Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101004
Ahmad Adel Abu-Shareha , Raed Alfilh , Araa Mohammed Yaseen , Gadug Sudhamsu , Prabhat Kumar Sahu , Roselin Jenifer D , Sumit Sharma , Vatsal Jain , Zarghuna Hekmatyar
Cadmium toxicity presents a critical challenge for water security, driving the search for efficient biochar adsorbents. This study develops predictive machine learning models for Cd(II) removal using a homogenized global dataset of 1150 experimental records. Seven algorithms were optimized under five-fold cross-validation to estimate adsorption capacity from physicochemical and operational descriptors. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), AdaBoost, and Random Forest (RF) achieved superior predictive consistency (), whereas SVR and MLP-ANN exhibited weak generalization. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis revealed that carbon content and pyrolysis duration exert dominant negative effects on adsorption, contrasting with the positive influence of initial concentration. These opposing trends mechanistically highlight the trade-off between surface functionality and porosity. Overall, this work advances computational environmental research, offering a validated framework for the targeted design of biochars to maximize heavy metal sequestration.
{"title":"Robust Data driven modeling of Cd(II) adsorption on biochar","authors":"Ahmad Adel Abu-Shareha , Raed Alfilh , Araa Mohammed Yaseen , Gadug Sudhamsu , Prabhat Kumar Sahu , Roselin Jenifer D , Sumit Sharma , Vatsal Jain , Zarghuna Hekmatyar","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cadmium toxicity presents a critical challenge for water security, driving the search for efficient biochar adsorbents. This study develops predictive machine learning models for Cd(II) removal using a homogenized global dataset of 1150 experimental records. Seven algorithms were optimized under five-fold cross-validation to estimate adsorption capacity from physicochemical and operational descriptors. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), AdaBoost, and Random Forest (RF) achieved superior predictive consistency (<span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>></mo><mn>0.99</mn></mrow></math></span>), whereas SVR and MLP-ANN exhibited weak generalization. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis revealed that carbon content and pyrolysis duration exert dominant negative effects on adsorption, contrasting with the positive influence of initial concentration. These opposing trends mechanistically highlight the trade-off between surface functionality and porosity. Overall, this work advances computational environmental research, offering a validated framework for the targeted design of biochars to maximize heavy metal sequestration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 101004"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rapid industrialization and population growth have escalated aquatic pollution, threatening biodiversity and human health worldwide. Microplastics (MPs) and metals persist as major pollutants that interact to form toxic mixtures, amplifying harm across aquatic food webs. Fish, ecologically vital and nutritionally important, are particularly at risk. Yet, understanding of the combined effects of MPs and metals remains limited. Most research focuses on single pollutants under artificial conditions, employing inconsistent methodologies and offering scant attention to long-term impacts or molecular mechanisms, thereby hindering accurate risk assessment. In this study, the co-exposure of MPs and metals in fish was reviewed, covering literature published between 2016 and 2025 (154 publications). Nevertheless, endpoints, such as bioaccumulation (8.67 %), biochemical (15.33 %), molecular (11.33 %), and histological (9.33 %) responses have been less investigated. Moreover, endpoints, including behaviour (4.00 %), haematology (3.33 %), and genotoxicity (1.33 %) have largely been overlooked. It is worth noting that advanced cellular and molecular techniques, like omics technologies, are rarely employed. Although key pathways, such as caspase activation and apoptosis are documented in co-exposure studies, other cell death cascades remain understudied. Therefore, to address these gaps, future research should adopt more realistic exposure scenarios and diversify MP–metal combinations. To further strengthen the analysis, it should integrate pathway-specific molecular assessments. A holistic, mechanistically informed approach is essential to better understand the toxico-dynamics of co-pollutants and to guide effective ecological risk assessment and pollution mitigation strategies.
