Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2332-0877.1000380
Litin Zachrias, G. Ragesh, Amr Haza
{"title":"The Iron Lady: A Case Report","authors":"Litin Zachrias, G. Ragesh, Amr Haza","doi":"10.4172/2332-0877.1000380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0877.1000380","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2332-0877.1000380","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70295489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2332-0877.1000381
J. Choucair
Objectives: Describe the epidemiology of diabetic foot infections in Lebanon as well as the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. Study the microbiology of the infections and the bacterial resistances in the infected diabetic foot ulcers, in order to help reach an optimal care in the healthcare establishments. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study between January 2000 and March 2011 of medical cases of 167 hospitalized patients for diabetic foot infection at the Hospital Hôtel-Dieu of France in Beirut, Lebanon. Results: The average age of the patients was 66 years, and males represented 73.65%. The duration of diabetes was 20 years with a percentage of HbA1C>7% in 79% of the cases. 73.17% of the patients had peripheral arteriopathy, 72.3% peripheral neuropathy. Other complications of diabetes were associated: coronary problems (49.69%), retinopathy (48.67%) and renal disease (47.65%). High blood pressure was found in 60.38% of the cases, dyslipidemia in 48.73%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequently isolated bacteria from diabetic foot infections (19.15%), followed by Escherichia coli (11.91%), Staphyloccocus aureus (11.06%), and of Enteroccocus fecalis (11.06%). Most prescribed antibiotics were: pipéracllin/tazobactam, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and imipenme. Amputation was necessary in 36.3% of the cases. The main risk factors of amputation, besides the infection itself, were history of amputation and arteriopathy Conclusion: In the Lebanese population, the diabetic foot disease takes the aspect of a pathology with male ascendancy, which affects, late in their lives, patients with a long-time, badly controlled diabetes. Often, several complications of diabetes are present associated, in particular arteriopathy and peripheral neuropathy. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequently isolated bacteria from diabetic foot infections in Lebanon. The amputation rate remains high: 36.3%, with arteriopathy and history of amputation as risk factors
{"title":"Epidemiology of the Diabetic Foot Infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital in the Lebanon: A Retrospective Study between 2000 and 2011","authors":"J. Choucair","doi":"10.4172/2332-0877.1000381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0877.1000381","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Describe the epidemiology of diabetic foot infections in Lebanon as well as the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. Study the microbiology of the infections and the bacterial resistances in the infected diabetic foot ulcers, in order to help reach an optimal care in the healthcare establishments. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study between January 2000 and March 2011 of medical cases of 167 hospitalized patients for diabetic foot infection at the Hospital Hôtel-Dieu of France in Beirut, Lebanon. Results: The average age of the patients was 66 years, and males represented 73.65%. The duration of diabetes was 20 years with a percentage of HbA1C>7% in 79% of the cases. 73.17% of the patients had peripheral arteriopathy, 72.3% peripheral neuropathy. Other complications of diabetes were associated: coronary problems (49.69%), retinopathy (48.67%) and renal disease (47.65%). High blood pressure was found in 60.38% of the cases, dyslipidemia in 48.73%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequently isolated bacteria from diabetic foot infections (19.15%), followed by Escherichia coli (11.91%), Staphyloccocus aureus (11.06%), and of Enteroccocus fecalis (11.06%). Most prescribed antibiotics were: pipéracllin/tazobactam, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and imipenme. Amputation was necessary in 36.3% of the cases. The main risk factors of amputation, besides the infection itself, were history of amputation and arteriopathy Conclusion: In the Lebanese population, the diabetic foot disease takes the aspect of a pathology with male ascendancy, which affects, late in their lives, patients with a long-time, badly controlled diabetes. Often, several complications of diabetes are present associated, in particular arteriopathy and peripheral neuropathy. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequently isolated bacteria from diabetic foot infections in Lebanon. The amputation rate remains high: 36.3%, with arteriopathy and history of amputation as risk factors","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2332-0877.1000381","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70295543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2332-0877-C5-049
P. Singhp
{"title":"Understanding parasites and cancer in the United States","authors":"P. Singhp","doi":"10.4172/2332-0877-C5-049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0877-C5-049","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70297243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2332-0877.1000354
Y. Hitsumoto, Nozomu Matsunaga, S. Katayama
Clostridium perfringens, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe, is the cause of gas gangrene and food poisoning. Colonization of the host requires adhesion of bacterial cells to injured tissue. We review here recent results regarding the role of fibronectin in the interaction of C. perfringens cells with host collagens.
