsible for these new properties (such as magnetic coupling, charge transfer and proximity effects) and summarize some of the most paradigmatic phenomena. These include the formation of high-mobility two-dimensional electron gases at the interface between insulators, the emergence of superconductivity (or ferromagnetism) at the interface between non-superconducting (or non-ferromagnetic) materials, the observation of magnetoelectric effects at magnetic/ferroelectric interfaces or the effects of the interplay and competing interactions at all-oxide ferromagnetic/superconducting interfaces. Finally, we link up the two reviewed research fields and emphasize that the tunneling geometry is particularly suited to probe novel interface effects at oxide barrier/electrode interfaces. We close by giving some directions toward tunneling devices exploiting novel oxide interfacial phenomena.
氧化物已经成为电子设备新概念的关键成分。在很大程度上,这是由于超薄氧化膜和氧化界面产生了大量的新物理和新功能。在这里,我们对这个广阔领域中选定的主题提出了一个观点,并重点关注两个主要问题。本文的第一部分介绍了超薄绝缘氧化物薄膜作为隧道结屏障的应用。除了介电非磁性外延势垒可以产生超过百分之几的隧穿磁阻外,我们还特别关注利用某些氧化物的多功能特性以实现“有源”隧道势垒的可能性。在这些方法中,穿过势垒的电导不仅由偏置电压和/或电极的磁性状态控制,而且还取决于势垒的铁态。一些例子包括使用铁和铁磁性氧化物的自旋过滤效应,以及使用铁电势垒实现迟滞多态结的可能性。本综述的第二部分致力于在氧化物界面上出现的新状态。它们通常与相应的块状材料完全不同,它们带来了新的功能,可用于自旋电子学和电子结构。我们回顾了这些新性质的主要机制(如磁耦合、电荷转移和邻近效应),并总结了一些最典型的现象。这些包括在绝缘体之间的界面上形成高迁移率的二维电子气体,在非超导(或非铁磁性)材料之间的界面上出现超导(或铁磁性),在磁性/铁电界面上观察磁电效应或在全氧化物铁磁性/超导界面上相互作用和竞争相互作用的影响。最后,我们将两个已回顾的研究领域联系起来,并强调隧道几何结构特别适合于探测氧化势垒/电极界面的新型界面效应。最后,我们给出了利用新型氧化物界面现象的隧道装置的一些方向。
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引用次数: 385
Diamond Anniversary of Advances in Physics 物理学进展钻石周年纪念
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2011-01-06 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2011.534868
D. Sherrington
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引用次数: 1
Memory effects in complex materials and nanoscale systems 复杂材料和纳米级系统中的记忆效应
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2010-11-12 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2010.544961
Y. Pershin, M. Di Ventra
Memory effects are ubiquitous in nature and are particularly relevant at the nanoscale where the dynamical properties of electrons and ions strongly depend on the history of the system, at least within certain time scales. We review here the memory properties of various materials and systems which appear most strikingly in their non-trivial, time-dependent resistive, capacitative and inductive characteristics. We describe these characteristics within the framework of memristors, memcapacitors and meminductors, namely memory-circuit elements with properties that depend on the history and state of the system. We examine basic issues related to such systems and critically report on both theoretical and experimental progress in understanding their functionalities. We also discuss possible applications of memory effects in various areas of science and technology ranging from digital to analog electronics, biologically inspired circuits and learning. We finally discuss future research opportunities in the field.
记忆效应在自然界中无处不在,尤其是在纳米尺度上,电子和离子的动力学特性强烈依赖于系统的历史,至少在一定的时间尺度内。我们在这里回顾了各种材料和系统的记忆特性,其中最引人注目的是它们的非平凡的、随时间变化的电阻性、容性和感性特性。我们在记忆电阻器、记忆电容和记忆电感的框架内描述这些特性,即具有依赖于系统历史和状态的特性的记忆电路元件。我们研究了与这些系统相关的基本问题,并批判性地报告了理解其功能的理论和实验进展。我们还讨论了记忆效应在各种科学技术领域的可能应用,从数字到模拟电子学,生物启发电路和学习。最后讨论了该领域未来的研究机会。
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引用次数: 622
Lord Flowers: 1924–2010 Lord Flowers: 1924-2010
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2010-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2010.527715
D. Sherrington
On 25 June 2010 the world lost a great man, Brian Hilton Flowers, who throughout his very productive and influential life had enormous impact on the organization of science and technology, as well as other aspects of society, especially university education. Many facets of his work have been reported in earlier obituaries in the mainstream press and in the physics community’s newspaper ‘‘Interactions’’. Here we remember particularly another of his achievements, not reported in those mainstream media. Brian Flowers was the second Editor of Advances in Physics for Volumes 8–11 (1959–1961). The journal prospered under his direction. In the same year that he assumed the Editorship Flowers instigated another important advance in physics, in this case in education, the complete revamping of the undergraduate curriculum at the University of Manchester, which he kick-started with an exciting new lecture course on ‘‘Properties of Matter’’. Among the first cohort to take and appreciate this course was the present Editor of Advances in Physics, for whom it was a defining experience, sparking his interest and enthusiasm for condensed matter physics, which led, in turn, to his own assumption of the stewardship. As noted briefly above and detailed in other obituaries and tributes, Flowers was extremely influential as Chairman of many governmental, national and international committees. Of particular note for the whole UK science community are his direction of the Science Research Council during 1967–73 and his membership of the House of Lords Select Committee for Science and Technology between 1982 and 2002, for Europe his pressing for the establishment of the European Science Foundation and serving as its first President 1974–79, and for the physics community his Presidency of the Institute of Physics during 1972–74. We mourn his passage and express much gratitude for all he has done.
