Pub Date : 2025-03-08DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100231
J.O. Olowoyo , L.G. Pap , O.M. Oladeji
Introduction
The supply of water for domestic purposes from wells is common in some areas in the United States of America. However, research has shown that this underground water may become polluted with trace metals due to both natural processes and anthropogenic effects.
Objectives
The current study evaluated the levels of trace metals in well water from a community in Florida. The study further investigated the potential health risks associated with the levels of trace metals in the water samples.
Results
A total of 34 water samples (treated and untreated) were used for the study. The result showed the presence of Pb in both treated and untreated water samples 18.2 ± 1.8 µg L-1–117.7 ± 4.5 µg L-1. Fe concentrations ranged from 10.7 ± 2.2 µg L-1–940.1 ± 3.5 µg L-1. Values obtained for Pb were higher than the recommended limit. Three of the water samples have Fe values above the recommended limit for human consumption. Differences obtained from the treated and untreated water samples for some of the trace metals were not significant (p < 0.05). The health risk calculated in this study for Pb, and other trace metals did not show any potential health risk at this stage because the values were all <1. The ecological risk assessment also showed no threat to the environment at this stage with a caution for Pb and Cu due to the values obtained.
Conclusion
The presence of Pb in water suggests the need for continuous monitoring of the water samples from the area and further investigation to the actual source of Pb may be necessary so as to ensure safety.
{"title":"Preliminary analysis of trace metals in well water collected from Lehigh Acres, Florida, USA","authors":"J.O. Olowoyo , L.G. Pap , O.M. Oladeji","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The supply of water for domestic purposes from wells is common in some areas in the United States of America. However, research has shown that this underground water may become polluted with trace metals due to both natural processes and anthropogenic effects.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The current study evaluated the levels of trace metals in well water from a community in Florida. The study further investigated the potential health risks associated with the levels of trace metals in the water samples.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 34 water samples (treated and untreated) were used for the study. The result showed the presence of Pb in both treated and untreated water samples 18.2 ± 1.8 µg L<sup>-1</sup>–117.7 ± 4.5 µg L<sup>-1</sup>. Fe concentrations ranged from 10.7 ± 2.2 µg L<sup>-1</sup>–940.1 ± 3.5 µg L<sup>-1</sup>. Values obtained for Pb were higher than the recommended limit. Three of the water samples have Fe values above the recommended limit for human consumption. Differences obtained from the treated and untreated water samples for some of the trace metals were not significant (p < 0.05). The health risk calculated in this study for Pb, and other trace metals did not show any potential health risk at this stage because the values were all <1. The ecological risk assessment also showed no threat to the environment at this stage with a caution for Pb and Cu due to the values obtained.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The presence of Pb in water suggests the need for continuous monitoring of the water samples from the area and further investigation to the actual source of Pb may be necessary so as to ensure safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143641661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-08DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100229
Kolawole E. Adesina , Stefano A. Parducci , Joseph D. Brain , Ramon M. Molina , Marc Weisskopf , Aaron J. Specht
Background
Trace elemental toxicants induce health detriment in almost every organ system in the human body and account for a large amount of environmental and ecological environmental pollution. Traditionally, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been the gold standard for measuring elemental concentrations in biological tissues collected from toxicological and epidemiological studies. However, ICP-MS is often limited by its complexity, cost, and time-intensive nature.
Methods
This study investigates the feasibility of benchtop X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as an efficient alternative for trace elemental analysis in rat tissues, offering comparable quantification capabilities with enhanced operational simplicity. We conducted a comparative analysis using tissue samples from multiple rat organs, including stomach, eyes, and liver.
Results
The elemental concentrations of Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), and Zinc (Zn) were measured using both ICP-MS and a high-powered benchtop XRF (Epsilon 4, Malvern Panalytical). Our findings demonstrated strong linear regression correlations between the two methods: As (R² = 0.86), Cd (R² = 0.81), Cu (R² = 0.77), Mn (R² = 0.88), and Zn (R² = 0.74). The overall Pearson correlation coefficient was r = 0.95 (p ≤ 0.05), indicating high concordance between the mean concentrations obtained from ICP-MS and benchtop XRF. The median minimum detection limits for the elements were 0.12 µg/g, with specific limits for Cd (0.0042 µg/g), Cu (0.040 µg/g), Zn (0.12 µg/g), As (0.25 µg/g), and Mn (0.35 µg/g) over a 7.5-minute measurement period. Bland-Altman analysis revealed high agreement between the two methods, particularly for As, Cu, and Mn.
Conclusion
These results suggest that both ICP-MS and benchtop XRF are viable for elemental quantification in organ tissues, with benchtop XRF being more practical for low-mass samples. This study shows benchtop XRF's potential for high-throughput, accurate trace element analysis in biological samples, broadening its use in environmental and toxicological research.