{"title":"Microplastic-metal interactions and their toxicological effects in fish: A comprehensive review","authors":"Abha Trivedi , Jumman Bakhasha , Vaishnavi Saxena , Neeti Arya , Pradeep Kumar , Alok Srivastava , Saurabh Mishra , Kamlesh K. Yadav , Sunil P. Trivedi , Mahdi Banaee , Caterina Faggio","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid industrialization and population growth have escalated aquatic pollution, threatening biodiversity and human health worldwide. Microplastics (MPs) and metals persist as major pollutants that interact to form toxic mixtures, amplifying harm across aquatic food webs. Fish, ecologically vital and nutritionally important, are particularly at risk. Yet, understanding of the combined effects of MPs and metals remains limited. Most research focuses on single pollutants under artificial conditions, employing inconsistent methodologies and offering scant attention to long-term impacts or molecular mechanisms, thereby hindering accurate risk assessment. In this study, the co-exposure of MPs and metals in fish was reviewed, covering literature published between 2016 and 2025 (154 publications). Nevertheless, endpoints, such as bioaccumulation (8.67 %), biochemical (15.33 %), molecular (11.33 %), and histological (9.33 %) responses have been less investigated. Moreover, endpoints, including behaviour (4.00 %), haematology (3.33 %), and genotoxicity (1.33 %) have largely been overlooked. It is worth noting that advanced cellular and molecular techniques, like omics technologies, are rarely employed. Although key pathways, such as caspase activation and apoptosis are documented in co-exposure studies, other cell death cascades remain understudied. Therefore, to address these gaps, future research should adopt more realistic exposure scenarios and diversify MP–metal combinations. To further strengthen the analysis, it should integrate pathway-specific molecular assessments. A holistic, mechanistically informed approach is essential to better understand the toxico-dynamics of co-pollutants and to guide effective ecological risk assessment and pollution mitigation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 101005"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101010
Modar Sadek , Nazira Sarkis , George Jangi
Melamine contamination in food represents a significant public health hazard, exacerbated by substantial discrepancies in current regulatory tolerable daily intake (TDI) values. This study aimed to derive a health-protective TDI for melamine by applying benchmark dose (BMD) modeling to continuous renal biomarker data, moving beyond traditional and less sensitive quantal endpoints. We conducted a 28-day OECD 407 guideline study in male Wistar rats (n = 5/group) exposed to melamine at dosages between 0 (1% carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC; control) and 8–504 mg/kg bw /day, Dose-response relationships for renal biomarkers (urea, creatinine, eGFR) were modeled using benchmark dose (BMD) analysis, defining the benchmark response (BMR) as a one-standard-deviation (1SD) change. The results revealed significant elevations in urea and creatinine (p < 0.05) at doses ≥35 mg/kg bw /day, and a significant increase in liver enzymes (ALT and AST) at doses above 252 mg/kg/day. A composite BMDL of 6.815 mg/kg bw /day (urea and creatinine) was derived; applying a 1000-fold uncertainty factor yielded a TDI of 0.0068 mg/kg bw /day which is 10- to 30-fold lower than current FDA (0.063 mg/kg bw /day) and EFSA/WHO (0.2 mg/kg bw /day) values. This work provides a scientifically advanced framework for reassessing melamine risk, demonstrating how this approach can strengthen regulatory standards and enhance public health protection against this prevalent environmental contaminant.