2010年6月25日,世界失去了一位伟人布莱恩·希尔顿·弗劳尔斯,他的一生卓有成效,影响深远,对科学和技术的组织以及社会的其他方面,特别是大学教育产生了巨大影响。他工作的许多方面在主流媒体和物理学界的报纸《相互作用》的早期讣告中都有报道。在这里,我们特别记得他的另一个成就,没有在那些主流媒体报道。布莱恩·弗劳尔斯是《物理学进展》第8-11卷的第二任编辑(1959-1961)。这家杂志在他的指导下兴旺发达。在他担任编辑的同一年,弗劳尔斯推动了物理学的另一项重要进展,这次是在教育方面,他对曼彻斯特大学的本科课程进行了全面改革,他以一门令人兴奋的新课程“物质的性质”拉开了序幕。第一批学习和欣赏这门课程的人是《物理学进展》的现任编辑,对他来说,这是一次决定性的经历,激发了他对凝聚态物理的兴趣和热情,这反过来又导致了他自己的管理。如上所述,弗劳尔斯作为许多政府、国家和国际委员会的主席极具影响力,在其他讣告和悼词中也有详细说明。对整个英国科学界来说,特别值得注意的是,他在1967年至1973年期间担任科学研究委员会的主任,在1982年至2002年期间担任上议院科学技术特别委员会的成员,在欧洲,他迫切要求建立欧洲科学基金会,并在1974年至1979年期间担任该基金会的首任主席,在物理界,他在1972年至1974年期间担任物理研究所的主席。我们对他的逝世表示哀悼,并对他所做的一切表示感谢。
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引用次数: 0
Dissipative solitons 耗散孤子
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2010-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/b11728
H. Purwins, H. U. Bödeker, S. Amiranashvili
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引用次数: 104
Quantum computing by optical control of electron spins 电子自旋光学控制的量子计算
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2010-06-29 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2010.505452
Renbao Liu, W. Yao, L. Sham
We review the progress and main challenges in implementing large-scale quantum computing by optical control of electron spins in quantum dots (QDs). Relevant systems include self-assembled QDs of III–V or II–VI compound semiconductors (such as InGaAs and CdSe), monolayer fluctuation QDs in compound semiconductor quantum wells, and impurity centres in solids, such as P-donors in silicon and nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond. The decoherence of the electron spin qubits is discussed and various schemes for countering the decoherence problem are reviewed. We put forward designs of local nodes consisting of a few qubits which can be individually addressed and controlled. Remotely separated local nodes are connected by photonic structures (microcavities and waveguides) to form a large-scale distributed quantum system or a quantum network. The operation of the quantum network consists of optical control of a single electron spin, coupling of two spins in a local nodes, optically controlled quantum interfacing between stationary spin qubits in QDs and flying photon qubits in waveguides, rapid initialization of spin qubits and qubit-specific single-shot non-demolition quantum measurement. The rapid qubit initialization may be realized by selectively enhancing certain entropy dumping channels via phonon or photon baths. The single-shot quantum measurement may be in situ implemented through the integrated photonic network. The relevance of quantum non-demolition measurement to large-scale quantum computation is discussed. To illustrate the feasibility and demand, the resources are estimated for the benchmark problem of factorizing 15 with Shor's algorithm.