Synopsis
Human and ecological tissues of varying compositions and densities can be measured effectively using benchtop X-ray fluorescence
{"title":"Comparison between inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and benchtop X-ray fluorescence performance for trace elemental exposure in rat tissues","authors":"Kolawole E. Adesina , Stefano A. Parducci , Joseph D. Brain , Ramon M. Molina , Marc Weisskopf , Aaron J. Specht","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Trace elemental toxicants induce health detriment in almost every organ system in the human body and account for a large amount of environmental and ecological environmental pollution. Traditionally, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been the gold standard for measuring elemental concentrations in biological tissues collected from toxicological and epidemiological studies. However, ICP-MS is often limited by its complexity, cost, and time-intensive nature.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study investigates the feasibility of benchtop X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as an efficient alternative for trace elemental analysis in rat tissues, offering comparable quantification capabilities with enhanced operational simplicity. We conducted a comparative analysis using tissue samples from multiple rat organs, including stomach, eyes, and liver.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The elemental concentrations of Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), and Zinc (Zn) were measured using both ICP-MS and a high-powered benchtop XRF (Epsilon 4, Malvern Panalytical). Our findings demonstrated strong linear regression correlations between the two methods: As (R² = 0.86), Cd (R² = 0.81), Cu (R² = 0.77), Mn (R² = 0.88), and Zn (R² = 0.74). The overall Pearson correlation coefficient was <em>r</em> = 0.95 (<em>p</em> ≤ 0.05), indicating high concordance between the mean concentrations obtained from ICP-MS and benchtop XRF. The median minimum detection limits for the elements were 0.12 µg/g, with specific limits for Cd (0.0042 µg/g), Cu (0.040 µg/g), Zn (0.12 µg/g), As (0.25 µg/g), and Mn (0.35 µg/g) over a 7.5-minute measurement period. Bland-Altman analysis revealed high agreement between the two methods, particularly for As, Cu, and Mn.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These results suggest that both ICP-MS and benchtop XRF are viable for elemental quantification in organ tissues, with benchtop XRF being more practical for low-mass samples. This study shows benchtop XRF's potential for high-throughput, accurate trace element analysis in biological samples, broadening its use in environmental and toxicological research.</div></div><div><h3>Synopsis</h3><div>Human and ecological tissues of varying compositions and densities can be measured effectively using benchtop X-ray fluorescence</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-08DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100228
Thaís Luz de Souza , Leilane Rodrigues Santos , Caio Silva Assis Felix , Laura Beatriz Souza e Souza , Ivana Ferreira Simões , Crislaine Santos Lima , Marcele Catarino Souza dos Santos , Rennan Geovanny Oliveira Araújo , Aníbal de Freitas Santos Júnior , Daniele Cristina Muniz Batista Santos
Introduction
Inorganic constituents are chemical elements or metal ions essential for human survival, through regulatory mechanisms in various cellular processes. The aim of this study was to determine the total (TT) and bioaccessible (TB) content of inorganic constituents in 20 nutritive flour (NF) samples exposed to consumption in Brazil, using the INFOGEST in vitro digestion method.
Methods
Approximately 0.250 g of NF sample was digested in a closed digestion block with 2.8 mL of 65 %(m m-1) HNO3 + 1.0 mL of 30 %(m m-1) H2O2 + 4.2 mL of deionized water, for 45 min at 200 °C. Concentrations of Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sr and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Estimates of the bioaccessible levels of microelements (Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) were performed based on the in vitro INFOGEST protocol.
Results and Discussion
The range of total microelement contents in the NF (dry weight, in µg g-1) were: Al (18.00 to 333), Ba (0.98 to 67.10), Cu (1.45 to 75.51), Fe (8.57 to 337), Mn (0.38 to 107), Sr (0.54 to 59.39), and Zn (3.44 to 122). Macroelement contents (dry weight, in µg g-1) were: Ca (43.12 to 5276), K (71.60 to 11,392), Mg (42.09 to 6519), Na (63.85 to 1668), and P (134 to 19,359). Significant concentrations of Fe, Mg, Mn, P and Zn were found in pumpkin seed flour. Copper levels in grape seed flour was high when compared to the other samples analyzed. Multivariate analysis showed groupings and similarities among the samples. Bioaccessible contents (in %) ranged from Al (0.21 to 10.37), Cu (2.93 to 26.57), Fe (1.39 to 36.46), Mn (0.73 to 107), and Zn (3.71 to 117). In the NF analyzed, Mn and Zn were the elements most available in the gastrointestinal fluids.
Conclusion
The technique of ICP OES proved to be adequate, as it showed good linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy for the determination of inorganic constituents in NF samples. Variations in inorganic composition between NF were observed. This study contributes to the expansion of the contribution of NF to the diet of the population.
