Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-05-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100250
Eswaran Rangasamy, M. Muniasamy, Anupama Prakash
Introduction
Tea is one of the world’s non-alcoholic and caffeinated beverages. However, elemental content will accumulate in the tea due to the excess use of growth nutrients and inorganic fertilisers during the tea planting process and instruments used in processing, which pose health risks to tea consumers. Therefore, we investigated potentially toxic ten metals (PTMs) in tea leaves from selected tea gardens in the Nilgiris and Anamalais, Southern Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India.
Methods
Fresh tea leaves were collected from six different tea gardens during pre- monsoon 2023; in each tea garden are 9 samples, and the overall collected samples are 54. The tea leaf samples were digested with concentrated nitric acid, sulphuric acid, and perchloric acid triacid mixture 9:2:1 as mentioned in APHA. The samples were then analysed for elemental content with the help of an ICP-MS, Perkin Elmer NexIon-300x and USA.
Results
The highest elemental content detected in Gudalur was Al- 14,716 mg g-1, Fe - 3396.86 mg g-1 and Mn- 955.77 mg g-1. In the Valparai tea leaves, Fe-371.88 mg g-1, Mn-584.01 mg g-1 Ni-23.16 mg g-1. Cd was detected in all the studied tea gardens and above the maximum permissible limit. Pb concentration exceeded in Udhagai and Gudalur. Additionally, Ni concentration is high in Kothagiri and Udhagai tea gardens.
Conclusion
The results of our study suggest taking action to monitor tea samples regularly to improve the quality of the tea crop production. This can be achieved by implementing strict regulations, promoting eco-friendly practices, and raising awareness about the harmful effects of PTMs for tea growers.
{"title":"Assessment of ten potentially toxic metal in tea leaves from selected tea gardens in southern Western Ghats, India","authors":"Eswaran Rangasamy, M. Muniasamy, Anupama Prakash","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Tea is one of the world’s non-alcoholic and caffeinated beverages. However, elemental content will accumulate in the tea due to the excess use of growth nutrients and inorganic fertilisers during the tea planting process and instruments used in processing, which pose health risks to tea consumers. Therefore, we investigated potentially toxic ten metals (PTMs) in tea leaves from selected tea gardens in the Nilgiris and Anamalais, Southern Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Fresh tea leaves were collected from six different tea gardens during pre- monsoon 2023; in each tea garden are 9 samples, and the overall collected samples are 54. The tea leaf samples were digested with concentrated nitric acid, sulphuric acid, and perchloric acid triacid mixture 9:2:1 as mentioned in APHA. The samples were then analysed for elemental content with the help of an ICP-MS, Perkin Elmer NexIon-300x and USA.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The highest elemental content detected in Gudalur was Al- 14,716 mg g<sup>-1</sup>, Fe - 3396.86 mg g<sup>-1</sup> and Mn- 955.77 mg g<sup>-1</sup>. In the Valparai tea leaves, Fe-371.88 mg g<sup>-1</sup>, Mn-584.01 mg g<sup>-1</sup> Ni-23.16 mg g<sup>-1</sup>. Cd was detected in all the studied tea gardens and above the maximum permissible limit. Pb concentration exceeded in Udhagai and Gudalur. Additionally, Ni concentration is high in Kothagiri and Udhagai tea gardens.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results of our study suggest taking action to monitor tea samples regularly to improve the quality of the tea crop production. This can be achieved by implementing strict regulations, promoting eco-friendly practices, and raising awareness about the harmful effects of PTMs for tea growers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-07-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100256
Md. Shohel Khan , Shitangsu Kumar Paul
Introduction
Surface water quality of the southwestern coastal zones of Bangladesh has been deteriorating through different human, industrial and agricultural activities. The emission of the effluents containing trace metals from these activities can contaminate the surface water. Human health may be adversely affected through the intake of trace metals present in drinking water.
Objectives
The study assessed pond water quality and human health risk in three villages named shoreline (Rajoir), intermediate (Gangarampur) and inland (Ganapatipur) of southwest coastal Bangladesh. A total of 36 water samples were collected from randomly selected 12 stations covering almost the entire study area. A total of 18 parameters were tested to determine the quality through water quality index (WQI), metal evaluation index (MEI), metal pollution index (MPI), and hazard index (HI). In addition, a total of 338 household heads (HHs) were interviewed through a self-developed semi-structured questionnaire along with three focus group discussions (FGDs) to achieve the objectives.
