Pub Date : 2025-12-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100276
Misbah Rani , Zainul Abideen , Neelma Munir , Maria Hasnain , Mohammad Mehdizadeh , Muhammed Qasim , Emanuele Radicetti
Background
Soil degradation, caused by salinity, nutrient depletion, and trace metal pollutants, is a major problem for agricultural productivity. Organic amendments, such as biochar, have shown potential to improve soil health, water retention, and nutrient availability. However, biochar-based blended amendments, such as biochar compost mixture and composted biochar, may offer greater benefits even under harsh soil environments.
Objectives
This systematic review evaluates the limitations and advantages of biochar, compost, and biochar-compost mixtures in restoring degraded and polluted soils. The review assesses their roles in improving soil fertility, nutrient availability, microbial activity, and key physiochemical properties relevant to sustainable agriculture.
Methods
Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched major scientific databases and screened studies based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eligible studies included laboratory, greenhouse, and field experiments assessing soil restoration outcomes using biochar-based amendments.
Key findings
Biochar applications enhanced biomass production, CO2 capture, soil quality, and immobilization of inorganic ions and organic waste material due to promising properties like advanced cation exchange capacity, high permeability, and large surface area. Biochar-compost further improved nutrient availability, biomass uptake, water retention, carbon sequestration, and plant physiological responses under stress. Composted biochar offered more sustained and long-lasting improvements in soil quality and plant productivity under salinity stress, thus solving multiple biochar-associated challenges, although further long-term field evidence is still needed.
Broader implications
Overall, biochar and biochar-compost represent promising tools for soil restoration, pollutant remediation, and crop productivity. Although their benefits are widely reported, variability in outcomes and gaps in long-term evidence underscore the importance of optimizing application strategies for different soil systems.
{"title":"Enhancing soil fertility, nutrient recovery and carbon sequestration: the role of biochar, composted biochar, and biochar-compost mixtures in sustainable agriculture","authors":"Misbah Rani , Zainul Abideen , Neelma Munir , Maria Hasnain , Mohammad Mehdizadeh , Muhammed Qasim , Emanuele Radicetti","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Soil degradation, caused by salinity, nutrient depletion, and trace metal pollutants, is a major problem for agricultural productivity. Organic amendments, such as biochar, have shown potential to improve soil health, water retention, and nutrient availability. However, biochar-based blended amendments, such as biochar compost mixture and composted biochar, may offer greater benefits even under harsh soil environments.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This systematic review evaluates the limitations and advantages of biochar, compost, and biochar-compost mixtures in restoring degraded and polluted soils. The review assesses their roles in improving soil fertility, nutrient availability, microbial activity, and key physiochemical properties relevant to sustainable agriculture.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched major scientific databases and screened studies based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eligible studies included laboratory, greenhouse, and field experiments assessing soil restoration outcomes using biochar-based amendments.</div></div><div><h3>Key findings</h3><div>Biochar applications enhanced biomass production, CO<sub>2</sub> capture, soil quality, and immobilization of inorganic ions and organic waste material due to promising properties like advanced cation exchange capacity, high permeability, and large surface area. Biochar-compost further improved nutrient availability, biomass uptake, water retention, carbon sequestration, and plant physiological responses under stress. Composted biochar offered more sustained and long-lasting improvements in soil quality and plant productivity under salinity stress, thus solving multiple biochar-associated challenges, although further long-term field evidence is still needed.</div></div><div><h3>Broader implications</h3><div>Overall, biochar and biochar-compost represent promising tools for soil restoration, pollutant remediation, and crop productivity. Although their benefits are widely reported, variability in outcomes and gaps in long-term evidence underscore the importance of optimizing application strategies for different soil systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100275
Fernanda Patti Nakamoto, Kauana Multini de Almeida, Larissa Canton Gonçalves, Marcus V.L. dos Santos Quaresma
Aim and background
Female athletes have been considered a risk group for non-anemic iron deficiency (NAID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) given iron loss situations (i.e., excessive blood lost during a menstrual cycle, eccentric muscle contraction, and sweating). Iron supplementation should be a strategy to increase both iron levels and physical exercise performance. To verify the effect of iron supplementation on the exercise performance of women with NAID or IDA, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted (CRD42021245452).
Materials and methods
Inclusion criteria comprised randomized or non-randomized clinical trials with a control group that determined the effect of iron supplementation associated with endurance exercise on women’s exercise performance. A search of the MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, and Scopus databases was performed in February 2025 including all articles.
