Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100190
Adaze Bijou Enogieru, Osagie Usman Idemudia
Background
Lead has been associated with human activities since time immemorial and is reported to induce antioxidant and neurobehavioral impairments in animals and humans. The present study examined and compared the protective activity of aqueous Zingiber officinale root (ZO) and Theobroma cacao seed (TC) extracts against Pb-induced cerebellar toxicity.
Methodology
Twenty-four rats, divided into four equal groups, received as follows: 1 ml H2O/day; 100 mg.kg-1 body weight (BW)/day of lead acetate (Pb) only; 500 mg.kg-1 BW/day of ZO and 100 mg.kg-1 BW/day of Pb; and 500 mg.kg-1 BW/day of TC and 100 mg.kg-1 BW/day of Pb, orally for twenty-eight days. Afterwards, neurobehavioural tests were conducted and the harvested cerebellums were used for antioxidant enzymes activity, Pb and lipid peroxidation concentrations as well as histological evaluations, following the sacrifice of experimental rats.
Results
Findings revealed significant neurobehavioural and antioxidant enzymes impairment, elevated levels of cerebellar Pb and lipid peroxidation, and microstructure alterations in the cerebellum of Pb-exposed rats. Although pretreatment with ZO and TC significantly attenuated these Pb-induced effects, ZO was more potent in its neuroprotective activity than TC.
Conclusion
Taken together, ZO and TC can be further developed as novel neuroprotective agents against Pb toxicity.
{"title":"Comparative protective activity of aqueous Zingiber officinale root and Theobroma cacao seed extracts on lead acetate-induced cerebellar toxicity in rats","authors":"Adaze Bijou Enogieru, Osagie Usman Idemudia","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Lead has been associated with human activities since time immemorial and is reported to induce antioxidant and neurobehavioral impairments in animals and humans. The present study examined and compared the protective activity of aqueous <em>Zingiber officinale</em> root (ZO) and <em>Theobroma cacao</em> seed (TC) extracts against Pb-induced cerebellar toxicity.</p></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><p>Twenty-four rats, divided into four equal groups, received as follows: 1 ml H<sub>2</sub>O/day; 100 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup> body weight (BW)/day of lead acetate (Pb) only; 500 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup> BW/day of ZO and 100 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup> BW/day of Pb; and 500 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup> BW/day of TC and 100 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup> BW/day of Pb, orally for twenty-eight days. Afterwards, neurobehavioural tests were conducted and the harvested cerebellums were used for antioxidant enzymes activity, Pb and lipid peroxidation concentrations as well as histological evaluations, following the sacrifice of experimental rats.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Findings revealed significant neurobehavioural and antioxidant enzymes impairment, elevated levels of cerebellar Pb and lipid peroxidation, and microstructure alterations in the cerebellum of Pb-exposed rats. Although pretreatment with ZO and TC significantly attenuated these Pb-induced effects, ZO was more potent in its neuroprotective activity than TC.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Taken together, ZO and TC can be further developed as novel neuroprotective agents against Pb toxicity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773050624000752/pdfft?md5=0c357d9ff6fd0234c75469d470eeaa28&pid=1-s2.0-S2773050624000752-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142050452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100187
Sixtus Aguree , Leigh A. Martin , Alison D. Gernand
Background
Plasma transports nutrients and composes more than half of the volume of blood. A few prior studies suggest that plasma volume fluctuations may impact certain micronutrient concentrations. We hypothesized a slight negative correlation between plasma volume and micronutrient biomarkers throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women of reproductive age (n = 45).
Methods
The study involved three visits during one menstrual cycle where fasting blood samples were taken to measure biomarker concentrations for zinc, copper, magnesium, manganese, iron, ferritin, retinol, and hemoglobin. A bolus dose of indocyanine green (ICG; equivalent to 0.25 mg.kg-1 of body weight) was injected to measure plasma volume. The total circulating micronutrient biomarker mass was calculated using the plasma volume and biomarker concentration. We used Spearman's correlation and fractional polynomial regression techniques to assess the relationship between plasma volume and biomarker concentration and mass.
Results
Plasma volume ranged from 1210 to 3520 mL. During all three visits, the correlation between micronutrient biomarker concentrations and plasma volume ranged from -0.05 to 0.10 (all P > 0.05); However, there was a strong positive correlation between biomarker mass and plasma volume, ranging from 0.26 to 0.95 (all P < 0.05). Five of the eight biomarkers examined (zinc, copper, magnesium, retinol, and hemoglobin) showed a correlation coefficient > 0.70 (P < 0.001) between mass and plasma volume.