本文综述了利用光学控制量子点中电子自旋实现大规模量子计算的进展和主要挑战。相关体系包括III-V或II-VI化合物半导体(如InGaAs和CdSe)的自组装量子点,化合物半导体量子阱中的单层涨落量子点,以及固体中的杂质中心,如硅中的p给体和金刚石中的氮空位中心。讨论了电子自旋量子位元的退相干问题,评述了各种解决退相干问题的方案。我们提出了由几个量子比特组成的局部节点的设计,这些节点可以单独寻址和控制。远程分离的局部节点通过光子结构(微腔和波导)连接起来,形成大规模的分布式量子系统或量子网络。量子网络的运行包括单个电子自旋的光控制、局部节点中两个自旋的耦合、量子点中固定自旋量子比特与波导中飞行光子量子比特之间的光控制量子接口、自旋量子比特的快速初始化和量子比特特定的单次非拆除量子测量。通过声子或光子浴选择性地增强某些熵倾倒通道,可以实现量子比特的快速初始化。单次量子测量可以通过集成光子网络就地实现。讨论了量子非拆除测量与大规模量子计算的相关性。为了说明可行性和需求,对用肖尔算法分解15的基准问题进行了资源估计。
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引用次数: 99
The puzzle of high temperature superconductivity in layered iron pnictides and chalcogenides 层状铁化合物和硫属化合物的高温超导性难题
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2010-05-24 DOI: 10.1080/00018732.2010.513480
D. Johnston
The response of the worldwide scientific community to the discovery in 2008 of superconductivity at T c = 26 K in the Fe-based compound LaFeAsO1−x F x has been very enthusiastic. In short order, other Fe-based superconductors with the same or related crystal structures were discovered with T c up to 56 K. Many experiments were carried out and theories formulated to try to understand the basic properties of these new materials and the mechanism for T c. In this selective critical review of the experimental literature, we distill some of this extensive body of work, and discuss relationships between different types of experiments on these materials with reference to theoretical concepts and models. The experimental normal-state properties are emphasized, and within these the electronic and magnetic properties because of the likelihood of an electronic/magnetic mechanism for superconductivity in these materials.
2008年,全球科学界对铁基化合物LaFeAsO1−x fx在温度为26 K时的超导性的发现反应非常热烈。在短时间内,发现了其他具有相同或相关晶体结构的铁基超导体,其温度高达56 K。为了了解这些新材料的基本特性和相变机理,我们进行了许多实验并制定了理论。在对实验文献的选择性批判性回顾中,我们提取了一些广泛的工作,并参考理论概念和模型讨论了这些材料的不同类型实验之间的关系。强调了实验正常状态的性质,其中包括电子和磁性,因为这些材料中超导的电子/磁性机制的可能性。
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引用次数: 1191
Advances in Physics Corrigendum 《物理学进展》勘误
1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2010-05-01 DOI: 10.1080/00018731003747359
H. Emmerich
In January 2008, Advances in Physics published a review article by Professor Heike Emmerich of the Centre for Computational Engineering Science and Institute of Minerals Engineering, Aachen, entitled, ‘Advances of and by phase-field modelling in condensed-matter physics’, Advances in Physics, Vol. 57, No. 1, 2008, pp. 1–87. It has recently come to the attention of the author, the Editor of Advances in Physics and Taylor & Francis (Publishers) that a section of the review, contains text that previously appeared in the Ulrike Hecht et al.’s paper ‘Multiphase solidification in multi-component alloys’, Mat. Sci. Eng. Rep. Vol. 46, 2004, 1–49, and that this text has been uncited. The omission of the citation was the result of authorial oversight in the drafting process. Professor Emmerich is pleased now to be able to rectify the omission, and to apologise to the Authors, Editors and Publishers of the original article. Professor Emmerich, the Editor of Advances in Physics, and Taylor & Francis (Publishers) propose to re-establish the comprehensive nature of the references and overview of the literature presented in the review, by publishing Section 4.3 as was originally intended, by the use of quotation marks to cite the text sourced from U. Hecht, L. Gránásy, T. Pusztai, B. Böttger, M. Apel, V. Witusiewicz, L. Ratke, J. De Wilde, L. Froyen, D. Camel, B. Drevet, G. Faivre, S.G. Fries, B. Legendre and S. Rex (2004), Multiphase solidification in multicomponent alloys, ‘Multiphase solidification in multicomponent alloys’, Mat. Sci. Eng. Rep. 46, 1–49.
2008年1月,《物理学进展》发表了一篇由亚琛计算工程科学中心和矿物工程研究所的Heike Emmerich教授撰写的评论文章,题为“凝聚态物理中相场建模的进展”,载于《物理学进展》,Vol. 57, No. 1, 2008, pp. 1 - 87。最近,作者——《物理学进展》和Taylor & Francis(出版社)的编辑——注意到,这篇综述的一个部分包含了Ulrike Hecht等人的论文《多组分合金中的多相凝固》(Mat. Sci.)中先前出现的文本。Eng。众议员第46卷,2004年,第1-49页,这篇文章没有被引用。省略引文是作者在起草过程中疏忽的结果。Emmerich教授现在很高兴能够纠正这一遗漏,并向原文章的作者、编辑和出版商道歉。《物理学进展》的编辑Emmerich教授和Taylor & Francis(出版商)提议重新建立综述中文献参考和概述的综合性质,方法是按原计划出版第4.3节,使用引号引用U. Hecht, L. Gránásy, T. Pusztai, B. Böttger, M. Apel, V. Witusiewicz, L. Ratke, J. De Wilde, L. Froyen, D. Camel, B. Drevet, G. Faivre, S.G. Fries,B. Legendre和S. Rex(2004),多组分合金中的多相凝固,“多组分合金中的多相凝固”,Mat. Sci。Eng。众议员46,1-49。
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引用次数: 0
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