Results
A total of 2122 studies were initially identified. Following exclusions, 15 studies with a total of 380 participants were included. Iron supplementation did not improve exercise performance assessed during time-to-exhaustion (TTE; MD: 0.76 min; 95% CI: -0.13; 1.65; p = 0.067) or time trial (TT; MD: -1.78 min; 95% CI: -3.88; 0.333 min; p = 0.059) protocols. Still, by combining TTE and TT studies in the same analysis, we observed a non-significant effect on exercise performance (SMD: 0.97; 95% CI: -0.49 to 2.44; p = 0.139). Moreover, although iron supplementation led to consistent improvements in hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels, its effects on cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise performance were mixed. We observed a moderate and statistically significant improvement in V̇O₂max or V̇O₂peak (SMD: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.08 to 1.31; p = 0.030). However, this effect was no longer statistically significant when studies involving women with anemia were excluded (SMD: 0.61; 95% CI: -0.05 to 1.27; p = 0.068), suggesting that the observed improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness may be primarily driven by this subgroup. In contrast, no significant effects were found on exercise performance outcomes such as TTE or TT performance.
Conclusion
Although iron supplementation led to improvements in hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels, its effects on exercise performance and cardiorespiratory fitness were limited.
{"title":"Effect of iron supplementation on exercise performance of women with non-anemic iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia - a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Fernanda Patti Nakamoto, Kauana Multini de Almeida, Larissa Canton Gonçalves, Marcus V.L. dos Santos Quaresma","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim and background</h3><div>Female athletes have been considered a risk group for non-anemic iron deficiency (NAID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) given iron loss situations (i.e., excessive blood lost during a menstrual cycle, eccentric muscle contraction, and sweating). Iron supplementation should be a strategy to increase both iron levels and physical exercise performance. To verify the effect of iron supplementation on the exercise performance of women with NAID or IDA, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted (CRD42021245452).</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Inclusion criteria comprised randomized or non-randomized clinical trials with a control group that determined the effect of iron supplementation associated with endurance exercise on women’s exercise performance. A search of the MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, and Scopus databases was performed in February 2025 including all articles.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 2122 studies were initially identified. Following exclusions, 15 studies with a total of 380 participants were included. Iron supplementation did not improve exercise performance assessed during time-to-exhaustion (TTE; MD: 0.76 min; 95% CI: -0.13; 1.65; <em>p</em> = 0.067) or time trial (TT; MD: -1.78 min; 95% CI: -3.88; 0.333 min; <em>p</em> = 0.059) protocols. Still, by combining TTE and TT studies in the same analysis, we observed a non-significant effect on exercise performance (SMD: 0.97; 95% CI: -0.49 to 2.44; <em>p</em> = 0.139). Moreover, although iron supplementation led to consistent improvements in hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels, its effects on cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise performance were mixed. We observed a moderate and statistically significant improvement in V̇O₂max or V̇O₂peak (SMD: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.08 to 1.31; <em>p</em> = 0.030). However, this effect was no longer statistically significant when studies involving women with anemia were excluded (SMD: 0.61; 95% CI: -0.05 to 1.27; <em>p</em> = 0.068), suggesting that the observed improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness may be primarily driven by this subgroup. In contrast, no significant effects were found on exercise performance outcomes such as TTE or TT performance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Although iron supplementation led to improvements in hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels, its effects on exercise performance and cardiorespiratory fitness were limited.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100274
Aduema Wadioni , Olusegun G. Adebayo , Adebimpe V. Masanwoola , Joseph Chimezie
Background: Exposures to transition metals such as copper have been investigated in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients’ brain with the concentrations higher comparative to the non-diseased. However, the mechanistic approach in PD remains largely unexplored.Objectives This study aims to investigate the Zingiber officinale methanol extract (MEZO) neuroprotective effect in mice striatal and nigral neurons after exposure to copper intoxication. Methods: A total of 40 mice (n = 8 mice/group) were treated orally with distilled water (10 mL kg-1; group 1), copper sulfate (CuSO4, 20 mg kg-1; group 2), MEZO (50 and 100 mg kg-1; group 3 and 4), and vitamin C (100 mg kg-1; group 5) repeatedly for 28 days. The mice in group 3 – 5 were pre-treated with CuSO4, followed 1 hour later by MEZO and Vitamin C treatment. Locomotor and neuromuscular performances were assessed using open field, negative geotaxis and tail suspension test, respectively. After termination, markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, neuronal transmission, and histoarchitectural changes were evaluated in the brain tissues. Results: The exposure to CuSO4 treatment induced significant reduction in locomotor and neuromuscular competence but was improved following the administration of MEZO. Oral exposure to CuSO4 increased striatal pro-oxidants (malondialdehyde and nitrite), inflammatory mediators (MPO, TNF-α, and IL-6), and α-synuclein levels; and decreased endogenous antioxidant enzymes (glutathione and catalase), anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), dopamine, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and brain derived neurotophic factor (BDNF) levels in the striatum. However, the administration of MEZO decreased pro-oxidants, inflammatory mediators, and α-synuclein levels; and increased the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, anti-inflammatory cytokine, dopamine, AChE and BDNF levels in the mice striatum in a dose-related manner. Additionally, the administration of MEZO abated the loss of the nigrostriatal neurons as well as the structural integrity after CuSO4 lesioning. Conclusion: The study suggests that MEZO could be used as a pharmacotherapy in the management and treatment of PD pathophysiology following exposure to CuSO4 intoxication.