{"title":"Evaluation of the total contents and bioaccessible fractions of inorganic constituents in nutritive flours exposed to consumption in Brazil","authors":"Thaís Luz de Souza , Leilane Rodrigues Santos , Caio Silva Assis Felix , Laura Beatriz Souza e Souza , Ivana Ferreira Simões , Crislaine Santos Lima , Marcele Catarino Souza dos Santos , Rennan Geovanny Oliveira Araújo , Aníbal de Freitas Santos Júnior , Daniele Cristina Muniz Batista Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Inorganic constituents are chemical elements or metal ions essential for human survival, through regulatory mechanisms in various cellular processes. The aim of this study was to determine the total (TT) and bioaccessible (TB) content of inorganic constituents in 20 nutritive flour (NF) samples exposed to consumption in Brazil, using the INFOGEST <em>in vitro</em> digestion method.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Approximately 0.250 g of NF sample was digested in a closed digestion block with 2.8 mL of 65 %(m m<sup>-1</sup>) HNO<sub>3</sub> + 1.0 mL of 30 %(m m<sup>-1</sup>) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> + 4.2 mL of deionized water, for 45 min at 200 °C. Concentrations of Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sr and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Estimates of the bioaccessible levels of microelements (Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) were performed based on the <em>in vitro</em> INFOGEST protocol.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>The range of total microelement contents in the NF (dry weight, in µg g<sup>-1</sup>) were: Al (18.00 to 333), Ba (0.98 to 67.10), Cu (1.45 to 75.51), Fe (8.57 to 337), Mn (0.38 to 107), Sr (0.54 to 59.39), and Zn (3.44 to 122). Macroelement contents (dry weight, in µg g<sup>-1</sup>) were: Ca (43.12 to 5276), K (71.60 to 11,392), Mg (42.09 to 6519), Na (63.85 to 1668), and P (134 to 19,359). Significant concentrations of Fe, Mg, Mn, P and Zn were found in pumpkin seed flour. Copper levels in grape seed flour was high when compared to the other samples analyzed. Multivariate analysis showed groupings and similarities among the samples. Bioaccessible contents (in %) ranged from Al (0.21 to 10.37), Cu (2.93 to 26.57), Fe (1.39 to 36.46), Mn (0.73 to 107), and Zn (3.71 to 117). In the NF analyzed, Mn and Zn were the elements most available in the gastrointestinal fluids.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The technique of ICP OES proved to be adequate, as it showed good linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy for the determination of inorganic constituents in NF samples. Variations in inorganic composition between NF were observed. This study contributes to the expansion of the contribution of NF to the diet of the population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143591610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100224
Abdon Luiz Ornelas Latif , Thaís Luz de Sousa , Laura Beatriz Souza e Souza , Ivana Ferreira Simões , Alex Sander Lopes da Silva , Daniele Cristina Muniz Batista Santos , Aníbal de Freitas Santos Júnior , Clícia Maria de Jesus Benevides
Background
Multivitamin formulations (MFs) are used worldwide to meet needs in diets for the purpose of improving health, when necessary. Therefore, evaluating the in vitro micronutrient bioaccessibility by gastrointestinal digestion methods is essential to understand the available fraction of these analytes in the body.
Objective
In this study, methods were optimized and validated using the INFOGEST 2.0 protocol for in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and ICP OES to quantify concentrations of 13 trace elements (Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn) in Brazilian MFs. Additionally, it seeks to correlate the levels of elements indicated on the label with the recommended daily values (RDV).
Methods
Approximately, 0.75 g of MF sample were digested in a closed digestion block using 2.0 mL of 65 %(m/m) HNO3 + 5.0 mL of ultrapure water + 1.0 mL of 30 %(m/m) H2O2, at 180 °C for 90 min. Microelement bioaccessibility in Brazilian MFs through in vitro gastrointestinal digestion INFOGEST 2.0 and analysis by ICP OES were performed.
Results
The range of microelements total contents (µg g-1) in the multivitamin formulations were: Al (11.2 ± 0.2 to 256.0 ± 22.2), Ba (< 0.004 to 1.2 ± 0.1), Cu (11.0 ± 0.9 to 1327.9 ± 25.6), Fe (1373.2 ± 49.7 to 8480.6 ± 146.9), Mn (443.6 ± 3.9 to 2670.7 ± 137.5), Mo (< 0.02 to 29.0 ± 1.4), Se (< 0.01 to 54.7 ± 1.6), Sn (< 0.01 to 15.0 ± 2.4), Sr (< 0.002 to 60.4 ± 0.7), Ti (< 3.0 to 99.3 ± 5.3), and Zn (551.5 ± 21.2 to 3675.5 ± 40.3). Vanadium was below the quantification limit (< 0.02). The results revealed low bioaccessible contents (%) of Cu (0 to 23.8), Fe (0 to 15.7), Mn (0 to 11.4), and Zn (0 to 9.7), emphasizing the importance of regulation and quality control for consumer confidence.
Conclusion
The analysis of Brazilian MFs raised significant concerns, as most samples did not reach 50 % of the total declared content. The low mineral release during digestion simulation indicates the need for more effective formulations.