Conclusion
Our findings indicate that biomarker concentrations are maintained across a range of plasma volume, suggesting that plasma volume may not be necessary to interpret micronutrient status in healthy non-pregnant women of reproductive age.
{"title":"Plasma volume is associated with micronutrient mass but not concentration in healthy US women of reproductive age","authors":"Sixtus Aguree , Leigh A. Martin , Alison D. Gernand","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Plasma transports nutrients and composes more than half of the volume of blood. A few prior studies suggest that plasma volume fluctuations may impact certain micronutrient concentrations. We hypothesized a slight negative correlation between plasma volume and micronutrient biomarkers throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women of reproductive age (<em>n</em> = 45).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The study involved three visits during one menstrual cycle where fasting blood samples were taken to measure biomarker concentrations for zinc, copper, magnesium, manganese, iron, ferritin, retinol, and hemoglobin. A bolus dose of indocyanine green (ICG; equivalent to 0.25 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup> of body weight) was injected to measure plasma volume. The total circulating micronutrient biomarker mass was calculated using the plasma volume and biomarker concentration. We used Spearman's correlation and fractional polynomial regression techniques to assess the relationship between plasma volume and biomarker concentration and mass.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Plasma volume ranged from 1210 to 3520 mL. During all three visits, the correlation between micronutrient biomarker concentrations and plasma volume ranged from -0.05 to 0.10 (all <em>P</em> > 0.05); However, there was a strong positive correlation between biomarker mass and plasma volume, ranging from 0.26 to 0.95 (all <em>P</em> < 0.05). Five of the eight biomarkers examined (zinc, copper, magnesium, retinol, and hemoglobin) showed a correlation coefficient > 0.70 (<em>P</em> < 0.001) between mass and plasma volume.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our findings indicate that biomarker concentrations are maintained across a range of plasma volume, suggesting that plasma volume may not be necessary to interpret micronutrient status in healthy non-pregnant women of reproductive age.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773050624000727/pdfft?md5=e328a88e7fd970187f3d1b20655327ed&pid=1-s2.0-S2773050624000727-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142147881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100192
G. Nithya , Y. Ajith , Varghese Raina , Thulasi Thushar , Sasi Adithya , K．S. Athira , P. Preena , Hiron M. Harshan , K．Justin Davis
Background
Grass tetany or hypomagnesemia is a metabolic syndrome causing acute neurological manifestations in periparturient ruminants grazing on rapidly grown green pastures or cereal crops with high potassium or nitrogen content and low magnesium levels. Clinical reports of naturally occurring grass tetany in goats are least described in the literature and it is considered to be a rare disease. The present study documents the clinical manifestation and management of hypomagnesemia-associated excitatory neuropathy in two Theileria spp. infected Malabari goats presented to the small ruminant medicine OP unit of the University Veterinary Hospital and Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
Methods
The first goat was in the last trimester of pregnancy and was showing signs of hyperesthesia, limping, difficulty in standing, and inappetence for the last six hours. The second goat was kidded six weeks back and was showing recurrent epileptic seizures and hyporexia from the previous day. Both the goats were kept on extensive grazing from the forest areas with unidentified lush vegetation. On clinical evaluation, both the goats were showing persistent excitatory neurological signs. Fecal examination, peripheral blood smear examination, PCR screening panel for hemoparasites, Complete Blood Count, and serum levels of calcium, magnesium, and glucose were evaluated.
Results
A significant reduction in serum magnesium levels was noted in both cases along with the varied glucose levels. Theileria spp. infection was noticed in blood smear examination and confirmed by PCR. The goats responded well to the therapy using MIFEX™ and other supportive medications and showed uneventful recovery.
Conclusion
It is suggested that the farmers should be vigilant enough while allowing goats to graze in unknown vegetation and prevent indiscriminate fodder intake during periods of drought. This is the first documented report of hypomagnesemic excitatory neurologic symptoms in Theileria spp. infected periparturient Malabari goats and showing response to appropriate therapy.