{"title":"Neuroprotective potential of Zingiber officinale methanol extract in copper sulfate-induced nigrostriatal neurodegeneration in mice","authors":"Aduema Wadioni , Olusegun G. Adebayo , Adebimpe V. Masanwoola , Joseph Chimezie","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><strong>Background:</strong> Exposures to transition metals such as copper have been investigated in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients’ brain with the concentrations higher comparative to the non-diseased. However, the mechanistic approach in PD remains largely unexplored.<strong>Objectives</strong> This study aims to investigate the <em>Zingiber officinale</em> methanol extract (MEZO) neuroprotective effect in mice striatal and nigral neurons after exposure to copper intoxication. <strong>Methods:</strong> A total of 40 mice (n = 8 mice/group) were treated orally with distilled water (10 mL kg<sup>-1</sup>; group 1), copper sulfate (CuSO<sub>4</sub>, 20 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>; group 2), MEZO (50 and 100 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>; group 3 and 4), and vitamin C (100 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>; group 5) repeatedly for 28 days. The mice in group 3 – 5 were pre-treated with CuSO<sub>4</sub>, followed 1 hour later by MEZO and Vitamin C treatment. Locomotor and neuromuscular performances were assessed using open field, negative geotaxis and tail suspension test, respectively. After termination, markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, neuronal transmission, and histoarchitectural changes were evaluated in the brain tissues. <strong>Results:</strong> The exposure to CuSO<sub>4</sub> treatment induced significant reduction in locomotor and neuromuscular competence but was improved following the administration of MEZO. Oral exposure to CuSO<sub>4</sub> increased striatal pro-oxidants (malondialdehyde and nitrite), inflammatory mediators (MPO, TNF-α, and IL-6), and α-synuclein levels; and decreased endogenous antioxidant enzymes (glutathione and catalase), anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), dopamine, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and brain derived neurotophic factor (BDNF) levels in the striatum. However, the administration of MEZO decreased pro-oxidants, inflammatory mediators, and α-synuclein levels; and increased the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, anti-inflammatory cytokine, dopamine, AChE and BDNF levels in the mice striatum in a dose-related manner. Additionally, the administration of MEZO abated the loss of the nigrostriatal neurons as well as the structural integrity after CuSO<sub>4</sub> lesioning. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The study suggests that MEZO could be used as a pharmacotherapy in the management and treatment of PD pathophysiology following exposure to CuSO<sub>4</sub> intoxication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heavy metals constitute a major class of environmental contaminants with a narrow margin between essentiality and toxicity. Their widespread use in industrial, agricultural, and biomedical applications has led to persistent accumulation in air, water, soil, and biological systems. Owing to their non-biodegradable nature, heavy metals readily bioaccumulate and magnify, posing severe risks to human health and ecosystems. Accurate detection and speciation of these metals are therefore essential to understanding their toxicity and environmental behaviour.
Methods
Traditional analytical techniques for metal detection are limited by high costs, laborious workflows, and insufficient sensitivity when applied to complex samples. Over the past two decades, hyphenated analytical platforms have emerged as powerful alternatives by integrating separation techniques such as liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and pyrolysis with advanced mass spectrometric detection. These combinations significantly enhance selectivity, sensitivity, and throughput while enabling precise speciation analysis across diverse matrices.
Results
This review compiles and critically evaluates the major hyphenated mass spectrometric techniques—including GC–MS, LC-MS/MS, LC-ICP-MS, Py-GC–MS, nano-ESI-MS, TGA-MS, ToF-SIMS, AMS, and IC-MS—with representative applications in environmental, biological, food, and toxicological studies. Their advantages over conventional methods, such as lower detection limits, improved matrix tolerance, and multi-element capability, are highlighted alongside recent biological and environmental case studies. Challenges associated with instrumentation complexity, sample preparation, data processing, and on-site applicability are discussed. The review also outlines future prospects, emphasising the need for miniaturisation, user-friendly software, AI-assisted data interpretation, and portable field-deployable systems to improve accessibility and real-time monitoring.