Results
The mean WQI increased from 105.95–150.69 from the shoreline to the inland area and was graded as ‘unsuitable’. The mean MEI was higher in the intermediate than that of shoreline and inland areas. The mean HIchild was also higher than HIinfant and HIadult in the three study areas, indicating that children were at higher risk rather than other. The MEI results indicated that about 50 % of water samples were graded as ‘moderately affected’ for all the study area. According to MPI, about 75 % (inland) and 50 % (shoreline) water samples were graded as ‘moderately affected’. HI recommended that all the sampling stations were graded as ‘unsafe’ except 25 % of samples from both shoreline and intermediate areas for infants. The majority of the respondents reported suffering from various diseases.
Conclusion
Pond water is recommended for use in drinking or household purposes only after proper filtration. Furthermore, the research findings are important for environmental and human health. Further research would be beneficial to explore the link among water pollution, human health, and livelihoods, and to understand the extent of pollution. This study also serves as a baseline for the coastal area of Bangladesh.
{"title":"Assessment of pond water quality and human health risk in the shoreline, intermediate and inland coastal areas of Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Shohel Khan , Shitangsu Kumar Paul","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Surface water quality of the southwestern coastal zones of Bangladesh has been deteriorating through different human, industrial and agricultural activities. The emission of the effluents containing trace metals from these activities can contaminate the surface water. Human health may be adversely affected through the intake of trace metals present in drinking water.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The study assessed pond water quality and human health risk in three villages named shoreline (Rajoir), intermediate (Gangarampur) and inland (Ganapatipur) of southwest coastal Bangladesh. A total of 36 water samples were collected from randomly selected 12 stations covering almost the entire study area. A total of 18 parameters were tested to determine the quality through water quality index (WQI), metal evaluation index (MEI), metal pollution index (MPI), and hazard index (HI). In addition, a total of 338 household heads (HHs) were interviewed through a self-developed semi-structured questionnaire along with three focus group discussions (FGDs) to achieve the objectives.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The mean WQI increased from 105.95–150.69 from the shoreline to the inland area and was graded as ‘unsuitable’. The mean MEI was higher in the intermediate than that of shoreline and inland areas. The mean HI<sub>child</sub> was also higher than HI<sub>infant</sub> and HI<sub>adult</sub> in the three study areas, indicating that children were at higher risk rather than other. The MEI results indicated that about 50 % of water samples were graded as ‘moderately affected’ for all the study area. According to MPI, about 75 % (inland) and 50 % (shoreline) water samples were graded as ‘moderately affected’. HI recommended that all the sampling stations were graded as ‘unsafe’ except 25 % of samples from both shoreline and intermediate areas for infants. The majority of the respondents reported suffering from various diseases.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Pond water is recommended for use in drinking or household purposes only after proper filtration. Furthermore, the research findings are important for environmental and human health. Further research would be beneficial to explore the link among water pollution, human health, and livelihoods, and to understand the extent of pollution. This study also serves as a baseline for the coastal area of Bangladesh.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144665630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanomaterials have been widely used across medical and health sciences due to their unique physicochemical characteristics, versatile functionalisation, and remarkable tissue penetration abilities. As nanotechnology continues to evolve, concerns regarding the potential toxicological effects of these materials are growing. Despite their promising biomedical applications, comprehensive safety data remains limited.
Purpose
This review details the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles contributing to the development of potentially adverse effects on human health and the environment. It explores the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which nanoparticles induce toxicity. It assesses current nanotoxicity evaluation strategies, including In vitro, in vivo, and in silico models, along with supporting methodologies. The review also addresses the regulatory landscape of nanotoxicology, outlining the challenges in developing standardised protocols to ensure the safe and effective use of nanomaterials in the health sector.
Key Observations
Factors such as particle size, dosage regimen, surface chemistry, and immunogenic potential of nanomaterials play a pivotal role in nanotoxicity. Nanoparticles may accumulate in diverse tissues, leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular and mitochondrial DNA damage. While regulatory agencies like the FDA, EMA, and CDE have issued guidelines for the safer use of nanomaterials, a globally harmonised framework is still absent.
Conclusions
A deep understanding of nanotoxicity is crucial for the safe and sustainable development of nanomaterials. Future efforts should incorporate artificial intelligence and machine learning to predict, assess, and mitigate nanotoxicity by analysing complex data, identifying patterns, and refining nanoparticle design.