{"title":"Clinical manifestation and management of hypomagnesemia in Theileria spp. infected periparturient Malabari goats","authors":"G. Nithya , Y. Ajith , Varghese Raina , Thulasi Thushar , Sasi Adithya , K．S. Athira , P. Preena , Hiron M. Harshan , K．Justin Davis","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Grass tetany or hypomagnesemia is a metabolic syndrome causing acute neurological manifestations in periparturient ruminants grazing on rapidly grown green pastures or cereal crops with high potassium or nitrogen content and low magnesium levels. Clinical reports of naturally occurring grass tetany in goats are least described in the literature and it is considered to be a rare disease. The present study documents the clinical manifestation and management of hypomagnesemia-associated excitatory neuropathy in two <em>Theileria</em> spp. infected Malabari goats presented to the small ruminant medicine OP unit of the University Veterinary Hospital and Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The first goat was in the last trimester of pregnancy and was showing signs of hyperesthesia, limping, difficulty in standing, and inappetence for the last six hours. The second goat was kidded six weeks back and was showing recurrent epileptic seizures and hyporexia from the previous day. Both the goats were kept on extensive grazing from the forest areas with unidentified lush vegetation. On clinical evaluation, both the goats were showing persistent excitatory neurological signs. Fecal examination, peripheral blood smear examination, PCR screening panel for hemoparasites, Complete Blood Count, and serum levels of calcium, magnesium, and glucose were evaluated.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A significant reduction in serum magnesium levels was noted in both cases along with the varied glucose levels. <em>Theileria</em> spp. infection was noticed in blood smear examination and confirmed by PCR. The goats responded well to the therapy using MIFEX™ and other supportive medications and showed uneventful recovery.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>It is suggested that the farmers should be vigilant enough while allowing goats to graze in unknown vegetation and prevent indiscriminate fodder intake during periods of drought. This is the first documented report of hypomagnesemic excitatory neurologic symptoms in <em>Theileria</em> spp. infected periparturient Malabari goats and showing response to appropriate therapy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773050624000776/pdfft?md5=ea3551b2b1cc80c0d5371197f8ba8355&pid=1-s2.0-S2773050624000776-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142011772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100189
Adaze Bijou Enogieru, Bernadine Tana Williams
Background
Lead (Pb) exposure has been linked to reduced academic performance, lower IQ, cognitive and memory impairments, and other psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety. Natural antioxidants and dietary sources of phytochemicals, including Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CZ), have been investigated to possibly replace the current adverse reacting drugs used to treat Pb poisoning. Consequently, this study evaluated the activity of CZ against Pb-mediated neurotoxicity.
Methods
Wistar rats were assigned into six groups (n = 8) namely: Control; Lead acetate (Pb; 100 mg kg−1 body weight [BW]); CZ-pre-treated groups (CZ1 [200 mg.kg−1 BW] + Pb and CZ2 [400 mg kg−1 BW] + Pb); and CZ-only groups (CZ1 and CZ2). After 28 days, neurobehavioral, antioxidant, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, and Pb concentration levels, as well as hippocampal and cerebral histology, were evaluated.
Results
Findings showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in final body and whole brain weights, cognition, and memory impairments, dysregulation of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and elevated nitric oxide as well as high Pb concentrations in the hippocampus and cerebrum of Pb-exposed rats following comparison to the control and CZ pretreated rats. Histological findings revealed morphological alterations with vacuolated tissue architecture in the hippocampus and cerebrum of Pb-exposed rats while the rats pre-treated with CZ showed similar morphology to the control rats.
Conclusion
Altogether, the findings showed that CZ was not toxic to the rats but protected against Pb toxicity, mediated possibly through its potent antioxidant, nitric oxide scavenging, and metal chelation activity.