{"title":"Hyphenated mass spectroscopic detection of heavy metals in environmental and biological samples: A review","authors":"Ratnesh Tiwari , Nihar Ranjan , Mohini Chaurasia , S.J.S. Flora","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Heavy metals constitute a major class of environmental contaminants with a narrow margin between essentiality and toxicity. Their widespread use in industrial, agricultural, and biomedical applications has led to persistent accumulation in air, water, soil, and biological systems. Owing to their non-biodegradable nature, heavy metals readily bioaccumulate and magnify, posing severe risks to human health and ecosystems. Accurate detection and speciation of these metals are therefore essential to understanding their toxicity and environmental behaviour.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Traditional analytical techniques for metal detection are limited by high costs, laborious workflows, and insufficient sensitivity when applied to complex samples. Over the past two decades, hyphenated analytical platforms have emerged as powerful alternatives by integrating separation techniques such as liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and pyrolysis with advanced mass spectrometric detection. These combinations significantly enhance selectivity, sensitivity, and throughput while enabling precise speciation analysis across diverse matrices.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This review compiles and critically evaluates the major hyphenated mass spectrometric techniques—including GC–MS, LC-MS/MS, LC-ICP-MS, Py-GC–MS, nano-ESI-MS, TGA-MS, ToF-SIMS, AMS, and IC-MS—with representative applications in environmental, biological, food, and toxicological studies. Their advantages over conventional methods, such as lower detection limits, improved matrix tolerance, and multi-element capability, are highlighted alongside recent biological and environmental case studies. Challenges associated with instrumentation complexity, sample preparation, data processing, and on-site applicability are discussed. The review also outlines future prospects, emphasising the need for miniaturisation, user-friendly software, AI-assisted data interpretation, and portable field-deployable systems to improve accessibility and real-time monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100272
Md. Shazzadur Rahman , Sharmin Sultana , Pradip Kumar Biswas , Md. Aminur Rahman , A.H.M. Selim Reza , Md. Moniruzzaman , Md. Abu Bakar Siddique , Md. Ripaj Uddin , Md. Shah Alam , Md. Shohel Rana , Md. Golam Mostafa , Shamim Ahmed , Hayatullah
Introduction
This study assesses groundwater suitability for drinking and irrigation in central-west Bangladesh’s granary region. Using the entropy water quality index (EWQI) and conventional irrigation indices, it evaluates water quality essential for public health and sustainable agriculture.
Materials and methods
Groundwater samples from multiple sites were analyzed for major physicochemical parameters. Drinking suitability was assessed using EWQI, while irrigation suitability was evaluated through USSL, Wilcox, and Doneen indices. Hydrochemical facies and geochemical processes were interpreted using Piper, Gibbs, and bivariate analyses.
Results and discussion
Groundwater in the study area is neutral to alkaline in nature and is dominated by calcium (Ca2+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-), characterizing a Ca-Mg-HCO3 water type. This composition reflects calcite dissolution and ion-exchange processes. Gibbs plots and bivariate relationships indicate that rock weathering, particularly of calcite, dolomite, and silicate minerals, largely governs the groundwater chemistry. The EWQI and WQI results reveal that 96.67 % of the samples are unsuitable for drinking, with 76.67 % classified as poor quality. PCA results indicate that the dissolved constituents are primarily of geogenic origin, with minor anthropogenic influence. For irrigation purposes, the USSL diagram suggests low to medium alkali hazards, Wilcox ratings range from permissible to excellent, and Doneen’s classification places the samples in Class I, indicating high permeability.
Conclusion
Groundwater is generally unsuitable for drinking but remains acceptable for irrigation. Regular monitoring and effective management are essential to prevent further degradation and ensure long-term water sustainability.
{"title":"Monitoring and assessment of groundwater suitability for drinking and irrigation in the granary region of central-west Bangladesh using entropy index","authors":"Md. Shazzadur Rahman , Sharmin Sultana , Pradip Kumar Biswas , Md. Aminur Rahman , A.H.M. Selim Reza , Md. Moniruzzaman , Md. Abu Bakar Siddique , Md. Ripaj Uddin , Md. Shah Alam , Md. Shohel Rana , Md. Golam Mostafa , Shamim Ahmed , Hayatullah","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>This study assesses groundwater suitability for drinking and irrigation in central-west Bangladesh’s granary region. Using the entropy water quality index (EWQI) and conventional irrigation indices, it evaluates water quality essential for public health and sustainable agriculture.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Groundwater samples from multiple sites were analyzed for major physicochemical parameters. Drinking suitability was assessed using EWQI, while irrigation suitability was evaluated through USSL, Wilcox, and Doneen indices. Hydrochemical facies and geochemical processes were interpreted using Piper, Gibbs, and bivariate analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results and discussion</h3><div>Groundwater in the study area is neutral to alkaline in nature and is dominated by calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) and bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>), characterizing a Ca-Mg-HCO<sub>3</sub> water type. This composition reflects calcite dissolution and ion-exchange processes. Gibbs plots and bivariate relationships indicate that rock weathering, particularly of calcite, dolomite, and silicate minerals, largely governs the groundwater chemistry. The EWQI and WQI results reveal that 96.67 % of the samples are unsuitable for drinking, with 76.67 % classified as poor quality. PCA results indicate that the dissolved constituents are primarily of geogenic origin, with minor anthropogenic influence. For irrigation purposes, the USSL diagram suggests low to medium alkali hazards, Wilcox ratings range from permissible to excellent, and Doneen’s classification places the samples in Class I, indicating high permeability.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Groundwater is generally unsuitable for drinking but remains acceptable for irrigation. Regular monitoring and effective management are essential to prevent further degradation and ensure long-term water sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145600534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100271