{"title":"Importance of Fibronectin for Clostridium perfringens Adhesion to Host Tissue","authors":"Y. Hitsumoto, Nozomu Matsunaga, S. Katayama","doi":"10.4172/2332-0877.1000354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0877.1000354","url":null,"abstract":"Clostridium perfringens, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe, is the cause of gas gangrene and food poisoning. Colonization of the host requires adhesion of bacterial cells to injured tissue. We review here recent results regarding the role of fibronectin in the interaction of C. perfringens cells with host collagens.","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":"49 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2332-0877.1000354","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70295321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2332-0877.1000370
Che-Liang Lin, Kou-Huang Chen, Kow-Tong Chen
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections are one of the main etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), or herpangina, worldwide. The purpose of this study was to explore the epidemiology and molecular epidemiology of EV71 infection as well as the prospects for the development of an EV71 vaccine. We performed a search for “enterovirus 71” and “epidemiology” or “molecular epidemiology” or “vaccine” in Medline and PubMed to search through previous studies. Only articles that were published in the English language were included for review in this study. The morbidity of EV71 infection was different among different countries; seasonal variations in its incidence were also observed. Most patients with EV71 infection were children below 5 years of age. The organ most likely involved in EV71 infection is the brainstem. The infection’s genetic lineages are undergoing rapid evolutionary changes. The association between the occurrence of EV71 infection and the circulation of different genetic strains of EV71 virus (genotypes B3, B4, C1, C2, C4, and C4a) has been identified around the world. EV71 infection is an important life-threatening communicable disease, and there is an urgent global need for vaccine development for the prevention and control of EV71 epidemics. To establish a global surveillance system of EV71 infection for the identification and detection of the potential emergence of new EV71 variants is needed in the future.
{"title":"Update on Enterovirus 71 Infections: Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development","authors":"Che-Liang Lin, Kou-Huang Chen, Kow-Tong Chen","doi":"10.4172/2332-0877.1000370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0877.1000370","url":null,"abstract":"Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections are one of the main etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), or herpangina, worldwide. The purpose of this study was to explore the epidemiology and molecular epidemiology of EV71 infection as well as the prospects for the development of an EV71 vaccine. We performed a search for “enterovirus 71” and “epidemiology” or “molecular epidemiology” or “vaccine” in Medline and PubMed to search through previous studies. Only articles that were published in the English language were included for review in this study. The morbidity of EV71 infection was different among different countries; seasonal variations in its incidence were also observed. Most patients with EV71 infection were children below 5 years of age. The organ most likely involved in EV71 infection is the brainstem. The infection’s genetic lineages are undergoing rapid evolutionary changes. The association between the occurrence of EV71 infection and the circulation of different genetic strains of EV71 virus (genotypes B3, B4, C1, C2, C4, and C4a) has been identified around the world. EV71 infection is an important life-threatening communicable disease, and there is an urgent global need for vaccine development for the prevention and control of EV71 epidemics. To establish a global surveillance system of EV71 infection for the identification and detection of the potential emergence of new EV71 variants is needed in the future.","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2332-0877.1000370","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70295215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2332-0877.1000383
Hideo Ogimura
{"title":"Development of Phage Synthesizing System by the Minimizing Approach","authors":"Hideo Ogimura","doi":"10.4172/2332-0877.1000383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0877.1000383","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2332-0877.1000383","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70295305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2332-0877.1000363
K. S. Rizi, K. Ghazvini, Mahdi kouhi Noghondar
In reaction to the improved use of antibacterial materials, particularly in the 20th century, bacteria have developed mechanisms to surmount the efficacy of antibiotics and so become resistant. In fact, the evolution of the compulsive resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is great. Coevolution of microorganisms with environmental antibiotic materials has intensified the evolution of resistance mechanisms, which are usually classified into three types including intrinsic, acquired and adaptive resistance. Bacteria are either innately resistant or attain resistance to antibiotics in order to prevent access to drug targets, alterations in the construction and aegis of antibiotic targets and the direct change or inactivation of antibiotics. In adaptive resistance, the ability of bacteria to surmount antibiotic challenge without mutation is the focus. In this resistance, there is a transient nature. It occurs in response to some environmental conditions that are dependent on epigenetic phenomena for exhibition of permanent resistance. This review provides a summary of accessible information on adaptive resistance.