{"title":"Cognitive- and memory-enhancing activity of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) aqueous extract in lead acetate-exposed rats","authors":"Adaze Bijou Enogieru, Bernadine Tana Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Lead (Pb) exposure has been linked to reduced academic performance, lower IQ, cognitive and memory impairments, and other psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety. Natural antioxidants and dietary sources of phytochemicals, including <em>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</em> (CZ), have been investigated to possibly replace the current adverse reacting drugs used to treat Pb poisoning. Consequently, this study evaluated the activity of CZ against Pb-mediated neurotoxicity.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Wistar rats were assigned into six groups (<em>n</em> = 8) namely: Control; Lead acetate (Pb; 100 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> body weight [BW]); CZ-pre-treated groups (CZ1 [200 mg.kg<sup>−1</sup> BW] + Pb and CZ2 [400 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> BW] + Pb); and CZ-only groups (CZ1 and CZ2). After 28 days, neurobehavioral, antioxidant, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, and Pb concentration levels, as well as hippocampal and cerebral histology, were evaluated.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Findings showed a significant reduction (<em>p</em> < 0.05) in final body and whole brain weights, cognition, and memory impairments, dysregulation of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and elevated nitric oxide as well as high Pb concentrations in the hippocampus and cerebrum of Pb-exposed rats following comparison to the control and CZ pretreated rats. Histological findings revealed morphological alterations with vacuolated tissue architecture in the hippocampus and cerebrum of Pb-exposed rats while the rats pre-treated with CZ showed similar morphology to the control rats.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Altogether, the findings showed that CZ was not toxic to the rats but protected against Pb toxicity, mediated possibly through its potent antioxidant, nitric oxide scavenging, and metal chelation activity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773050624000740/pdfft?md5=6614671d6c0daa8be92d3b55240d32b6&pid=1-s2.0-S2773050624000740-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142020921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100188
Albert Morang'a Oyugi, Joshua Kiprotich Kibet
Background
Chemical composition of plants has attracted considerable interest in recent years with considerable research tailored into determining metal contents in food substances. Particularly, essential elements which are necessary for normal human body functioning and are strongly recommended in optimal proportions for better health. This study determined the levels of essential elements; calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K) and manganese (Mn) in eleven khat (Catha edulis Forsk) samples collected from Meru County.
Methodology
1.0 g of dry ground khat samples were wet-digested in a solvent mixture of 10 mL of HCl, HNO3 and 20 vol of H2O2 for 3 h at variable temperature of 50–90 °C and later reconstituted in 25 mL 0.05 HCl before analysis. The samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP AES) after acid digestion whereas Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to investigate elemental characteristics and determine the sources of essential metals in khat. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) was used to evaluate the relationships between the essential metals.
Results
Spinach leaves certified reference material (CRM 1750a) was analyzed and the percentage recoveries (%) of 98.4 and 101.7 determined showing that the digestion method employed in this work had adequate accuracy. The validated method was employed for the analysis of all the khat samples. The analyzed metal concentration ranges () in fresh-weight basis per day of five metals were 160.9–267.3, 44.6–81.7, 2.0–3.0, 237.6–393.6, and 220.3 -349.0 for Ca, Mg, Mn, K, and Na, respectively. Both HCA and PCA results showed that these elements could be linked to natural soils and anthropogenic sources. PCC reported significant correlations between Na and K indicating they may have been derived from the same source. The daily metal intakes were below the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits implying no associated health risks for khat users.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of this study, the consumption of khat from regions of Meru County may be a potential source for essential elements required for human biological processes.
背景植物的化学成分近年来引起了人们的极大兴趣，大量研究都集中在确定食品物质中的金属含量上。特别是人体正常运作所必需的基本元素，强烈建议采用最佳比例以改善健康。本研究测定了从梅鲁县采集的 11 份阿拉伯茶（Catha edulis Forsk）样本中的基本元素含量：钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）、钠（Na）、钾（K）和锰（Mn）。在 50-90 °C 的变温条件下，将 0 g 干燥的阿拉伯茶叶样品在 10 mL HCl、HNO3 和 20 vol H2O2 的混合溶剂中湿法消化 3 小时，然后在 25 mL 0.05 molL-1 HCl 中重组，再进行分析。样品经酸性消解后，采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP AES）进行分析，同时采用层次聚类分析（HCA）和主成分分析（PCA）来研究阿拉伯茶中的元素特征并确定其基本金属的来源。此外，还使用了皮尔逊相关系数（PCC）来评估基本金属之间的关系。结果分析了菠菜叶认证参考材料（CRM 1750a），确定的回收率（%）分别为 98.4 和 101.7，表明这项工作中使用的消化方法具有足够的准确性。所有阿拉伯茶叶样品的分析都采用了这种经过验证的方法。以鲜重为基准，每天分析的五种金属浓度范围（毫克 100 克-1）分别为 160.9-267.3、44.6-81.7、2.0-3.0、237.6-393.6 和 220.3-349.0（Ca、Mg、Mn、K 和 Na）。HCA 和 PCA 结果表明，这些元素可能与天然土壤和人为来源有关。据 PCC 报告，Na 和 K 之间存在明显的相关性，表明它们可能来自同一来源。每日金属摄入量低于世界卫生组织（WHO）的允许限值，这意味着阿拉伯茶使用者没有相关的健康风险。