Anita Punia , Saurabh Kumar Singh
Background: Two major threats to the environment are intensification of anthropogenic activities and ongoing climate change. The anthropogenic activities for economic growth are releasing abundant quantity of trace metals into the environment and it is likely to increase leading to disaster in future. Co-currently frequent natural disasters such as floods, droughts, forest fires and rise in sea level due to climate change are resulting in loss of life and economic burden. Purpose and methodology: The extreme weather events influence the environmental redox conditions promoting the dissolution/mobility of trace metals from the waste dumps associated with urban, industrial and mining activities. Climate change is predicated to intensify in future. The main objective of the present study is to understand the role of environmental consequences caused by climate change in governing the mobility of trace metals. It is important to predicate future risk and consequences caused by trace metals to avoid the natural hazards by implementing the mitigation strategies. A total of 191 research and review articles were selected on the basis of their relevance with the objectives of the study. Observations: The climatic factors such as temperature and precipitation influence the geochemical processes and hydrodynamics governing the trace metal mobility in environmental systems. The increase in temperature significantly influences the microbial activities leading to impact on the geochemical properties of soil and sediment. Additionally, the threat of rising sea level and the growing incidents of forest fires are among the key consequences of climate change. The sea water intrusion into the coastal areas facilitates mineral dissolution and leaching of trace metals into the aquifers. The burning of urban infrastructures and elevated temperature during forest fires significantly contribute to trace metal contamination in affected ecosystems. Conclusions: The environmental consequences caused by trace metals are expected to increase under the influence of future climate change. The new guidelines for the permissible limits for trace metals released from anthropogenic activities is recommended to avoid the natural hazard in future under the influence of climate change.
{"title":"Evaluating climate-induced drivers of trace metal mobilization in environmental systems","authors":"Anita Punia , Saurabh Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Background</em>: Two major threats to the environment are intensification of anthropogenic activities and ongoing climate change. The anthropogenic activities for economic growth are releasing abundant quantity of trace metals into the environment and it is likely to increase leading to disaster in future. Co-currently frequent natural disasters such as floods, droughts, forest fires and rise in sea level due to climate change are resulting in loss of life and economic burden. <em>Purpose and methodology</em>: The extreme weather events influence the environmental redox conditions promoting the dissolution/mobility of trace metals from the waste dumps associated with urban, industrial and mining activities. Climate change is predicated to intensify in future. The main objective of the present study is to understand the role of environmental consequences caused by climate change in governing the mobility of trace metals. It is important to predicate future risk and consequences caused by trace metals to avoid the natural hazards by implementing the mitigation strategies. A total of 191 research and review articles were selected on the basis of their relevance with the objectives of the study. <em>Observations</em>: The climatic factors such as temperature and precipitation influence the geochemical processes and hydrodynamics governing the trace metal mobility in environmental systems. The increase in temperature significantly influences the microbial activities leading to impact on the geochemical properties of soil and sediment. Additionally, the threat of rising sea level and the growing incidents of forest fires are among the key consequences of climate change. The sea water intrusion into the coastal areas facilitates mineral dissolution and leaching of trace metals into the aquifers. The burning of urban infrastructures and elevated temperature during forest fires significantly contribute to trace metal contamination in affected ecosystems. <em>Conclusions</em>: The environmental consequences caused by trace metals are expected to increase under the influence of future climate change. The new guidelines for the permissible limits for trace metals released from anthropogenic activities is recommended to avoid the natural hazard in future under the influence of climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145600535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nutrient management strategies significantly influence the bioaccumulation of minerals and trace elements in leafy vegetables, directly affecting crop nutritional quality and human health.
Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different chemical fertilizers and organic manures on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth, yield, mineral content, and the potential health implications of consuming these plants.
Methods
A pot experiment was conducted using spinach cv. Kopi Palong in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included: 100 % vermicompost (VC), 100 % cow dung (CD), 100 % chemical fertilizers (CF), and various combinations of CF with CD or VC (75 % CF + 25 % CD/VC, 50 % CF + 50 % CD/VC, 25 % CF + 75 % CD/VC), plus a control. Growth parameters, mineral nutrient uptake, and trace element concentrations in edible spinach leaves were measured.
Results
Significant variations were observed in spinach growth, nutrient uptake, and trace element accumulation among the nutrient management treatments. Mixed manure and chemical fertilizer treatments produced the tallest plants with the highest dry weight and moisture content, while 100 % chemical fertilizer resulted in the highest yield. Mineral uptake varied among treatments, indicating the potential to optimize nutrient profiles through specific fertilizer combinations. Trace metal accumulation followed the order Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Cd > Pb. The highest concentrations in fresh weight (fw) basis recorded were Fe (3.667 mg kg-1 fw in 100 % VC), Mn (0.598 mg kg-1 fw in 100 % CD), Zn (0.252 mg kg-1 fw in 100 % CD), Cu (0.043 mg kg-1 fw in 100 % VC), and Cd (0.00094 mg kg-1 fw in 50 % CF + 50 % VC). Pb was below detection in all treatments. Health risk assessments based on hazard indices indicated no noncancerous risk from spinach consumption.