{"title":"Nanotoxicity unveiled: Evaluating exposure risks and assessing the impact of nanoparticles on human health","authors":"Rohit Kumar , Akhilesh Kumar , Sweety Bhardwaj , Mohini Sikarwar , Sonam Sriwastaw , Gaurav Sharma , Madhu Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Nanomaterials have been widely used across medical and health sciences due to their unique physicochemical characteristics, versatile functionalisation, and remarkable tissue penetration abilities. As nanotechnology continues to evolve, concerns regarding the potential toxicological effects of these materials are growing. Despite their promising biomedical applications, comprehensive safety data remains limited.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This review details the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles contributing to the development of potentially adverse effects on human health and the environment. It explores the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which nanoparticles induce toxicity. It assesses current nanotoxicity evaluation strategies, including In vitro<em>, in vivo,</em> and <em>in silico</em> models, along with supporting methodologies. The review also addresses the regulatory landscape of nanotoxicology, outlining the challenges in developing standardised protocols to ensure the safe and effective use of nanomaterials in the health sector.</div></div><div><h3>Key Observations</h3><div>Factors such as particle size, dosage regimen, surface chemistry, and immunogenic potential of nanomaterials play a pivotal role in nanotoxicity. Nanoparticles may accumulate in diverse tissues, leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular and mitochondrial DNA damage. While regulatory agencies like the FDA, EMA, and CDE have issued guidelines for the safer use of nanomaterials, a globally harmonised framework is still absent.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A deep understanding of nanotoxicity is crucial for the safe and sustainable development of nanomaterials. Future efforts should incorporate artificial intelligence and machine learning to predict, assess, and mitigate nanotoxicity by analysing complex data, identifying patterns, and refining nanoparticle design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-07-02DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100255
Juana Sánchez-Alarcón , Mirta Milić , Stefano Bonassi , María Isabel Álvarez Núñez , Guillermo Alejandro Higareda Campos , Eder José Ordoñez-Frías , Rafael Valencia-Quintana
Background/Introduction: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used across various fields, particularly in biomedicine, owing to their unique physicochemical properties. Nevertheless, concerns persist regarding their potential adverse biological effects, especially genotoxicity. Although the toxicity of AgNPs has been previously investigated, studies on their genotoxic potential remain limited and yield conflicting results. Methods: This study employed the alkaline comet assay to evaluate the genotoxic potential of green-synthesized AgNPs in cultured human lymphocytes. The green-synthesized AgNPs were produced through a green reduction method using silver nitrate (AgNO₃, Reasol®, 99.98% purity) and green tea infusions (Lagg’s®), with synthesis monitored by colorimetry. Nanoparticle characterization was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), confirming their formation, stability, spherical morphology, and size range of 20 to 100 nm. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from three healthy donors were exposed to three different concentrations of green-synthesized AgNPs for 30 minutes. Results: The green-synthesized AgNPs induced DNA damage in a concentration-dependent manner, with a statistically significant increase in genotoxic effects. These findings suggest that green-synthesized AgNPs may cause oxidative stress and compromise genetic integrity. Conclusions: While green synthesis offers environmental advantages, the observed genotoxic effects raise important concerns regarding the biological safety of green-synthesized AgNPs. Further research is needed to elucidate their long-term health and environmental implications. Ongoing monitoring of products containing these nanoparticles is recommended to mitigate potential genotoxic risks.
{"title":"Genotoxic effects of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles on human lymphocytes","authors":"Juana Sánchez-Alarcón , Mirta Milić , Stefano Bonassi , María Isabel Álvarez Núñez , Guillermo Alejandro Higareda Campos , Eder José Ordoñez-Frías , Rafael Valencia-Quintana","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><strong>Background/Introduction:</strong> Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used across various fields, particularly in biomedicine, owing to their unique physicochemical properties. Nevertheless, concerns persist regarding their potential adverse biological effects, especially genotoxicity. Although the toxicity of AgNPs has been previously investigated, studies on their genotoxic potential remain limited and yield conflicting results. <strong>Methods:</strong> This study employed the alkaline comet assay to evaluate the genotoxic potential of green-synthesized AgNPs in cultured human lymphocytes. The green-synthesized AgNPs were produced through a green reduction method using silver nitrate (AgNO₃, Reasol®, 99.98% purity) and green tea infusions (Lagg’s®), with synthesis monitored by colorimetry. Nanoparticle characterization was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), confirming their formation, stability, spherical morphology, and size range of 20 to 100 nm. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from three healthy donors were exposed to three different concentrations of green-synthesized AgNPs for 30 minutes. <strong>Results:</strong> The green-synthesized AgNPs induced DNA damage in a concentration-dependent manner, with a statistically significant increase in genotoxic effects. These findings suggest that green-synthesized AgNPs may cause oxidative stress and compromise genetic integrity. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> While green synthesis offers environmental advantages, the observed genotoxic effects raise important concerns regarding the biological safety of green-synthesized AgNPs. Further research is needed to elucidate their long-term health and environmental implications. Ongoing monitoring of products containing these nanoparticles is recommended to mitigate potential genotoxic risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144580667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100257
Priscylla M. Pavione, Adalberto L. Val
Copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) are common in natural waters and can be toxic to fish, including those in the Amazon. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) on the biochemical and physiological characteristics of juvenile Colossoma macropomum. The study exposed 64 animals to varying concentrations of Cu and Ni, as well as a mixture of both metals, at pH levels of 4 and 7 for 96 h. The results demonstrated that pH levels significantly impacted several biological markers, including hemoglobin, catalase, lipoperoxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In particular, pH 7 was found to increase LPO and catalase levels while decreasing SOD and AChE levels. Notably, the study identified an inverse relationship between LPO levels and AChE activities. Exposure to Cu and Cu+Ni mix resulted in the inhibition of H+-ATPase activity at pH 4. At pH 4, Cu and Cu+Ni mix also inhibited Na+/K+-ATPase activity, while at pH 7, Ni and Cu+Ni mix inhibited it. The antagonistic effect of Ni and Cu on Na+/K+-ATPase was confirmed in animals exposed to a Cu+Ni mix. In all experimental conditions, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities exhibited an increase at pH 4, which was followed by a decrease in lipid peroxidation (LPO). The effects of metals on SOD, LPO, and ACHE were found to be offset by changes in water pH.