{"title":"Benchmark dose modeling of continuous renal biomarkers for melamine nephrotoxicity in rats to derive a health-protective tolerable daily intake","authors":"Modar Sadek , Nazira Sarkis , George Jangi","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Melamine contamination in food represents a significant public health hazard, exacerbated by substantial discrepancies in current regulatory tolerable daily intake (TDI) values. This study aimed to derive a health-protective TDI for melamine by applying benchmark dose (BMD) modeling to continuous renal biomarker data, moving beyond traditional and less sensitive quantal endpoints. We conducted a 28-day OECD 407 guideline study in male Wistar rats (<em>n</em> = 5/group) exposed to melamine at dosages between 0 (1% carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC; control) and 8–504 mg/kg bw /day, Dose-response relationships for renal biomarkers (urea, creatinine, eGFR) were modeled using benchmark dose (BMD) analysis, defining the benchmark response (BMR) as a one-standard-deviation (1SD) change. The results revealed significant elevations in urea and creatinine (<em>p</em> < 0.05) at doses ≥35 mg/kg bw /day, and a significant increase in liver enzymes (ALT and AST) at doses above 252 mg/kg/day. A composite BMDL of 6.815 mg/kg bw /day (urea and creatinine) was derived; applying a 1000-fold uncertainty factor yielded a TDI of 0.0068 mg/kg bw /day which is 10- to 30-fold lower than current FDA (0.063 mg/kg bw /day) and EFSA/WHO (0.2 mg/kg bw /day) values. This work provides a scientifically advanced framework for reassessing melamine risk, demonstrating how this approach can strengthen regulatory standards and enhance public health protection against this prevalent environmental contaminant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 101010"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101006
Oluwatosin Aladekoyi , John Unuofin , Patricia Hania , Rania Hamza , Khomotso Semenya , Kimberley Gilbride
Pharmacologically active compounds (PhACs) are designed to help diagnose, treat, or prevent ailments and diseases; however, the majority of PhACs are not completely metabolizable by target organisms. Consequently, they are released into the aquatic environment from manufacturers as well as users, and without discharge guidelines and regulations, end up in the environment. While there are limited studies to support their direct impacts on human health at current environmental concentrations, there is an emerging concern stemming from studies on model aquatic organisms inciting negative ecological responses. Despite these avalanches of scientific evidence, there are regulatory and management gaps in removing or reducing the amount and rate at which pharmaceutical compounds enter natural water sources. This review identifies key knowledge and regulatory gaps associated with the presence of PhACs in the aquatic environment and proposes a management model for effective control at the source, consumption, and wastewater treatment levels. By synthesizing current evidence and highlighting the limitations of existing regulatory approaches, this paper underscores the need for more proactive and integrated management strategies capable of addressing both known and emerging challenges.
{"title":"Environmental discharge of pharmacologically active compounds (PhACs): Elucidating the known, unknowns, and effective management strategies","authors":"Oluwatosin Aladekoyi , John Unuofin , Patricia Hania , Rania Hamza , Khomotso Semenya , Kimberley Gilbride","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmacologically active compounds (PhACs) are designed to help diagnose, treat, or prevent ailments and diseases; however, the majority of PhACs are not completely metabolizable by target organisms. Consequently, they are released into the aquatic environment from manufacturers as well as users, and without discharge guidelines and regulations, end up in the environment. While there are limited studies to support their direct impacts on human health at current environmental concentrations, there is an emerging concern stemming from studies on model aquatic organisms inciting negative ecological responses. Despite these avalanches of scientific evidence, there are regulatory and management gaps in removing or reducing the amount and rate at which pharmaceutical compounds enter natural water sources. This review identifies key knowledge and regulatory gaps associated with the presence of PhACs in the aquatic environment and proposes a management model for effective control at the source, consumption, and wastewater treatment levels. By synthesizing current evidence and highlighting the limitations of existing regulatory approaches, this paper underscores the need for more proactive and integrated management strategies capable of addressing both known and emerging challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 101006"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.101001
Maryam Saemi-Komsari , Sajjad Abbasi , Andrew Turner
The dynamics of microplastics (MPs) in the coastal zone are highly complex. In this study, MPs have been determined in air, deposited dusts, seawater, sea foam and the sea surface microlayer (SML) of the Persian Gulf during winter and summer, along with measurements of major seawater ions. MPs were mainly fibres of various sizes and colours and consisted of thermoplastics, thermoplastic elastomers, resins and synthetic rubbers. Estimated settling velocities of MPs in the lower atmosphere were 25 – 36 m h−1 and there was a distinct enrichment of MPs in the SML relative to underlying seawater by factors of ∼ 102 - 103 (assuming an SML thickness of 1000 μm) and in foam relative to seawater of ∼ 102. This suggests that the SML is an important environment for the accumulation of MPs, but with a significant fraction lost through bubble ejection and breaking waves. Calculations based on fibre abundance and the percentage of fine (< 100 μm) MPs revealed evidence of differences in distribution patterns among the different sample media and between winter and summer. Reasons for fractionation are unclear but a correlation between the percentage of fibres and concentration ratios involving Ca2+, the only seawater ion exhibiting non-conservative distributions, suggests they are at least partly related to biogeochemical processes in the regional coastal zone.