Conclusion
Combining organic manures with chemical fertilizers can reduce trace element contamination while enhancing spinach growth and nutrient content, offering safer and more nutritious produce for human consumption.
{"title":"Bioaccumulation of minerals and trace elements in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) grown under different nutrient management and their implications for human health","authors":"Phalguni Das, Protyasha Biswas, Mousumi Akter, Md. Zakir Hossen, Md. Shohidul Alam","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Nutrient management strategies significantly influence the bioaccumulation of minerals and trace elements in leafy vegetables, directly affecting crop nutritional quality and human health.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different chemical fertilizers and organic manures on spinach (<em>Spinacia oleracea</em> L.) growth, yield, mineral content, and the potential health implications of consuming these plants.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A pot experiment was conducted using spinach cv. Kopi Palong in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included: 100 % vermicompost (VC), 100 % cow dung (CD), 100 % chemical fertilizers (CF), and various combinations of CF with CD or VC (75 % CF + 25 % CD/VC, 50 % CF + 50 % CD/VC, 25 % CF + 75 % CD/VC), plus a control. Growth parameters, mineral nutrient uptake, and trace element concentrations in edible spinach leaves were measured.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Significant variations were observed in spinach growth, nutrient uptake, and trace element accumulation among the nutrient management treatments. Mixed manure and chemical fertilizer treatments produced the tallest plants with the highest dry weight and moisture content, while 100 % chemical fertilizer resulted in the highest yield. Mineral uptake varied among treatments, indicating the potential to optimize nutrient profiles through specific fertilizer combinations. Trace metal accumulation followed the order Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Cd > Pb. The highest concentrations in fresh weight (fw) basis recorded were Fe (3.667 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> fw in 100 % VC), Mn (0.598 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> fw in 100 % CD), Zn (0.252 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> fw in 100 % CD), Cu (0.043 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> fw in 100 % VC), and Cd (0.00094 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> fw in 50 % CF + 50 % VC). Pb was below detection in all treatments. Health risk assessments based on hazard indices indicated no noncancerous risk from spinach consumption.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Combining organic manures with chemical fertilizers can reduce trace element contamination while enhancing spinach growth and nutrient content, offering safer and more nutritious produce for human consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100268
Mahbuba Begum , Fatema Tuz Zohora Toma , Md. Bazlar Rashid , Md. Ahosan Habib , Saeed Mahmud Ullah , Rahat Khan , Syed Mohammod Hossain , S. M. Mostafa Al-Mamun
Background
The Salda and Shahbazpur gas fields are two significant natural gas reservoirs in the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh. This study presents a novel integration of mineralogical and microstructural analyses aimed at optimizing gas extraction strategies for the both Salda and Shahbazpur gas fields.
Materials and methods
Core samples (consolidated sedimentary rocks) from both fields were analyzed using X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy advanced techniques. These analyses focused on identifying mineral composition, porosity, particle size, and textural features influencing permeability.
Results
Salda samples were found to be rich in quartz with minimal diagenetic alteration, exhibiting porosity ranging from 10 to 32% and an average particle size of 7.12 µm, supporting conventional gas extraction methods. Shahbazpur samples, however, contained evaporitic minerals (e.g., halite) and diagenetic features, including iron oxides and silicates, with reduced porosity (8 to 30%) and a finer particle size of 6.73 µm. The presence of syngenetic zircon and alteration minerals suggested possible complex diagenetic processes.
Conclusion
Salda gas field conditions favor conventional extraction techniques, whereas Shahbazpur’s mineralogical complexity and compacted matrix require enhanced methods such as hydraulic or waterless fracturing. This study demonstrates a novel approach to correlating mineralogical properties with gas extraction challenges, contributing to sustainable reservoir management in geologically diverse environments.