{"title":"Total and Bioaccessible contents of Microelements in Multivitamin Formulations Exposed to Consumption in Brazil using in vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion (INFOGEST Protocol)","authors":"Abdon Luiz Ornelas Latif , Thaís Luz de Sousa , Laura Beatriz Souza e Souza , Ivana Ferreira Simões , Alex Sander Lopes da Silva , Daniele Cristina Muniz Batista Santos , Aníbal de Freitas Santos Júnior , Clícia Maria de Jesus Benevides","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Multivitamin formulations (MFs) are used worldwide to meet needs in diets for the purpose of improving health, when necessary. Therefore, evaluating the <em>in vitro</em> micronutrient bioaccessibility by gastrointestinal digestion methods is essential to understand the available fraction of these analytes in the body.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>In this study, methods were optimized and validated using the INFOGEST 2.0 protocol for <em>in vitro</em> gastrointestinal digestion and ICP OES to quantify concentrations of 13 trace elements (Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn) in Brazilian MFs. Additionally, it seeks to correlate the levels of elements indicated on the label with the recommended daily values (RDV).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Approximately, 0.75 g of MF sample were digested in a closed digestion block using 2.0 mL of 65 %(m/m) HNO<sub>3</sub> + 5.0 mL of ultrapure water + 1.0 mL of 30 %(m/m) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, at 180 °C for 90 min. Microelement bioaccessibility in Brazilian MFs through <em>in vitro</em> gastrointestinal digestion INFOGEST 2.0 and analysis by ICP OES were performed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The range of microelements total contents (µg g<sup>-1</sup>) in the multivitamin formulations were: Al (11.2 ± 0.2 to 256.0 ± 22.2), Ba (< 0.004 to 1.2 ± 0.1), Cu (11.0 ± 0.9 to 1327.9 ± 25.6), Fe (1373.2 ± 49.7 to 8480.6 ± 146.9), Mn (443.6 ± 3.9 to 2670.7 ± 137.5), Mo (< 0.02 to 29.0 ± 1.4), Se (< 0.01 to 54.7 ± 1.6), Sn (< 0.01 to 15.0 ± 2.4), Sr (< 0.002 to 60.4 ± 0.7), Ti (< 3.0 to 99.3 ± 5.3), and Zn (551.5 ± 21.2 to 3675.5 ± 40.3). Vanadium was below the quantification limit (< 0.02). The results revealed low bioaccessible contents (%) of Cu (0 to 23.8), Fe (0 to 15.7), Mn (0 to 11.4), and Zn (0 to 9.7), emphasizing the importance of regulation and quality control for consumer confidence.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The analysis of Brazilian MFs raised significant concerns, as most samples did not reach 50 % of the total declared content. The low mineral release during digestion simulation indicates the need for more effective formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143591757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100223
Mir Md Tasnim Alam , Md Opu Sarker , Mahfuzur Rahman , Nazmus Sakib , Mahir Tajwar , Md Yousuf Gazi , Shamiha Shafinaz Shreya , Saika Islam Meim , Anwar Zahid
Introduction
Groundwater contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) poses serious health risks in Bangladesh, yet limited studies have addressed their seasonal and spatial variability. In the Barind Tract, Rajshahi, groundwater is a critical resource for drinking and irrigation, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive evaluation of contamination patterns and health implications.
Methods
A total of 244 groundwater samples (122 per season) were analyzed for As, Al, Cu, Mn, Cr, and B using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and VIS Spectrophotometry. Contamination was assessed using Metal Evaluation Index (MEI), Nemerow Pollution Index (NPI), Contamination Degree (CD), and Poseidon Index (PoS). Statistical analyses included ANOVA, effect size (η², f²), PCA, and HCA. Monte Carlo simulation (10,000 iterations, 95% CI) estimated probabilistic health risks for adults and children.
Results
Boron (1.034 mg L⁻¹) and manganese (0.824 mg L⁻¹) dominated during the wet season, while manganese (0.735 mg L⁻¹) and aluminum (0.605 mg L⁻¹) were highest in the dry season. MEI, NPI, and CD indices indicated significant contamination in Sirajganj, Chapai Nawabganj, and Natore, with Chapai Nawabganj (PoS 9.01) and Natore (PoS 8.223) showing extensive groundwater degradation. Statistical analyses confirmed significant seasonal variations, with aluminum, copper, chromium, and boron showing the most fluctuation due to hydrological and geochemical changes. Health risk assessments identified 64 samples unsafe for children and 32 for adults, with Monte Carlo simulations indicating hazard indices reaching up to 4.68 for children in certain hotspots.
Conclusions
Pronounced seasonal variations in groundwater contamination underscore the necessity of targeted, season-specific monitoring and mitigation measures. Tailored interventions are essential to safeguard public health, especially for children who face higher exposure risks. The findings offer critical insights for policy-makers and stakeholders, promoting sustainable groundwater management in the Barind Tract.
{"title":"Statistical and probabilistic modeling of groundwater contamination: A data-driven uncertainty and risk assessment in Barind Tract, Rajshahi, Bangladesh","authors":"Mir Md Tasnim Alam , Md Opu Sarker , Mahfuzur Rahman , Nazmus Sakib , Mahir Tajwar , Md Yousuf Gazi , Shamiha Shafinaz Shreya , Saika Islam Meim , Anwar Zahid","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Groundwater contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) poses serious health risks in Bangladesh, yet limited studies have addressed their seasonal and spatial variability. In the Barind Tract, Rajshahi, groundwater is a critical resource for drinking and irrigation, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive evaluation of contamination patterns and health implications.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 244 groundwater samples (122 per season) were analyzed for As, Al, Cu, Mn, Cr, and B using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and VIS Spectrophotometry. Contamination was assessed using Metal Evaluation Index (MEI), Nemerow Pollution Index (NPI), Contamination Degree (CD), and Poseidon Index (PoS). Statistical analyses included ANOVA, effect size (η², f²), PCA, and HCA. Monte Carlo simulation (10,000 iterations, 95% CI) estimated probabilistic health risks for adults and children.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Boron (1.034 mg L⁻¹) and manganese (0.824 mg L⁻¹) dominated during the wet season, while manganese (0.735 mg L⁻¹) and aluminum (0.605 mg L⁻¹) were highest in the dry season. MEI, NPI, and CD indices indicated significant contamination in Sirajganj, Chapai Nawabganj, and Natore, with Chapai Nawabganj (PoS 9.01) and Natore (PoS 8.223) showing extensive groundwater degradation. Statistical analyses confirmed significant seasonal variations, with aluminum, copper, chromium, and boron showing the most fluctuation due to hydrological and geochemical changes. Health risk assessments identified 64 samples unsafe for children and 32 for adults, with Monte Carlo simulations indicating hazard indices reaching up to 4.68 for children in certain hotspots.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Pronounced seasonal variations in groundwater contamination underscore the necessity of targeted, season-specific monitoring and mitigation measures. Tailored interventions are essential to safeguard public health, especially for children who face higher exposure risks. The findings offer critical insights for policy-makers and stakeholders, promoting sustainable groundwater management in the Barind Tract.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100225
Hamed Soltani , Akbar Hassani , Mohammad Baba Akbari Sari , Mehrdad Hanifei
Background
Suggesting and testing innovative methods, which may enhance the growth and quality of crop plants in the field is of economic and health significance.