{"title":"Interactive effect of copper and nickel on juveniles of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) exposed to pH 4 and pH 7","authors":"Priscylla M. Pavione, Adalberto L. Val","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) are common in natural waters and can be toxic to fish, including those in the Amazon. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) on the biochemical and physiological characteristics of juvenile <em>Colossoma macropomum</em>. The study exposed 64 animals to varying concentrations of Cu and Ni, as well as a mixture of both metals, at pH levels of 4 and 7 for 96 h. The results demonstrated that pH levels significantly impacted several biological markers, including hemoglobin, catalase, lipoperoxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In particular, pH 7 was found to increase LPO and catalase levels while decreasing SOD and AChE levels. Notably, the study identified an inverse relationship between LPO levels and AChE activities. Exposure to Cu and Cu+Ni mix resulted in the inhibition of H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase activity at pH 4. At pH 4, Cu and Cu+Ni mix also inhibited Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase activity, while at pH 7, Ni and Cu+Ni mix inhibited it. The antagonistic effect of Ni and Cu on Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase was confirmed in animals exposed to a Cu+Ni mix. In all experimental conditions, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities exhibited an increase at pH 4, which was followed by a decrease in lipid peroxidation (LPO). The effects of metals on SOD, LPO, and ACHE were found to be offset by changes in water pH.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144828965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-03-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100238
Nitu Islam , A. H. M. Selim Reza , Md. Abdur Rahman , Md. Shazzadur Rahman
Introduction
Due to industrial development and rapid urbanization, the discharge of industrial effluents significantly impacts the environment and ecosystems, particularly affecting surface and groundwater systems. This study assesses trace element contamination near the Ishwardi Export Processing Zone (IEPZ) in Bangladesh, with the aim of evaluating trace element concentrations in both surface and groundwater and their potential environmental impacts in and around the IEPZ.
Materials and methods
Fourteen samples, including industrial waste, groundwater, and river water, were collected from the IEPZ. The concentrations of trace elements like Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Co in the collected samples were measured. Statistical analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA), were performed with a confidence level of 95 % and a significance threshold of p < 0.05.
Results and discussion
Levels of Pb, Cu, and Ni exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines in some samples, with Pb ranging from 4.3 to 34.3 µg l-1, indicating potential health risks. The Contamination Index (Cd) varied from -2.696 to 0.277, reflecting low contamination, while the Metal Pollution Index (MPI) was 1.603, suggesting generally satisfactory water quality. PCA highlighted two components which explained 36.182 % and 28.161 % cumulative variance for PCA1 and PCA2, respectively.
Conclusion
This study investigates the impact of industrial effluent discharge on surface and groundwater quality around the IEPZ, Bangladesh. Among the trace elements, Pb showed the highest concentration, likely due to battery recycling/manufacturing at one of the factories in the IEPZ. The wastewater flows into nearby rivers and also leaches into the surrounding groundwater. These findings emphasize the need for ongoing monitoring and improved waste management to mitigate the environmental impacts of industrial discharges in the IEPZ.