海岸带微塑料（MPs）的动态非常复杂。在这项研究中，MPs在冬季和夏季在波斯湾的空气、沉积的粉尘、海水、海泡沫和海面微层（SML）中进行了测定，同时对主要的海水离子进行了测量。MPs主要是各种尺寸和颜色的纤维，由热塑性塑料、热塑性弹性体、树脂和合成橡胶组成。估计低层大气中MPs的沉降速度为25 - 36 m h - 1， SML中MPs相对于下层海水的富集系数为~ 102 - 103（假设SML厚度为1000 μm），泡沫中MPs相对于海水的富集系数为~ 102。这表明SML是MPs积累的重要环境，但通过气泡喷射和破波损失了很大一部分。基于纤维丰度和细（< 100 μm） MPs百分比的计算揭示了不同样品介质之间以及冬季和夏季之间分布模式差异的证据。分选的原因尚不清楚，但纤维百分比与钙离子（唯一表现出非保守分布的海水离子）的浓度比之间的相关性表明，它们至少部分与区域海岸带的生物地球化学过程有关。
{"title":"Microplastic partitioning in the coastal waters and atmosphere of the Persian Gulf, Iran","authors":"Maryam Saemi-Komsari , Sajjad Abbasi , Andrew Turner","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.101001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.101001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamics of microplastics (MPs) in the coastal zone are highly complex. In this study, MPs have been determined in air, deposited dusts, seawater, sea foam and the sea surface microlayer (SML) of the Persian Gulf during winter and summer, along with measurements of major seawater ions. MPs were mainly fibres of various sizes and colours and consisted of thermoplastics, thermoplastic elastomers, resins and synthetic rubbers. Estimated settling velocities of MPs in the lower atmosphere were 25 – 36 m h<sup>−1</sup> and there was a distinct enrichment of MPs in the SML relative to underlying seawater by factors of ∼ 10<sup>2</sup> - 10<sup>3</sup> (assuming an SML thickness of 1000 μm) and in foam relative to seawater of ∼ 10<sup>2</sup>. This suggests that the SML is an important environment for the accumulation of MPs, but with a significant fraction lost through bubble ejection and breaking waves. Calculations based on fibre abundance and the percentage of fine (< 100 μm) MPs revealed evidence of differences in distribution patterns among the different sample media and between winter and summer. Reasons for fractionation are unclear but a correlation between the percentage of fibres and concentration ratios involving Ca<sup>2+</sup>, the only seawater ion exhibiting non-conservative distributions, suggests they are at least partly related to biogeochemical processes in the regional coastal zone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 101001"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101003
Cheng-Hong Yang , Kuei-Hau Luo , Po-Hung Chen , Ting-Jen Hseuh , Li-Yeh Chuang , Hung-Yi Chuang
Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Accumulating epidemiological and toxicological evidence indicates that exposure to air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5), significantly elevates the risk of cardiovascular events through multiple biological mechanisms, including autonomic dysregulation, endothelial dysfunction, systemic inflammation, and activation of coagulation pathways. In this study, we developed an Attention-Gated Recurrent Unit (AGRU) model to predict the risk of the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and to investigate its association with ambient air pollutant exposures. Air quality data were obtained from 86 Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) monitoring stations across Taiwan from 2005 to 2024 and were linked with individual-level data from the Taiwan Biobank. The predictive performance of the proposed AGRU model was benchmarked against six machine learning algorithms: Random Forest, Gradient Boosted Decision Tree (GBDT), CatBoost, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and HistGradientBoosting, as well as a conventional deep learning model, the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The AGRU model achieved the highest overall accuracy (98.2%), outperforming all comparator models, particularly tree-based approaches and SVM. Importantly, the attention-based deep learning framework demonstrated clear advantages in capturing long-term exposure dynamics and in identifying influential features. Collectively, these findings enhance the mechanistic understanding of cardiovascular risk associated with environmental exposures and provide a robust scientific basis for precision medicine strategies aimed at early prevention and targeted health management in high-risk populations.