Objectives and methods
There is not much data, to our knowledge, on the use of the endophytic bacteria, Pantoea agglomerans, affecting growth, yield and biochemical properties of different tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) genotypes (Rusha, Maranku, Hiro, and Vitara, supplied by the Zola Company, Holland) in the field conditions, as the objective of the present research. Different tomato growth and quality parameters including leaf greenness, number of flower, yield, fruit dissolved solids and dry biomass, pH, vitamin C, and nutrient uptake (N, P, K) were determined.
Results
Genotype 3 followed by Genotype 4 indicated to be the most efficient ones with significantly higher tomato yield and nutrient uptake. The bacterial inoculation significantly increased tomato yield from a minimum of 7.58 kg plot−1 (control) to a maximum of 11.08 kg plot−1 (bacteria and Genotype 3). Interestingly, the highest vitamin C was resulted by the combination of the bacteria and Genotype 2 (15.53 mg 100g−1) and the least by the control treatment (12.18 mg 100g−1). The bacteria and Genotype 3 resulted in the highest N (3.76 and 4.46%) and P (0.38 and 0.52%) concentrations, and for K (2.67 and 3.83%) it was resulted by Genotype 1 and the bacteria. Fruit pH was negatively and significantly correlated with all the measured parameters.
Conclusions
Although genotype was a determining factor significantly affecting tomato growth, yield and biochemical properties including nutrient uptake (N, P and K), its combination with P. agglomerans, intensified such enhancing effects. The tested bacterial strain, as a suitable biofertilization method, with respect to the compatibility of tomato genotype, is able to enhance tomato growth, yield and quality by affecting plant biochemical properties. The future research may look for the single and combined effects of P. agglomerans with the other PGPR strains on tomato quality and yield in different conditions including stress, which is of economic and health significance.
{"title":"The phosphate solubilizing and N fixing Pantoea agglomerans bacteria affecting yield and biochemical properties including nutrient uptake of different tomato genotypes","authors":"Hamed Soltani , Akbar Hassani , Mohammad Baba Akbari Sari , Mehrdad Hanifei","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Suggesting and testing innovative methods, which may enhance the growth and quality of crop plants in the field is of economic and health significance.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives and methods</h3><div>There is not much data, to our knowledge, on the use of the endophytic bacteria, <em>Pantoea agglomerans</em>, affecting growth, yield and biochemical properties of different tomato (<em>Solanum lycopersicum</em>) genotypes (Rusha, Maranku, Hiro, and Vitara, supplied by the Zola Company, Holland) in the field conditions, as the objective of the present research. Different tomato growth and quality parameters including leaf greenness, number of flower, yield, fruit dissolved solids and dry biomass, pH, vitamin C, and nutrient uptake (N, P, K) were determined.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Genotype 3 followed by Genotype 4 indicated to be the most efficient ones with significantly higher tomato yield and nutrient uptake. The bacterial inoculation significantly increased tomato yield from a minimum of 7.58 kg plot<sup>−1</sup> (control) to a maximum of 11.08 kg plot<sup>−1</sup> (bacteria and Genotype 3). Interestingly, the highest vitamin C was resulted by the combination of the bacteria and Genotype 2 (15.53 mg 100g<sup>−1</sup>) and the least by the control treatment (12.18 mg 100g<sup>−1</sup>). The bacteria and Genotype 3 resulted in the highest N (3.76 and 4.46%) and P (0.38 and 0.52%) concentrations, and for K (2.67 and 3.83%) it was resulted by Genotype 1 and the bacteria. Fruit pH was negatively and significantly correlated with all the measured parameters.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Although genotype was a determining factor significantly affecting tomato growth, yield and biochemical properties including nutrient uptake (N, P and K), its combination with <em>P. agglomerans</em>, intensified such enhancing effects. The tested bacterial strain, as a suitable biofertilization method, with respect to the compatibility of tomato genotype, is able to enhance tomato growth, yield and quality by affecting plant biochemical properties. The future research may look for the single and combined effects of <em>P. agglomerans</em> with the other PGPR strains on tomato quality and yield in different conditions including stress, which is of economic and health significance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143591756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mining in Tanzania's Lake Zone, especially Geita, may release toxic elements linked to health risks like cancer, but the most hazardous PTEs and vulnerable groups are uncertain.
Objectives
This study aims to assess the health risks posed by metal(loid)s in <75 µm particles of gold mine tailings for workers, children, and adults at four artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) sites in Geita: Bululu, Ifugandi, Nyarugusu, and Lwamgasa.
Methods
Concentrations of metal(loid)s in tailings were measured using ICP-OES. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were assessed for children, gold mine workers, and adult residents using the USEPA risk assessment approach. Multivariate analysis using Minitab 18 software was used for the identification of metal(loid)s source.