{"title":"Comprehensive assessment of trace element pollution and its distribution in surface and groundwater around the Ishwardi export processing zone, Bangladesh","authors":"Nitu Islam , A. H. M. Selim Reza , Md. Abdur Rahman , Md. Shazzadur Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Due to industrial development and rapid urbanization, the discharge of industrial effluents significantly impacts the environment and ecosystems, particularly affecting surface and groundwater systems. This study assesses trace element contamination near the Ishwardi Export Processing Zone (IEPZ) in Bangladesh, with the aim of evaluating trace element concentrations in both surface and groundwater and their potential environmental impacts in and around the IEPZ.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Fourteen samples, including industrial waste, groundwater, and river water, were collected from the IEPZ. The concentrations of trace elements like Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Co in the collected samples were measured. Statistical analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA), were performed with a confidence level of 95 % and a significance threshold of <em>p</em> < 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results and discussion</h3><div>Levels of Pb, Cu, and Ni exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines in some samples, with Pb ranging from 4.3 to 34.3 µg <span>l</span><sup>-1</sup>, indicating potential health risks. The Contamination Index (Cd) varied from -2.696 to 0.277, reflecting low contamination, while the Metal Pollution Index (MPI) was 1.603, suggesting generally satisfactory water quality. PCA highlighted two components which explained 36.182 % and 28.161 % cumulative variance for PCA1 and PCA2, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study investigates the impact of industrial effluent discharge on surface and groundwater quality around the IEPZ, Bangladesh. Among the trace elements, Pb showed the highest concentration, likely due to battery recycling/manufacturing at one of the factories in the IEPZ. The wastewater flows into nearby rivers and also leaches into the surrounding groundwater. These findings emphasize the need for ongoing monitoring and improved waste management to mitigate the environmental impacts of industrial discharges in the IEPZ.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-03-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100224
Abdon Luiz Ornelas Latif , Thaís Luz de Sousa , Laura Beatriz Souza e Souza , Ivana Ferreira Simões , Alex Sander Lopes da Silva , Daniele Cristina Muniz Batista Santos , Aníbal de Freitas Santos Júnior , Clícia Maria de Jesus Benevides
Background
Multivitamin formulations (MFs) are used worldwide to meet needs in diets for the purpose of improving health, when necessary. Therefore, evaluating the in vitro micronutrient bioaccessibility by gastrointestinal digestion methods is essential to understand the available fraction of these analytes in the body.
Objective
In this study, methods were optimized and validated using the INFOGEST 2.0 protocol for in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and ICP OES to quantify concentrations of 13 trace elements (Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn) in Brazilian MFs. Additionally, it seeks to correlate the levels of elements indicated on the label with the recommended daily values (RDV).
Methods
Approximately, 0.75 g of MF sample were digested in a closed digestion block using 2.0 mL of 65 %(m/m) HNO3 + 5.0 mL of ultrapure water + 1.0 mL of 30 %(m/m) H2O2, at 180 °C for 90 min. Microelement bioaccessibility in Brazilian MFs through in vitro gastrointestinal digestion INFOGEST 2.0 and analysis by ICP OES were performed.
Results
The range of microelements total contents (µg g-1) in the multivitamin formulations were: Al (11.2 ± 0.2 to 256.0 ± 22.2), Ba (< 0.004 to 1.2 ± 0.1), Cu (11.0 ± 0.9 to 1327.9 ± 25.6), Fe (1373.2 ± 49.7 to 8480.6 ± 146.9), Mn (443.6 ± 3.9 to 2670.7 ± 137.5), Mo (< 0.02 to 29.0 ± 1.4), Se (< 0.01 to 54.7 ± 1.6), Sn (< 0.01 to 15.0 ± 2.4), Sr (< 0.002 to 60.4 ± 0.7), Ti (< 3.0 to 99.3 ± 5.3), and Zn (551.5 ± 21.2 to 3675.5 ± 40.3). Vanadium was below the quantification limit (< 0.02). The results revealed low bioaccessible contents (%) of Cu (0 to 23.8), Fe (0 to 15.7), Mn (0 to 11.4), and Zn (0 to 9.7), emphasizing the importance of regulation and quality control for consumer confidence.
Conclusion
The analysis of Brazilian MFs raised significant concerns, as most samples did not reach 50 % of the total declared content. The low mineral release during digestion simulation indicates the need for more effective formulations.