{"title":"Predicting Atherogenic index of plasma risk from long-term spatiotemporal air pollution exposure using an attention-based deep learning","authors":"Cheng-Hong Yang , Kuei-Hau Luo , Po-Hung Chen , Ting-Jen Hseuh , Li-Yeh Chuang , Hung-Yi Chuang","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Accumulating epidemiological and toxicological evidence indicates that exposure to air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>), significantly elevates the risk of cardiovascular events through multiple biological mechanisms, including autonomic dysregulation, endothelial dysfunction, systemic inflammation, and activation of coagulation pathways. In this study, we developed an Attention-Gated Recurrent Unit (AGRU) model to predict the risk of the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and to investigate its association with ambient air pollutant exposures. Air quality data were obtained from 86 Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) monitoring stations across Taiwan from 2005 to 2024 and were linked with individual-level data from the Taiwan Biobank. The predictive performance of the proposed AGRU model was benchmarked against six machine learning algorithms: Random Forest, Gradient Boosted Decision Tree (GBDT), CatBoost, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and HistGradientBoosting, as well as a conventional deep learning model, the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The AGRU model achieved the highest overall accuracy (98.2%), outperforming all comparator models, particularly tree-based approaches and SVM. Importantly, the attention-based deep learning framework demonstrated clear advantages in capturing long-term exposure dynamics and in identifying influential features. Collectively, these findings enhance the mechanistic understanding of cardiovascular risk associated with environmental exposures and provide a robust scientific basis for precision medicine strategies aimed at early prevention and targeted health management in high-risk populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 101003"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100995
Mumtaz Khan , M.S. Anwar , Zakir Hussain , M. Irfan , Taseer Muhammad
This article presents a comprehensive investigation of the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a fractional-order Carreau nanofluid over an oscillatory stretching surface embedded in a Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium. The formulation incorporates the combined effects of Joule heating, internal heat generation/absorption, Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis, chemical reaction, and Arrhenius activation energy. The Carreau model is adopted to capture the shear-dependent viscosity characteristic of polymeric and lubricating fluids, while the Caputo time-fractional derivative accounts for memory and non-local relaxation, offering a more realistic representation of viscoelastic nanofluid behavior than classical models. The resulting nonlinear fractional system is nondimensionalized and solved numerically with an explicit finite-difference scheme, whose accuracy is verified using the Method of Manufactured Solutions and grid-independence tests. Results reveal that the fractional order and oscillation frequency strongly influence the boundary-layer thickness and transport phenomena. Joule heating and exothermic effects elevate the fluid temperature, whereas Brownian motion and thermophoresis enhance nanoparticle dispersion, thereby improving mass transfer. Compared with its classical counterpart, the fractional Carreau model exhibits systematic gains in the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers across realistic ranges of , , and , reflecting history-dependent stress relaxation and memory-driven diffusion. The study provides fundamental insights into how fractional memory, activation energy, and oscillatory motion synergistically enhance thermal and mass transfer efficiency, offering practical implications for thermal risk mitigation, high-performance cooling systems, and reactive transport processes in industrial and energy applications.