Results
Tailings from ASGM sites contain 49 % to 54 % of particles <75 µm, which can be ingested or transported by wind, presenting significant health risks. The most carcinogenic PTEs are As (86 %), Ni (9 %), and Cr (5 %), while Cd and Pb pose negligible risks. As causes the highest risk in Bululu and Ifugandi, while Cr and Ni are most concerning in Nyarugusu and Lwamgasa. The Health Hazard Index (HI) exceeds the safe limit (1.00) in Bululu for As, while in Nyarugusu, Cr and Mn also surpass the limit.
Conclusions
Geogenic contaminants from mining may cause cancer. Therefore, there is a need to mitigate pollution by using methods such as tailing stabilization, phytoremediation, better tailings management, awareness programs, health screenings, and safety regulation enforcement.
{"title":"Health risks of geogenic contaminants in gold mining areas in Geita, Tanzania","authors":"Noel Isack Kaaya , Maheswara Rao Vegi , Athanas Simon Macheyeki","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Mining in Tanzania's Lake Zone, especially Geita, may release toxic elements linked to health risks like cancer, but the most hazardous PTEs and vulnerable groups are uncertain.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aims to assess the health risks posed by metal(loid)s in <75 µm particles of gold mine tailings for workers, children, and adults at four artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) sites in Geita: Bululu, Ifugandi, Nyarugusu, and Lwamgasa.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Concentrations of metal(loid)s in tailings were measured using ICP-OES. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were assessed for children, gold mine workers, and adult residents using the USEPA risk assessment approach. Multivariate analysis using Minitab 18 software was used for the identification of metal(loid)s source.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Tailings from ASGM sites contain 49 % to 54 % of particles <75 µm, which can be ingested or transported by wind, presenting significant health risks. The most carcinogenic PTEs are As (86 %), Ni (9 %), and Cr (5 %), while Cd and Pb pose negligible risks. As causes the highest risk in Bululu and Ifugandi, while Cr and Ni are most concerning in Nyarugusu and Lwamgasa. The Health Hazard Index (HI) exceeds the safe limit (1.00) in Bululu for As, while in Nyarugusu, Cr and Mn also surpass the limit.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Geogenic contaminants from mining may cause cancer. Therefore, there is a need to mitigate pollution by using methods such as tailing stabilization, phytoremediation, better tailings management, awareness programs, health screenings, and safety regulation enforcement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-02DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100221
Tanveer Ahmad , Mirza Abrar , Syeda Anum Masood Bokhari , Shahid Iqbal , Abid Mahmood Alvi , Qumer Iqbal , Muhammad Awais Ghani , Muhammad Umar , Raja Tahir Iqbal
Malnutrition in Pakistan is cause of concern which is affecting everyone regardless of age and gender. The situation for women and children is even more alarming and prevalence of malnutrition in Pakistan exceeds against other developing countries. The poor and underprivileged populations in Sindh, Balochistan, KPK and South Punjab are severely affected by undernutrition of macro and micronutrients. Despite continuous efforts, malnutrition in certain areas of Pakistan is on surge due to many factors. Poverty, lack of sufficient nutritious food coupled with lack of food diversity are main factors of undernutrition in Pakistan. Amaranth is a climate resilient; drought tolerant plant and it can be produced with minimal number of resources even in poor soils. The adaptability and nutritional value of 25 exotic vegetable amaranth genotypes were investigated using standard analytical approaches in order to evaluate the several possibilities of the plant leaves in underprivileged population of Pakistan. The study discovered that exotic amaranth genotypes produce abundant green matter with optimum moisture contents and number of leaves per plant with good height. The investigation for nutrients disclosed the maximum ash content, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and carbohydrate from the leaves as (4.32 g 100g−1 FW), (6.76 g 100g−1 FW), (0.66 g 100g−1 FW), (4.29 g 100g−1 FW) and (18.19 g 100g−1 FW) respectively in different genotypes. The maximum energy yielded in calories was 407.41 (kJ 100g−1 FW). Elemental breakdown was performed in (mg g−1 DW) and it indicated that the leaves contained maximum potassium (15.52 mg g−1 DW), calcium (11.11 mg g−1 DW), Magnesium (9.67 mg g−1 DW), Iron (0.24 mg g−1 DW), Zinc (0.18 mg g−1 DW) and phosphorus (5.85 mg g−1 DW) in different genotypes under investigation. Comparing the nutrients in exotic vegetable amaranth genotypes with recommended dietary allowance (RDA) values, the outcomes expose that the leaves of amaranth contain substantial amount of important nutrients that are crucial in combating malnutrition in underprivileged populations in Pakistan.