{"title":"Integrated mineralogical and microstructural analysis of gas field samples in Bangladesh: Optimizing extraction strategies for Salda and Shahbazpur reservoirs","authors":"Mahbuba Begum , Fatema Tuz Zohora Toma , Md. Bazlar Rashid , Md. Ahosan Habib , Saeed Mahmud Ullah , Rahat Khan , Syed Mohammod Hossain , S. M. Mostafa Al-Mamun","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Salda and Shahbazpur gas fields are two significant natural gas reservoirs in the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh. This study presents a novel integration of mineralogical and microstructural analyses aimed at optimizing gas extraction strategies for the both Salda and Shahbazpur gas fields.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Core samples (consolidated sedimentary rocks) from both fields were analyzed using X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy advanced techniques. These analyses focused on identifying mineral composition, porosity, particle size, and textural features influencing permeability.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Salda samples were found to be rich in quartz with minimal diagenetic alteration, exhibiting porosity ranging from 10 to 32% and an average particle size of 7.12 µm, supporting conventional gas extraction methods. Shahbazpur samples, however, contained evaporitic minerals (e.g., halite) and diagenetic features, including iron oxides and silicates, with reduced porosity (8 to 30%) and a finer particle size of 6.73 µm. The presence of syngenetic zircon and alteration minerals suggested possible complex diagenetic processes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Salda gas field conditions favor conventional extraction techniques, whereas Shahbazpur’s mineralogical complexity and compacted matrix require enhanced methods such as hydraulic or waterless fracturing. This study demonstrates a novel approach to correlating mineralogical properties with gas extraction challenges, contributing to sustainable reservoir management in geologically diverse environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100269
Anupam Roy, M.G. Mostafa, Sabrina Naz
<div><div>This study comprehensively investigated the sources, accumulation dynamics, and associated risks of heavy metals (HMs), emphasizing the Enrichment Factor (<em>EF</em>), Bioaccumulation Factor (<em>BAF</em>), Translocation Factor (<em>TF</em>), Crop Pollution Index (<em>CPI</em>), and human health impacts of tobacco consumption. A total of six soil samples, eighteen plant samples (roots, stems, and leaves), and thirty-six fertilizer samples (six types) were analyzed for nine HMs. Tobacco-growing soils exhibited elevated concentrations of Ni, Cd, and As. The <em>EF</em> analysis revealed geogenic origins for Mn, Cu, and Zn; moderate enrichment of Pb and Cr; and substantial anthropogenic contributions of Ni, As, and Cd in tobacco-cultivated soils. Elevated Cd and Ni levels in Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) and Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) fertilizers identify them as major HM sources in tobacco-growing soils. The <em>BAF</em> results indicated hyperaccumulation (<em>BAF</em> > 1) of Cd and Zn, while other metals exhibited low to moderate bioaccumulation. Cd, Ni, and Zn showed strong phytoextraction potential (<em>TF<sub>Leaf</sub></em> > 1), whereas Fe, Pb, and Cr displayed phytostabilization behavior (<em>TF<sub>Leaf</sub></em> < 0.5). Multivariate analyses, including correlation, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Cluster Analysis (CA), revealed two distinct groups: Mn, Ni, Fe, and Zn formed a nutrient-associated cluster, whereas Cd, Cu, Pb, As, and Cr grouped as a toxic metal cluster in terms of translocation behavior. Human health risk assessment revealed low total non-carcinogenic risk (<em>NCR</em>) but elevated carcinogenic risk (<em>CR</em>) values (10⁻⁴–10⁻³), particularly among children, seniors, and females, with Cd and Ni as the major contributors. Chewing tobacco with betel leaves (ingestion) accounted for 98.87 % of total <em>CR</em>, whereas smoking (inhalation) contributed only 1.03 %. The presence of Cd, Pb, As, and Cr also poses significant phytotoxic threats to tobacco plant health. The findings underscore the urgent need for safer and balanced fertilizer practices and strengthened regulatory frameworks to mitigate HM contamination in tobacco-growing ecosystems.</div><div><strong>Structured Abstract:Introduction:</strong> Agricultural soil contamination by heavy metals (HMs) threatens both plant and human health, with tobacco especially at risk due to its strong bioaccumulation tendency. This study investigates HM sources in tobacco-cultivated soils, uptake dynamics, and associated health implications, with an emphasis on Enrichment Factor (<em>EF</em>), Bioaccumulation Factor (<em>BAF</em>), and Translocation Factor (<em>TF</em>). <strong>Methodology:</strong> Field investigations at six sites involved collecting six soil samples, eighteen plant samples (roots, stems, and leaves), and thirty-six fertilizer samples (six types). Nine HMs were analyzed using standard procedures. <strong>Results and Discussion:</s