{"title":"Total and Bioaccessible contents of Microelements in Multivitamin Formulations Exposed to Consumption in Brazil using in vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion (INFOGEST Protocol)","authors":"Abdon Luiz Ornelas Latif , Thaís Luz de Sousa , Laura Beatriz Souza e Souza , Ivana Ferreira Simões , Alex Sander Lopes da Silva , Daniele Cristina Muniz Batista Santos , Aníbal de Freitas Santos Júnior , Clícia Maria de Jesus Benevides","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Multivitamin formulations (MFs) are used worldwide to meet needs in diets for the purpose of improving health, when necessary. Therefore, evaluating the <em>in vitro</em> micronutrient bioaccessibility by gastrointestinal digestion methods is essential to understand the available fraction of these analytes in the body.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>In this study, methods were optimized and validated using the INFOGEST 2.0 protocol for <em>in vitro</em> gastrointestinal digestion and ICP OES to quantify concentrations of 13 trace elements (Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn) in Brazilian MFs. Additionally, it seeks to correlate the levels of elements indicated on the label with the recommended daily values (RDV).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Approximately, 0.75 g of MF sample were digested in a closed digestion block using 2.0 mL of 65 %(m/m) HNO<sub>3</sub> + 5.0 mL of ultrapure water + 1.0 mL of 30 %(m/m) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, at 180 °C for 90 min. Microelement bioaccessibility in Brazilian MFs through <em>in vitro</em> gastrointestinal digestion INFOGEST 2.0 and analysis by ICP OES were performed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The range of microelements total contents (µg g<sup>-1</sup>) in the multivitamin formulations were: Al (11.2 ± 0.2 to 256.0 ± 22.2), Ba (< 0.004 to 1.2 ± 0.1), Cu (11.0 ± 0.9 to 1327.9 ± 25.6), Fe (1373.2 ± 49.7 to 8480.6 ± 146.9), Mn (443.6 ± 3.9 to 2670.7 ± 137.5), Mo (< 0.02 to 29.0 ± 1.4), Se (< 0.01 to 54.7 ± 1.6), Sn (< 0.01 to 15.0 ± 2.4), Sr (< 0.002 to 60.4 ± 0.7), Ti (< 3.0 to 99.3 ± 5.3), and Zn (551.5 ± 21.2 to 3675.5 ± 40.3). Vanadium was below the quantification limit (< 0.02). The results revealed low bioaccessible contents (%) of Cu (0 to 23.8), Fe (0 to 15.7), Mn (0 to 11.4), and Zn (0 to 9.7), emphasizing the importance of regulation and quality control for consumer confidence.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The analysis of Brazilian MFs raised significant concerns, as most samples did not reach 50 % of the total declared content. The low mineral release during digestion simulation indicates the need for more effective formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143591757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-04-08DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100242
N. Moussa , J. Etoubleau , T. Mohamed , J. Langlade , M.O. Awaleh
Background
In this paper, we present the first study of black sand deposits collected along the coastline of the Obock area, which is located in the North East part of Djibouti (SE Afar Rif). This area consists mainly of uplifted madrepores, sand dunes and alluvial deposits.
Materials and Methods
Geochemical studies were carried out using techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to quantify the heavy mineral sands. Electron microprobe and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to identify minerals.
Results
Mineral sands have been identified in coastal backshore deposits, containing light minerals (calcite, aragonite, quartz, anorthite, augite, microcline, albite, enstatite, nontronite and diopside) and heavy minerals (hematite, ilmenite, chromite and magnetite). In general, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) are found in the backshore, with averages of TiO2 (23.9 %) and Fe2O3 (53.9 %) in the total of heavy mineral fraction.
Conclusions
Although, titanomagnetite is not widely exploited in the world due of the treatment to enrich ores with Fe and Ti, the presence of ilmenite and vanadium as trace elements in the subsurface and in titanomagnetite respectively, even at very low grades may potentially justify further of the lateral extent and depth geochemical and drilling investigations in order to upgrade the concentration of titanium oxide in the Obock coastal sands.
{"title":"Discovery of heavy mineral sand in Djiboutian coastline (Obock area, SE Afar rift)","authors":"N. Moussa , J. Etoubleau , T. Mohamed , J. Langlade , M.O. Awaleh","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In this paper, we present the first study of black sand deposits collected along the coastline of the Obock area, which is located in the North East part of Djibouti (SE Afar Rif). This area consists mainly of uplifted madrepores, sand dunes and alluvial deposits.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Geochemical studies were carried out using techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to quantify the heavy mineral sands. Electron microprobe and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to identify minerals.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Mineral sands have been identified in coastal backshore deposits, containing light minerals (calcite, aragonite, quartz, anorthite, augite, microcline, albite, enstatite, nontronite and diopside) and heavy minerals (hematite, ilmenite, chromite and magnetite). In general, titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) and iron oxide (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) are found in the backshore, with averages of TiO<sub>2</sub> (23.9 %) and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (53.9 %) in the total of heavy mineral fraction.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Although, titanomagnetite is not widely exploited in the world due of the treatment to enrich ores with Fe and Ti, the presence of ilmenite and vanadium as trace elements in the subsurface and in titanomagnetite respectively, even at very low grades may potentially justify further of the lateral extent and depth geochemical and drilling investigations in order to upgrade the concentration of titanium oxide in the Obock coastal sands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100233
Rebecca Lake , Juan Liuzzi , Changwon Yoo
Introduction
Although it is documented that zinc plays an essential role in immune function, little is known about its relationship to factors that influence biological aging. The primary objective of this study is to investigate how fasting status, total energy intake, and carbohydrate intake interfaces with dietary zinc intake and acute inflammation status via HS-CRP in young adults.