巴基斯坦的营养不良问题令人担忧，它影响着每个人，不论年龄和性别。妇女和儿童的情况更加令人震惊，巴基斯坦营养不良的普遍程度超过其他发展中国家。信德省、俾路支省、KPK省和南旁遮普省的贫困和弱势人口受到宏观和微量营养素营养不足的严重影响。尽管不断努力，但由于多种因素，巴基斯坦某些地区的营养不良情况仍在激增。贫困、缺乏足够的营养食物以及缺乏食物多样性是巴基斯坦营养不良的主要因素。苋菜具有气候适应性；耐旱植物，即使在贫瘠的土壤中也能以最少的资源生产。采用标准分析方法对25个外来蔬菜苋菜基因型的适应性和营养价值进行了研究，以评价该植物叶片在巴基斯坦贫困人群中的几种可能性。研究发现，外来苋菜基因型能产生丰富的绿色物质，具有最佳的水分含量和单株叶数，具有良好的高度。营养成分调查结果表明，不同基因型叶片的粗灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维和碳水化合物含量分别为4.32 g 100g−1 FW、6.76 g 100g−1 FW、0.66 g 100g−1 FW、4.29 g 100g−1 FW和18.19 g 100g−1 FW。以卡路里为单位产生的最大能量为407.41 （kJ 100g−1 FW）。元素分解（mg g−1 DW）表明，不同基因型叶片中钾（15.52 mg g−1 DW）、钙（11.11 mg g−1 DW）、镁（9.67 mg g−1 DW）、铁（0.24 mg g−1 DW）、锌（0.18 mg g−1 DW）和磷（5.85 mg g−1 DW）含量最高。将外来蔬菜苋菜基因型中的营养物质与推荐膳食摄取量（RDA）值进行比较，结果表明，苋菜叶子含有大量重要的营养物质，这些营养物质对巴基斯坦贫困人口的营养不良问题至关重要。
{"title":"Amaranthus: A nutritious solution to malnutrition for underprivileged populations in Pakistan","authors":"Tanveer Ahmad , Mirza Abrar , Syeda Anum Masood Bokhari , Shahid Iqbal , Abid Mahmood Alvi , Qumer Iqbal , Muhammad Awais Ghani , Muhammad Umar , Raja Tahir Iqbal","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Malnutrition in Pakistan is cause of concern which is affecting everyone regardless of age and gender. The situation for women and children is even more alarming and prevalence of malnutrition in Pakistan exceeds against other developing countries. The poor and underprivileged populations in Sindh, Balochistan, KPK and South Punjab are severely affected by undernutrition of macro and micronutrients. Despite continuous efforts, malnutrition in certain areas of Pakistan is on surge due to many factors. Poverty, lack of sufficient nutritious food coupled with lack of food diversity are main factors of undernutrition in Pakistan. Amaranth is a climate resilient; drought tolerant plant and it can be produced with minimal number of resources even in poor soils. The adaptability and nutritional value of 25 exotic vegetable amaranth genotypes were investigated using standard analytical approaches in order to evaluate the several possibilities of the plant leaves in underprivileged population of Pakistan. The study discovered that exotic amaranth genotypes produce abundant green matter with optimum moisture contents and number of leaves per plant with good height. The investigation for nutrients disclosed the maximum ash content, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and carbohydrate from the leaves as (4.32 g 100<em>g</em><sup>−1</sup> FW), (6.76 g 100<em>g</em><sup>−1</sup> FW), (0.66 g 100<em>g</em><sup>−1</sup> FW), (4.29 g 100<em>g</em><sup>−1</sup> FW) and (18.19 g 100<em>g</em><sup>−1</sup> FW) respectively in different genotypes. The maximum energy yielded in calories was 407.41 (kJ 100<em>g</em><sup>−1</sup> FW). Elemental breakdown was performed in (mg g<sup>−1</sup> DW) and it indicated that the leaves contained maximum potassium (15.52 mg g<sup>−1</sup> DW), calcium (11.11 mg g<sup>−1</sup> DW), Magnesium (9.67 mg g<sup>−1</sup> DW), Iron (0.24 mg g<sup>−1</sup> DW), Zinc (0.18 mg g<sup>−1</sup> DW) and phosphorus (5.85 mg g<sup>−1</sup> DW) in different genotypes under investigation. Comparing the nutrients in exotic vegetable amaranth genotypes with recommended dietary allowance (RDA) values, the outcomes expose that the leaves of amaranth contain substantial amount of important nutrients that are crucial in combating malnutrition in underprivileged populations in Pakistan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-25DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100220
Istiak Ahmed , Md. Mostafa Monwar , Md Iqram Uddin Al Amran , Md Mehedi Iqbal , Israt Sultana Isha , Md Masum Billah , Mohammad Rafiqul Islam , Abdullah Al Mamun , Md Khurshid Alam Bhuiyan
Background
The contamination of estuarine sediments with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is a growing concern in industrialized regions. The Karnaphuli River estuary, a critical ecosystem in Bangladesh, is exposed to untreated industrial, agricultural, and urban effluents, posing ecological and health risks.
Objective
This study aimed to assess the levels and spatial distribution of chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) in sediments of the estuary, along with potential contamination sources and the associated ecological risks.
Methods
Sediment samples were collected from six key discharge points and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The data were examined to identify contamination patterns using geostatistical techniques, element correlations, and possible pollution sources. Results were compared with international sediment quality guidelines and findings from global estuarine systems to assess ecological risks.
Results
The concentrations of Cr (77.13–165.29 mg kg-1), Zn (67.86–83.29 mg kg-1), and Cu (53.28–73.66 mg kg-1) were highest near industrial zones. Strong correlations were observed among Cr, Zn, and Pb, indicating overlapping anthropogenic sources such as industrial discharges and urban runoff. When compared to global estuarine systems, the contamination levels of PTEs in the Karnaphuli estuary were found to be moderate to high, reflecting similar patterns observed in other industrialized regions. Several PTEs exceeded permissible limits, raising significant ecological concerns.