{"title":"Computational study of thermal risk mitigation via fractional MHD nanofluid modeling","authors":"Mumtaz Khan , M.S. Anwar , Zakir Hussain , M. Irfan , Taseer Muhammad","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article presents a comprehensive investigation of the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a fractional-order Carreau nanofluid over an oscillatory stretching surface embedded in a Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium. The formulation incorporates the combined effects of Joule heating, internal heat generation/absorption, Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis, chemical reaction, and Arrhenius activation energy. The Carreau model is adopted to capture the shear-dependent viscosity characteristic of polymeric and lubricating fluids, while the Caputo time-fractional derivative accounts for memory and non-local relaxation, offering a more realistic representation of viscoelastic nanofluid behavior than classical models. The resulting nonlinear fractional system is nondimensionalized and solved numerically with an explicit finite-difference scheme, whose accuracy is verified using the Method of Manufactured Solutions and grid-independence tests. Results reveal that the fractional order and oscillation frequency strongly influence the boundary-layer thickness and transport phenomena. Joule heating and exothermic effects elevate the fluid temperature, whereas Brownian motion and thermophoresis enhance nanoparticle dispersion, thereby improving mass transfer. Compared with its classical counterpart, the fractional Carreau model exhibits systematic gains in the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers across realistic ranges of <span><math><mrow><mi>W</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><mi>N</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow></math></span>, and <span><math><mrow><mi>N</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></math></span>, reflecting history-dependent stress relaxation and memory-driven diffusion. The study provides fundamental insights into how fractional memory, activation energy, and oscillatory motion synergistically enhance thermal and mass transfer efficiency, offering practical implications for thermal risk mitigation, high-performance cooling systems, and reactive transport processes in industrial and energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100995"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100999
Husam Kafeenah , Margaret D. Taiwo , Patrica-Ivy Agorsor , Michael O. Eze
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are known for their strong binding properties to soil matrices owing to their amphiphilic properties. While most studies focus on the search for novel PFAS biodegraders, our knowledge of sustainable biomolecules that could drive PFAS desorption and make them more bioavailable is limited. This study investigated the effectiveness of rhamnolipids and organic acids in desorbing PFAS compounds from contaminated soil. Rhamnolipids (25 mg/L) significantly enhanced the release of PFAS compounds from soil, achieving up to 90 % desorption. Acetic acid provided 60–90 % desorption efficiency for most of the PFAS studied, except for PFDA and three sulfonic PFAS (L-PFBS, L-PFHxS, and L-PFOS), suggesting acid-induced charge modification and reduced sorption affinity. Increasing the concentration of either additive enhanced desorption across all PFAS types, with acetic acid achieving maximum desorption at 0.5 M. Desorption kinetics revealed that rhamnolipids and acetic acid accelerated the kinetics of slow-desorbing PFAS. While oxalic and malic acids hindered the desorption of carboxylic PFAS, they enhanced the desorption of sulfonates. Considering the higher sorption capacity of sulfonates to sediment and soil, with greater potential for bioconcentration, the sorption reversibility of oxalic and malic acids can be harnessed for enhanced remediation of sulfonic PFAS in situations where rhamnolipids and acetic acids are inapplicable. Our findings will potentially stimulate research aimed at identifying suitable biomolecule-producing plants and microbes for enhanced PFAS desorption. Leveraging eco-friendly molecular mechanisms of desorption will complement the activities of novel microbes and facilitate PFAS biodegradation and site reclamation.