{"title":"Adaptive Antibiotic Resistance: Overview and Perspectives","authors":"K. S. Rizi, K. Ghazvini, Mahdi kouhi Noghondar","doi":"10.4172/2332-0877.1000363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0877.1000363","url":null,"abstract":"In reaction to the improved use of antibacterial materials, particularly in the 20th century, bacteria have developed mechanisms to surmount the efficacy of antibiotics and so become resistant. In fact, the evolution of the compulsive resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is great. Coevolution of microorganisms with environmental antibiotic materials has intensified the evolution of resistance mechanisms, which are usually classified into three types including intrinsic, acquired and adaptive resistance. Bacteria are either innately resistant or attain resistance to antibiotics in order to prevent access to drug targets, alterations in the construction and aegis of antibiotic targets and the direct change or inactivation of antibiotics. In adaptive resistance, the ability of bacteria to surmount antibiotic challenge without mutation is the focus. In this resistance, there is a transient nature. It occurs in response to some environmental conditions that are dependent on epigenetic phenomena for exhibition of permanent resistance. This review provides a summary of accessible information on adaptive resistance.","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2332-0877.1000363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70295532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2332-0877.1000364
J. Rutto, O. Osano, V. Odenyo
Western Kenya and Southeast Uganda have reported different Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) incidences in the past more than 3 decades with the latter recording more cases. Here, we describe interactions between socio-economics, tsetse dynamics, livestock husbandry and environmental issues at the transboundary of Kenya and Uganda and how they determine Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT). Comparative studies were carried out in two districts of each country namely Teso and Busia Districts, of Western Kenya and Tororo and Busia Districts, of Southeast Uganda. In addition, primary data was collected in the selected villages for the livestock numbers and human population. Also structured questionnaire was administered systematically to 384 randomly selected household heads or their representatives in each country. Human population density and types of crops grown, livestock numbers and livestock husbandry in the study villages influenced the occurrence of HAT. Prophylactic administration of tyrpanocides and topical application of insecticides on livestock reduced incidence of HAT. Wildlife abundance was high in villages reporting a history of HAT (69%) than HAT free villages (35.5%). The Glossina pallidipes trapped in the study areas sourced their blood meal exclusively from cattle. Therefore livestock keeping practices, wildlife and environmental factors should be incorporated into tsetse and trypanosomiasis control.