Conclusions
The findings underscore the need for stricter wastewater management, advanced remediation technologies, and robust monitoring frameworks to mitigate contamination risks. The study provides a baseline for policymaking to protect estuarine ecosystems in rapidly industrializing regions.
{"title":"Are industrial footprints driving potentially toxic element contamination in the Karnaphuli River Estuary?","authors":"Istiak Ahmed , Md. Mostafa Monwar , Md Iqram Uddin Al Amran , Md Mehedi Iqbal , Israt Sultana Isha , Md Masum Billah , Mohammad Rafiqul Islam , Abdullah Al Mamun , Md Khurshid Alam Bhuiyan","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The contamination of estuarine sediments with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is a growing concern in industrialized regions. The Karnaphuli River estuary, a critical ecosystem in Bangladesh, is exposed to untreated industrial, agricultural, and urban effluents, posing ecological and health risks.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to assess the levels and spatial distribution of chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) in sediments of the estuary, along with potential contamination sources and the associated ecological risks.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Sediment samples were collected from six key discharge points and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The data were examined to identify contamination patterns using geostatistical techniques, element correlations, and possible pollution sources. Results were compared with international sediment quality guidelines and findings from global estuarine systems to assess ecological risks.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The concentrations of Cr (77.13–165.29 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>), Zn (67.86–83.29 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>), and Cu (53.28–73.66 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) were highest near industrial zones. Strong correlations were observed among Cr, Zn, and Pb, indicating overlapping anthropogenic sources such as industrial discharges and urban runoff. When compared to global estuarine systems, the contamination levels of PTEs in the Karnaphuli estuary were found to be moderate to high, reflecting similar patterns observed in other industrialized regions. Several PTEs exceeded permissible limits, raising significant ecological concerns.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The findings underscore the need for stricter wastewater management, advanced remediation technologies, and robust monitoring frameworks to mitigate contamination risks. The study provides a baseline for policymaking to protect estuarine ecosystems in rapidly industrializing regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143547802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100219
Hiwa Mohammad Qadr, Midya Hussen Ibrahim, Hanifa Younis Hassan
Background
Milk products have become a popular human nutrient in recent years because of their vitamins and minerals that are essential for the development and function of various organs and tissues. Additionally, excessive consumption of these vitamins and minerals may adversely affect our health.
Objective
This study aimed to determine the concentration of five potentially toxic heavy metals, namely cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in 14 samples of powdered milk collected from the Iraqi Kurdistan Region markets. Furthermore, the experimental data were then used to determine the potential health risk for an adult age through the metal pollution index (MPI), estimated daily intake of metals (EDIM), human health risk index (HHRI) and hazard index (HI)
Methodology
In this study, the concentrations were determined using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF).
Results
The findings demonstrate that the mean concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn in powdered milk samples were 0.079, 0.042, 0.077, 0.056 and 0.847 mg kg−1, respectively. Human health was found to be very lowly affected by these metals based on the results of the estimated daily intake of metals (EDIM). Hazard index (HI) values in 36 % were less than 1 and 64 % were higher than 1.
Conclusion
The consumption of powdered milk by adults may pose potential health risks, and other protein sources should be monitored for metals.
近年来，奶制品已成为一种流行的人体营养素，因为它们含有对各种器官和组织的发育和功能至关重要的维生素和矿物质。此外，过量摄入这些维生素和矿物质可能会对我们的健康产生不利影响。目的测定从伊拉克库尔德斯坦地区市场采集的14份奶粉样品中镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）、镍（Ni）、铜（Cu）和锌（Zn） 5种潜在有毒重金属的浓度。利用实验数据，通过金属污染指数（MPI）、估计每日金属摄入量（EDIM）、人体健康风险指数（HHRI）和危害指数（HI）确定成人潜在健康风险。本研究采用能量色散x射线荧光（EDXRF）测定浓度。结果奶粉样品中Cd、Pb、Ni、Cu和Zn的平均浓度分别为0.079、0.042、0.077、0.056和0.847 mg kg - 1。根据估计的每日金属摄入量（EDIM）的结果，发现这些金属对人体健康的影响非常小。危害指数（HI）值小于1的占36%，大于1的占64%。结论成人食用奶粉可能存在潜在的健康风险，应对其他蛋白质来源的金属含量进行监测。
{"title":"Determination of potentially toxic heavy metals in milk powder marketed in Kurdistan of Iraq","authors":"Hiwa Mohammad Qadr, Midya Hussen Ibrahim, Hanifa Younis Hassan","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Milk products have become a popular human nutrient in recent years because of their vitamins and minerals that are essential for the development and function of various organs and tissues. Additionally, excessive consumption of these vitamins and minerals may adversely affect our health.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to determine the concentration of five potentially toxic heavy metals, namely cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in 14 samples of powdered milk collected from the Iraqi Kurdistan Region markets. Furthermore, the experimental data were then used to determine the potential health risk for an adult age through the metal pollution index (MPI), estimated daily intake of metals (EDIM), human health risk index (HHRI) and hazard index (HI)</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>In this study, the concentrations were determined using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings demonstrate that the mean concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn in powdered milk samples were 0.079, 0.042, 0.077, 0.056 and 0.847 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Human health was found to be very lowly affected by these metals based on the results of the estimated daily intake of metals (EDIM). Hazard index (HI) values in 36 % were less than 1 and 64 % were higher than 1.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The consumption of powdered milk by adults may pose potential health risks, and other protein sources should be monitored for metals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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