Materials and methods
A nationally representative sample of 1,211 adults (ages 19-35 years old) from the 2015-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles was included in this cross-sectional analysis. The data derived from the first and secondary dietary recall, fasting questionnaire, physical examination, and bloodwork collected at the Mobile Examination Center. HS-CRP levels were associated with dietary zinc intake and either fasting status, energy intake, and or carbohydrate intake while adjusting for WBC count, choline intake, folate intake, BMI, and gender. Survey weighted generalized linear models were constructed and the Rao-Scott likelihood ratio test was implemented via the survey package in R.
Results
A two-way interaction effect was identified between the variables Adequate Zinc Intake, defined as consuming at least 8 mg of zinc per day and Fasted defined as fasting for 9 or more hours, which was associated with a reduction in circulating HS-CRP (OR = 0.56, 95 % CI: 0.33-0.96, p = 0.038). Fasting was associated with higher levels of HS-CRP (OR = 1.76, 95 % CI: 1.12-2.76, p = 0.016). No other models were significant.
Conclusion
Short-term fasting was associated with an increase in HS-CRP; however, adequate zinc intake during fasting may lower circulating levels of HS-CR.
虽然文献表明锌在免疫功能中起着至关重要的作用，但对其与影响生物衰老因素的关系知之甚少。本研究的主要目的是通过HS-CRP研究年轻人的禁食状态、总能量摄入和碳水化合物摄入与膳食锌摄入量和急性炎症状态之间的关系。本横断面分析纳入了2015-2018年全国健康与营养检查调查周期中具有全国代表性的1211名成年人（19-35岁）样本。数据来源于在移动检查中心收集的第一次和第二次饮食召回、禁食问卷、体格检查和血液检查。HS-CRP水平与膳食锌摄入量、禁食状态、能量摄入和/或碳水化合物摄入有关，同时调整白细胞计数、胆碱摄入量、叶酸摄入量、BMI和性别。建立了调查加权广义线性模型，并通过调查包实施了Rao-Scott似然比检验。结果确定了锌摄入量充足（定义为每天摄入至少8毫克锌）和禁食（定义为禁食9小时或以上）这两个变量之间的双向交互作用，这与循环HS-CRP的降低有关（or = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.33-0.96, p = 0.038）。禁食与HS-CRP水平升高相关（OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.12-2.76, p = 0.016）。其他模型都不重要。结论短期禁食与HS-CRP升高有关；然而，在禁食期间摄入足够的锌可能会降低HS-CR的循环水平。
{"title":"Insights into the interplay among zinc, biological aging, fasting, energy intake, and inflammation: A cross-sectional analysis using 2015-2018 NHANES participants","authors":"Rebecca Lake , Juan Liuzzi , Changwon Yoo","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Although it is documented that zinc plays an essential role in immune function, little is known about its relationship to factors that influence biological aging. The primary objective of this study is to investigate how fasting status, total energy intake, and carbohydrate intake interfaces with dietary zinc intake and acute inflammation status via HS-CRP in young adults.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>A nationally representative sample of 1,211 adults (ages 19-35 years old) from the 2015-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles was included in this cross-sectional analysis. The data derived from the first and secondary dietary recall, fasting questionnaire, physical examination, and bloodwork collected at the Mobile Examination Center. HS-CRP levels were associated with dietary zinc intake and either fasting status, energy intake, and or carbohydrate intake while adjusting for WBC count, choline intake, folate intake, BMI, and gender. Survey weighted generalized linear models were constructed and the Rao-Scott likelihood ratio test was implemented via the <em>survey</em> package in R.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A two-way interaction effect was identified between the variables Adequate Zinc Intake, defined as consuming at least 8 mg of zinc per day and Fasted defined as fasting for 9 or more hours, which was associated with a reduction in circulating HS-CRP (OR = 0.56, 95 % CI: 0.33-0.96, <em>p</em> = 0.038). Fasting was associated with higher levels of HS-CRP (OR = 1.76, 95 % CI: 1.12-2.76, <em>p</em> = 0.016). No other models were significant.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Short-term fasting was associated with an increase in HS-CRP; however, adequate zinc intake during fasting may lower circulating levels of HS-CR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-04-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100248
Adio J. Akamo , Boluwatife A. Olagunju , Iyabode A. Kehinde , Naomi M. Akamo , Adetutu O. Ojelabi , Ofem E. Eteng , Ibiyemi O. Opowoye , Adedayo A. Adebisi , Taiwo S. Oguntona , Mushafau A. Akinsanya , Tobi S. Adekunbi , Olufemi M. Ajagun-Ogunleye , Opeyemi E. Popoola , Jacob K. Akintunde , Oluseyi A. Akinloye
Background
Dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate or DDVP) is an effective organophosphate pesticide extensively employed in various pest management applications. However, it elicits cytotoxicity. Curcumin is a well-known antioxidant phytochemical, but publications lack data on its influence on DDVP-occasioned electrolyte disruption in animals. Hence, this exploration examined the antidotal efficacy of curcumin on electrolyte and ATPase pump distortions in a DDVP-poisoned rat model.