{"title":"Influence of Human, Wildlife and Livestock Husbandry on Epidemiology of Human African Trypanosomiasis at the Transboundary of Western Kenya and Southeast Uganda","authors":"J. Rutto, O. Osano, V. Odenyo","doi":"10.4172/2332-0877.1000364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0877.1000364","url":null,"abstract":"Western Kenya and Southeast Uganda have reported different Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) incidences in the past more than 3 decades with the latter recording more cases. Here, we describe interactions between socio-economics, tsetse dynamics, livestock husbandry and environmental issues at the transboundary of Kenya and Uganda and how they determine Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT). Comparative studies were carried out in two districts of each country namely Teso and Busia Districts, of Western Kenya and Tororo and Busia Districts, of Southeast Uganda. In addition, primary data was collected in the selected villages for the livestock numbers and human population. Also structured questionnaire was administered systematically to 384 randomly selected household heads or their representatives in each country. Human population density and types of crops grown, livestock numbers and livestock husbandry in the study villages influenced the occurrence of HAT. Prophylactic administration of tyrpanocides and topical application of insecticides on livestock reduced incidence of HAT. Wildlife abundance was high in villages reporting a history of HAT (69%) than HAT free villages (35.5%). The Glossina pallidipes trapped in the study areas sourced their blood meal exclusively from cattle. Therefore livestock keeping practices, wildlife and environmental factors should be incorporated into tsetse and trypanosomiasis control.","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2332-0877.1000364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70295061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2332-0877.1000382
C. Adawaye, E. Kamangu, J. Fokam, F. Susin, A. Moussa, Tchombou Hig-Zounet Bertin, Joseph Mad-Toingue, D. Vaira, M. Moutschen
Introduction: Antiretroviral therapy is effective only when it maintains the plasma viral load at an undetectable level or below 50 copies of RNA/ml. Viral Load (VL) is a marker of therapeutic follow-up, particularly within the combination protocols of antivirals. Given the genetic diversity of HIV-1, in Resource-Limited Countries (RLCs), dubious conditions for collecting, conserving and analyzing samples, the choice of one technique over another implies its evaluation on all levels and in particular the cost/benefit ratio. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of 3 techniques for the measurement of VL for HIV-1 non-B subtypes. The 3 techniques used were: Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan (CAP/CTM) V2.0, Abbott Real-Time and Generic HIV Viral Load®. Methods: Sample collection was done at the National General Reference Hospital (NGRH) between June and October 2013. A total of 116 samples were collected from People Living with HIV (PLHIV) and under treatment for at least 6 months. Measurements of VL were done at the AIDS Reference Laboratory at the University Hospital of Liège with the 3 techniques mentioned above. Results: After amplification by the different techniques, 116 samples were compared with Cobas and Abbott and 42 samples were compared with all 3 techniques. This is due to the lack of plasma for some patients for the Generic HIV Viral Load®. A good correlation is obtained between CAP/CTM and Abbott with R2=0.96016 (p<0.05), while between Abbott vs Generic HIV Viral Load® on one hand and CAP/CTM vs Generic HIV Viral Load® on the other, Pearson correlations (R2) were good and were respectively 0.81064 and 0.72603. This difference with the Generic HIV Viral Load® assay is due to the fact that the plasma has been thawed more than twice. This confirms the fact that plasma freezing, and thawing has more than twice interferes with viral load. Conclusions: Abbott Real time remains the recommended technique for resource-poor countries, particularly Chad, because of its sensitivity and variability in detecting different subtypes of HIV-1.
导读:抗逆转录病毒治疗只有在将血浆病毒载量维持在检测不到的水平或低于50拷贝RNA/ml时才有效。病毒载量(VL)是治疗随访的标志，特别是在抗病毒药物联合方案中。鉴于HIV-1的遗传多样性，在资源有限的国家(rlc)，收集、保存和分析样本的条件可疑，选择一种技术而不是另一种技术意味着在所有层面上进行评估，特别是成本/效益比。目的:本研究的目的是比较3种技术测量HIV-1非b亚型的VL的效果。使用的3种技术是:Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan (CAP/CTM) V2.0, Abbott Real-Time和Generic HIV Viral Load®。方法:2013年6 - 10月在国家综合参考医院(NGRH)采集样本。总共从接受治疗至少6个月的艾滋病毒感染者(PLHIV)中收集了116个样本。VL的测量是在利维奇大学医院艾滋病参考实验室用上述3种技术完成的。结果:经不同技术扩增后，116份样品与Cobas和Abbott进行比较，42份样品与3种技术进行比较。这是由于缺乏血浆的一些患者为通用HIV病毒载量®。CAP/CTM与雅培具有较好的相关性，R2=0.96016 (p<0.05)，而雅培与Generic HIV Viral Load®、CAP/CTM与Generic HIV Viral Load®的Pearson相关性(R2)较好，分别为0.81064和0.72603。与Generic HIV Viral Load®检测的差异是由于血浆已经解冻两次以上。这证实了血浆冷冻和解冻对病毒载量的干扰超过两倍的事实。结论:雅培实时仍然是资源贫乏国家，特别是乍得的推荐技术，因为它在检测不同亚型HIV-1的敏感性和可变性。