{"title":"Heavy metal contamination in tobacco fields: Source identification, bioaccumulation and translocation dynamics, and health risk assessment","authors":"Anupam Roy, M.G. Mostafa, Sabrina Naz","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study comprehensively investigated the sources, accumulation dynamics, and associated risks of heavy metals (HMs), emphasizing the Enrichment Factor (<em>EF</em>), Bioaccumulation Factor (<em>BAF</em>), Translocation Factor (<em>TF</em>), Crop Pollution Index (<em>CPI</em>), and human health impacts of tobacco consumption. A total of six soil samples, eighteen plant samples (roots, stems, and leaves), and thirty-six fertilizer samples (six types) were analyzed for nine HMs. Tobacco-growing soils exhibited elevated concentrations of Ni, Cd, and As. The <em>EF</em> analysis revealed geogenic origins for Mn, Cu, and Zn; moderate enrichment of Pb and Cr; and substantial anthropogenic contributions of Ni, As, and Cd in tobacco-cultivated soils. Elevated Cd and Ni levels in Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) and Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) fertilizers identify them as major HM sources in tobacco-growing soils. The <em>BAF</em> results indicated hyperaccumulation (<em>BAF</em> > 1) of Cd and Zn, while other metals exhibited low to moderate bioaccumulation. Cd, Ni, and Zn showed strong phytoextraction potential (<em>TF<sub>Leaf</sub></em> > 1), whereas Fe, Pb, and Cr displayed phytostabilization behavior (<em>TF<sub>Leaf</sub></em> < 0.5). Multivariate analyses, including correlation, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Cluster Analysis (CA), revealed two distinct groups: Mn, Ni, Fe, and Zn formed a nutrient-associated cluster, whereas Cd, Cu, Pb, As, and Cr grouped as a toxic metal cluster in terms of translocation behavior. Human health risk assessment revealed low total non-carcinogenic risk (<em>NCR</em>) but elevated carcinogenic risk (<em>CR</em>) values (10⁻⁴–10⁻³), particularly among children, seniors, and females, with Cd and Ni as the major contributors. Chewing tobacco with betel leaves (ingestion) accounted for 98.87 % of total <em>CR</em>, whereas smoking (inhalation) contributed only 1.03 %. The presence of Cd, Pb, As, and Cr also poses significant phytotoxic threats to tobacco plant health. The findings underscore the urgent need for safer and balanced fertilizer practices and strengthened regulatory frameworks to mitigate HM contamination in tobacco-growing ecosystems.</div><div><strong>Structured Abstract:Introduction:</strong> Agricultural soil contamination by heavy metals (HMs) threatens both plant and human health, with tobacco especially at risk due to its strong bioaccumulation tendency. This study investigates HM sources in tobacco-cultivated soils, uptake dynamics, and associated health implications, with an emphasis on Enrichment Factor (<em>EF</em>), Bioaccumulation Factor (<em>BAF</em>), and Translocation Factor (<em>TF</em>). <strong>Methodology:</strong> Field investigations at six sites involved collecting six soil samples, eighteen plant samples (roots, stems, and leaves), and thirty-six fertilizer samples (six types). Nine HMs were analyzed using standard procedures. <strong>Results and Discussion:</s","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100267
Ashraf Dawar , Muhammad Waqar Khan , Lindsey Tchatchouang
Background: Afghanistan’s Rare Earth Elements (REEs) reserves have become a central point of geopolitical competition following the Taliban’s return to power in 2021. This study investigates the complex interplay between China’s growing dominance in Afghanistan’s mining sector, the failure of Western containment approaches, and the Taliban’s unconventional governance of these critical resources. Drawing on satellite imagery analysis, blockchain tracking of cryptocurrency transactions, and interviews with industry experts, the research uncovers how China has secured preferential access to REEs deposits through a “security-for-minerals” bargain with the Taliban. The study documents the Taliban’s paradoxical approach to resource governance, combining bureaucratic pragmatism with ideological constraints, resulting in revenue capture (15 % local allocations) and notable leakage (42 % lost to corruption). Findings highlight the emergence of REEs smuggling as a key funding source for regional militant groups, with an estimated $19 million annually flowing to ISIS-K Khorasan. The research contributes to theoretical debates on the “resource curse” in Islamic governance contexts and the evolving effectiveness of sanctions in an era of digital financialization. Practical implications include recommendations for tiered sanctions regimes and regional monitoring mechanisms to curb conflict financing while maintaining pressure for responsible mining practices. This study offers critical insights into how fragile states’ mineral wealth reshapes 21st-century geopolitical competition.
{"title":"The geopolitical implications of rare earth minerals extraction in Afghanistan","authors":"Ashraf Dawar , Muhammad Waqar Khan , Lindsey Tchatchouang","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Background: Afghanistan’s Rare Earth Elements (REEs) reserves have become a central point of geopolitical competition following the Taliban’s return to power in 2021. This study investigates the complex interplay between China’s growing dominance in Afghanistan’s mining sector, the failure of Western containment approaches, and the Taliban’s unconventional governance of these critical resources. Drawing on satellite imagery analysis, blockchain tracking of cryptocurrency transactions, and interviews with industry experts, the research uncovers how China has secured preferential access to REEs deposits through a “security-for-minerals” bargain with the Taliban. The study documents the Taliban’s paradoxical approach to resource governance, combining bureaucratic pragmatism with ideological constraints, resulting in revenue capture (15 % local allocations) and notable leakage (42 % lost to corruption). Findings highlight the emergence of REEs smuggling as a key funding source for regional militant groups, with an estimated $19 million annually flowing to ISIS-K Khorasan. The research contributes to theoretical debates on the “resource curse” in Islamic governance contexts and the evolving effectiveness of sanctions in an era of digital financialization. Practical implications include recommendations for tiered sanctions regimes and regional monitoring mechanisms to curb conflict financing while maintaining pressure for responsible mining practices. This study offers critical insights into how fragile states’ mineral wealth reshapes 21st-century geopolitical competition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145416942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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