Methods
Forty-two rats were randomly distributed into seven groups (6 rats/group): DDVP alone (20 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹), DDVP supplemented with curcumin (50 and 100 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹), or reference medication atropine (0.2 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹), and curcumin alone (50 and 100 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹). DDVP was administered orally for one week, followed by two weeks of curcumin intervention. Then, the rats were humanely sacrificed. Plasma and visceral (liver, kidney, and heart) sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate concentrations, and visceral Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-ATPase activities, were quantified by spectrophotometry.
Results
DDVP significantly (p < 0.05) increased plasma potassium and magnesium concentrations by 7 % and 211 % folds, respectively, but decreased plasma sodium, calcium, chloride and bicarbonate by 11 %, 77 %, 58 %, and 62 %, respectively. Curcumin post-exposure therapy significantly (p < 0.05) (1) reversed DDVP-engendered plasma hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypermagnesemia, hypochloremia, and hypobicarbonemia; (2) upturned DDVP-triggered increases in visceral sodium, calcium, chloride, and bicarbonate concentration; (3) rescinded DDVP-instigated decreases in visceral potassium and magnesium levels; and (4) abated DDVP-prompted inhibitions of visceral Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-ATPase activities to varying extents.
Conclusion
These results demonstrated that curcumin chemotherapy improved visceral functions and corrected ionoregulatory disruptions in DDVP-treated rats via modulation of adenosine triphosphatases pump.
{"title":"Chemotherapeutic efficacy of curcumin against plasma and cardio-hepatorenal electrolyte disruption in dichlorvos-challenged rats via augmentation of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-ATPase activities","authors":"Adio J. Akamo , Boluwatife A. Olagunju , Iyabode A. Kehinde , Naomi M. Akamo , Adetutu O. Ojelabi , Ofem E. Eteng , Ibiyemi O. Opowoye , Adedayo A. Adebisi , Taiwo S. Oguntona , Mushafau A. Akinsanya , Tobi S. Adekunbi , Olufemi M. Ajagun-Ogunleye , Opeyemi E. Popoola , Jacob K. Akintunde , Oluseyi A. Akinloye","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate or DDVP) is an effective organophosphate pesticide extensively employed in various pest management applications. However, it elicits cytotoxicity. Curcumin is a well-known antioxidant phytochemical, but publications lack data on its influence on DDVP-occasioned electrolyte disruption in animals. Hence, this exploration examined the antidotal efficacy of curcumin on electrolyte and ATPase pump distortions in a DDVP-poisoned rat model.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Forty-two rats were randomly distributed into seven groups (6 rats/group): DDVP alone (20 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹), DDVP supplemented with curcumin (50 and 100 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹), or reference medication atropine (0.2 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹), and curcumin alone (50 and 100 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹). DDVP was administered orally for one week, followed by two weeks of curcumin intervention. Then, the rats were humanely sacrificed. Plasma and visceral (liver, kidney, and heart) sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate concentrations, and visceral Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-ATPase activities, were quantified by spectrophotometry.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>DDVP significantly (<em>p</em> < 0.05) increased plasma potassium and magnesium concentrations by 7 % and 211 % folds, respectively, but decreased plasma sodium, calcium, chloride and bicarbonate by 11 %, 77 %, 58 %, and 62 %, respectively. Curcumin post-exposure therapy significantly (<em>p</em> < 0.05) (1) reversed DDVP-engendered plasma hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypermagnesemia, hypochloremia, and hypobicarbonemia; (2) upturned DDVP-triggered increases in visceral sodium, calcium, chloride, and bicarbonate concentration; (3) rescinded DDVP-instigated decreases in visceral potassium and magnesium levels; and (4) abated DDVP-prompted inhibitions of visceral Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-ATPase activities to varying extents.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These results demonstrated that curcumin chemotherapy improved visceral functions and corrected ionoregulatory disruptions in DDVP-treated rats via modulation of adenosine triphosphatases pump.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143876573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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