{"title":"Comparison of 3 Tests for Plasma HIV-1 RNA Quantitation of Non-B Subtypes in Patients Infected with HIV-1 in N’Djamena-Chad: Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 Test Version 2.0, Abbott m2000 RealTime and Generic HIV Viral Load® Assays","authors":"C. Adawaye, E. Kamangu, J. Fokam, F. Susin, A. Moussa, Tchombou Hig-Zounet Bertin, Joseph Mad-Toingue, D. Vaira, M. Moutschen","doi":"10.4172/2332-0877.1000382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0877.1000382","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Antiretroviral therapy is effective only when it maintains the plasma viral load at an undetectable level or below 50 copies of RNA/ml. Viral Load (VL) is a marker of therapeutic follow-up, particularly within the combination protocols of antivirals. Given the genetic diversity of HIV-1, in Resource-Limited Countries (RLCs), dubious conditions for collecting, conserving and analyzing samples, the choice of one technique over another implies its evaluation on all levels and in particular the cost/benefit ratio. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of 3 techniques for the measurement of VL for HIV-1 non-B subtypes. The 3 techniques used were: Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan (CAP/CTM) V2.0, Abbott Real-Time and Generic HIV Viral Load®. Methods: Sample collection was done at the National General Reference Hospital (NGRH) between June and October 2013. A total of 116 samples were collected from People Living with HIV (PLHIV) and under treatment for at least 6 months. Measurements of VL were done at the AIDS Reference Laboratory at the University Hospital of Liège with the 3 techniques mentioned above. Results: After amplification by the different techniques, 116 samples were compared with Cobas and Abbott and 42 samples were compared with all 3 techniques. This is due to the lack of plasma for some patients for the Generic HIV Viral Load®. A good correlation is obtained between CAP/CTM and Abbott with R2=0.96016 (p<0.05), while between Abbott vs Generic HIV Viral Load® on one hand and CAP/CTM vs Generic HIV Viral Load® on the other, Pearson correlations (R2) were good and were respectively 0.81064 and 0.72603. This difference with the Generic HIV Viral Load® assay is due to the fact that the plasma has been thawed more than twice. This confirms the fact that plasma freezing, and thawing has more than twice interferes with viral load. Conclusions: Abbott Real time remains the recommended technique for resource-poor countries, particularly Chad, because of its sensitivity and variability in detecting different subtypes of HIV-1.","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2332-0877.1000382","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70295554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2332-0877.1000355
Haroon Rashid, H. Sultana, Tariq Zzaman
Introduction: Chikungunya infection is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Chikungunya virus which is to the family Togaviridae. In 2008, Chikungunya infection was first identified in Rajshahi and chapainawabganj, recent outbreak occur in Dhaka 2017.Objective: To ascertain the knowledge and awareness regarding Chikungunya among community people of selected area of Dhaka city.Methodology: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in selected area of Dhaka city. The study was conducted among 266 participants from 1st August to 30th September 2017. Convenient sampling method was followed for selecting the participants; face-face interview was taken by using pre-tested semistructured questionnaire.Result: Although about 92.5% of the respondents had heard of Chikungunya infection but only (50%) responded correctly that Chikungunya is transmitted by Aedes mosquito. Among total 47% had misconceptions that Chikungunya vector breeding in dirty storage water. Only 43% had correctly responded about the breeding habitat of Chikungunya mosquito. Study respondents were conscious about clinical features of Chikungunya infection particularly high fever (18.0%) and joint pain (14.6%). Most (88%) of respondents believe Chikungunya is preventable. Study participants use various methods including mosquito coils (15.1%), mosquito nets (28.4%), insecticide spray (19.3%), electric bat (12.4%) and window net (12.4%) for mosquito bite prevention. Social network/ media was considered as the most important and useful source of information on the disease.Conclusion: Community people had lack of in-depth knowledge about Chikungunya breeding place and methods of prevention of the disease. Health education and community awareness can play a role for control of chikungunya epidemic.
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