{"title":"Leveraging molecular mechanisms of desorption to enhance PFAS bioavailability in contaminated soils","authors":"Husam Kafeenah , Margaret D. Taiwo , Patrica-Ivy Agorsor , Michael O. Eze","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100999","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are known for their strong binding properties to soil matrices owing to their amphiphilic properties. While most studies focus on the search for novel PFAS biodegraders, our knowledge of sustainable biomolecules that could drive PFAS desorption and make them more bioavailable is limited. This study investigated the effectiveness of rhamnolipids and organic acids in desorbing PFAS compounds from contaminated soil. Rhamnolipids (25 mg/L) significantly enhanced the release of PFAS compounds from soil, achieving up to 90 % desorption. Acetic acid provided 60–90 % desorption efficiency for most of the PFAS studied, except for PFDA and three sulfonic PFAS (L-PFBS, <span>L</span>-PFHxS, and <span>L</span>-PFOS), suggesting acid-induced charge modification and reduced sorption affinity. Increasing the concentration of either additive enhanced desorption across all PFAS types, with acetic acid achieving maximum desorption at 0.5 M. Desorption kinetics revealed that rhamnolipids and acetic acid accelerated the kinetics of slow-desorbing PFAS. While oxalic and malic acids hindered the desorption of carboxylic PFAS, they enhanced the desorption of sulfonates. Considering the higher sorption capacity of sulfonates to sediment and soil, with greater potential for bioconcentration, the sorption reversibility of oxalic and malic acids can be harnessed for enhanced remediation of sulfonic PFAS in situations where rhamnolipids and acetic acids are inapplicable. Our findings will potentially stimulate research aimed at identifying suitable biomolecule-producing plants and microbes for enhanced PFAS desorption. Leveraging eco-friendly molecular mechanisms of desorption will complement the activities of novel microbes and facilitate PFAS biodegradation and site reclamation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100999"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101002
Emma Calikanzaros , Carolina Donat-Vargas , Rafael de Cid , Susana Iraola-Guzman , Lourdes Arjona , Marta Llorca , Marinella Farré , Cristina M Villanueva
Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are emerging contaminants present in food, water, and air, yet human exposure levels and key predictors remain poorly understood. We quantified MNP polymer concentrations in human biological samples, estimated dietary intake through food and beverages, and explored potential exposure determinants in a population-based cross-sectional study of 50 healthy adults in Barcelona, Spain. Stool, urine, tap water, and food samples were collected along with detailed dietary and lifestyle data. MNPs (size range: 0.7-20µm) were extracted using ultrasonic-assisted toluene extraction and analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography using a size exclusion chromatography column coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC(SEC)-HRMS). Plastic additives were also screened in urine and tap water to assess their potential as proxies for MNP exposure. MNPs were detected in 52% of stool (median: 1.8 µg/kg) and urine (median: 22.7 µg/L) samples, with polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP) as the most frequently identified polymers. Tap water contained MNPs in 26% of samples (median: 1.4 µg/L), primarily PE. Plastic additives were found in all urine and tap water samples, with diethyl phthalate (68%) and hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (78%) being most prevalent. Plastic additives in urine showed poor concordance with MNPs in urine, suggesting they are poor exposure biomarkers. Estimated MNP intake from food (1.51 µg/kg body weight/day) greatly exceeded that from beverages (0.02 µg/kg bw/day), with animal products as the main contributors. Differences in MNP levels were observed by country of origin, recent consumption of meat, seafood, and eggs, and regular packaged food consumption.
{"title":"Exploring the determinants of micro- and nanoplastics exposure among adults in Barcelona, Spain","authors":"Emma Calikanzaros , Carolina Donat-Vargas , Rafael de Cid , Susana Iraola-Guzman , Lourdes Arjona , Marta Llorca , Marinella Farré , Cristina M Villanueva","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are emerging contaminants present in food, water, and air, yet human exposure levels and key predictors remain poorly understood. We quantified MNP polymer concentrations in human biological samples, estimated dietary intake through food and beverages, and explored potential exposure determinants in a population-based cross-sectional study of 50 healthy adults in Barcelona, Spain. Stool, urine, tap water, and food samples were collected along with detailed dietary and lifestyle data. MNPs (size range: 0.7-20µm) were extracted using ultrasonic-assisted toluene extraction and analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography using a size exclusion chromatography column coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC(SEC)-HRMS). Plastic additives were also screened in urine and tap water to assess their potential as proxies for MNP exposure. MNPs were detected in 52% of stool (median: 1.8 µg/kg) and urine (median: 22.7 µg/L) samples, with polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP) as the most frequently identified polymers. Tap water contained MNPs in 26% of samples (median: 1.4 µg/L), primarily PE. Plastic additives were found in all urine and tap water samples, with diethyl phthalate (68%) and hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (78%) being most prevalent. Plastic additives in urine showed poor concordance with MNPs in urine, suggesting they are poor exposure biomarkers. Estimated MNP intake from food (1.51 µg/kg body weight/day) greatly exceeded that from beverages (0.02 µg/kg bw/day), with animal products as the main contributors. Differences in MNP levels were observed by country of origin, recent consumption of meat, seafood, and eggs, and regular packaged food consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 101002"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-31DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100997
Insha Hamid , Masood Ahmad Rizvi , Waheed Ahmad Khanday , Irena Kostova
Eutrophication-driven invasive weeds represent a major ecological challenge but also an underutilized biomass resource. In this study, narrow-leaf cattail (Typha angustifolia) was valorized into an NaOH-functionalized activated carbon (Ty-AC) for the efficient removal of tetracycline (TC) antibiotics from water. The optimized Ty-AC (Typha:NaOH = 1:3) exhibited a high BET surface area of 1324.022 m2/g, a total pore volume of 2.12 m3/g, and an average pore width of 2.3 nm. The highest removal efficiency was achieved with an initial TC concentration of 100 ppm at pH 7 and a temperature of 50 °C within 8 h of time. TGA studies suggested thermal stability with a strong graphitic structure, while FTIR analysis confirmed enrichment of oxygenated functional groups (–OH, –COOH, –COO⁻) responsible for increased surface polarity and adsorption affinity. Effective alkali species incorporation was confirmed by the EDX analysis. Adsorption isotherm, kinetic data, and thermodynamic data for TC confirmed Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models as the best-fit models and the adsorption process as endothermic and spontaneous. The Langmuir equation also revealed the maximum adsorption capacity of 382.166 mg/g, underscoring the adsorbent’s excellence in TC removal. Computational molecular mechanics (MM2) simulations validated that NaOH-induced surface hydroxylation enhances TC adsorption by intensifying hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. The adsorbent demonstrated excellent regeneration and stability by retaining 97.8% of the removal efficiency even after ten adsorption-desorption cycles. This work introduces a sustainable route for transforming invasive water blooms into high-performance adsorbents, offering a scalable and economical strategy for antibiotic pollution remediation in water systems.
{"title":"Transforming invasive weeds Typha angustifolia into NaOH-functionalized carbon for efficient tetracycline antibiotic removal: Experimental and theoretical validation","authors":"Insha Hamid , Masood Ahmad Rizvi , Waheed Ahmad Khanday , Irena Kostova","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100997","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100997","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eutrophication-driven invasive weeds represent a major ecological challenge but also an underutilized biomass resource. In this study, narrow-leaf cattail (<em>Typha angustifolia</em>) was valorized into an NaOH-functionalized activated carbon (Ty-AC) for the efficient removal of tetracycline (TC) antibiotics from water. The optimized Ty-AC (Typha:NaOH = 1:3) exhibited a high BET surface area of 1324.022 m<sup>2</sup>/g, a total pore volume of 2.12 m<sup>3</sup>/g, and an average pore width of 2.3 nm. The highest removal efficiency was achieved with an initial TC concentration of 100 ppm at pH 7 and a temperature of 50 °C within 8 h of time. TGA studies suggested thermal stability with a strong graphitic structure, while FTIR analysis confirmed enrichment of oxygenated functional groups (–OH, –COOH, –COO⁻) responsible for increased surface polarity and adsorption affinity. Effective alkali species incorporation was confirmed by the EDX analysis. Adsorption isotherm, kinetic data, and thermodynamic data for TC confirmed Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models as the best-fit models and the adsorption process as endothermic and spontaneous. The Langmuir equation also revealed the maximum adsorption capacity of 382.166 mg/g, underscoring the adsorbent’s excellence in TC removal. Computational molecular mechanics (MM2) simulations validated that NaOH-induced surface hydroxylation enhances TC adsorption by intensifying hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. The adsorbent demonstrated excellent regeneration and stability by retaining 97.8% of the removal efficiency even after ten adsorption-desorption cycles. This work introduces a sustainable route for transforming invasive water blooms into high-performance adsorbents, offering a scalable and economical strategy for antibiotic pollution remediation in water systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100997"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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