{"title":"The analysis of the essential metal contents in khat (Catha edulis Forsk) from Meru County, Kenya","authors":"Albert Morang'a Oyugi, Joshua Kiprotich Kibet","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Chemical composition of plants has attracted considerable interest in recent years with considerable research tailored into determining metal contents in food substances. Particularly, essential elements which are necessary for normal human body functioning and are strongly recommended in optimal proportions for better health. This study determined the levels of essential elements; calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K) and manganese (Mn) in eleven khat (<em>Catha edulis</em> Forsk) samples collected from Meru County.</p></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><p>1.0 g of dry ground khat samples were wet-digested in a solvent mixture of 10 mL of HCl, HNO<sub>3</sub> and 20 vol of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> for 3 h at variable temperature of 50–90 °C and later reconstituted in 25 mL 0.05 <span><math><mrow><mrow><mtext>mol</mtext><mspace></mspace></mrow><msup><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> HCl before analysis. The samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP AES) after acid digestion whereas Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to investigate elemental characteristics and determine the sources of essential metals in khat. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) was used to evaluate the relationships between the essential metals.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Spinach leaves certified reference material (CRM 1750a) was analyzed and the percentage recoveries (%) of 98.4 and 101.7 determined showing that the digestion method employed in this work had adequate accuracy. The validated method was employed for the analysis of all the khat samples. The analyzed metal concentration ranges (<span><math><mrow><mtext>mg</mtext><mspace></mspace><mn>100</mn><msup><mrow><mrow><mi>g</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>) in fresh-weight basis per day of five metals were 160.9–267.3, 44.6–81.7, 2.0–3.0, 237.6–393.6, and 220.3 -349.0 for Ca, Mg, Mn, K, and Na, respectively. Both HCA and PCA results showed that these elements could be linked to natural soils and anthropogenic sources. PCC reported significant correlations between Na and K indicating they may have been derived from the same source. The daily metal intakes were below the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits implying no associated health risks for khat users.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Based on the findings of this study, the consumption of khat from regions of Meru County may be a potential source for essential elements required for human biological processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773050624000739/pdfft?md5=4a3295a498fef5b584bce8ce5f7791cc&pid=1-s2.0-S2773050624000739-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142011771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-06DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100186
Chukwujindu M.A. Iwegbue , Cynthia A. Nnanna , Ijeoma F. Ogwu , Eze W. Odali , Bice S. Martincigh
Background
Dust is ubiquitous and humans are unavoidably in constant contact with it. Therefore, exposure to metal-laden dust from workplaces can be a serious threat to human health.
Objective
The objective of this study was to assess the concentrations of nine metals, namely, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni Cu, Co, Mn, Zn and Fe, in dust from automobile mechanic workshops (AMWs) in urban and semi-urban areas of Delta State, Nigeria.
Methods
The dust samples were digested in aqua-regia and their metal content was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.
Results
The concentrations of metals (mg kg-1) in dust from the AMWs ranged from 0.12 to 4.20 for Cd, 11.3 to 3900 for Pb, 9.05 to 45.3 for Cr, 0.35 to 345 for Ni, 170 to 56,400 for Cu, 1.05 to 31.4 for Co, 51.3 to 310 for Mn, 143 to 634 for Zn, and 70,900 to 258,000 for Fe. The pollution indices indicated that Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were the prominent contaminants in dust from the AMWs. Children's exposure to metal-laden dust from the AMWs could elicit adverse non-carcinogenic health effects. The carcinogenic risk values obtained for human exposure to metals in dust from the AMWs were above the safe level indicating possible induction of cancer or cancer-related illnesses. The sources of metals in dust from the AMWs are related to automobile emissions and discharges from vehicular components.
Conclusion
The activities in AMWs are potent sources of metals to the environment, especially Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Therefore, this study recommends regulatory control of activities conducted in AMWs so as to minimize widespread metal contamination and the consequent impact of metals in the affected dust on humans and the environment.
{"title":"Concentrations, sources and exposure to metals in dust from automobile mechanic workshops in Nigeria","authors":"Chukwujindu M.A. Iwegbue , Cynthia A. Nnanna , Ijeoma F. Ogwu , Eze W. Odali , Bice S. Martincigh","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Dust is ubiquitous and humans are unavoidably in constant contact with it. Therefore, exposure to metal-laden dust from workplaces can be a serious threat to human health.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The objective of this study was to assess the concentrations of nine metals, namely, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni Cu, Co, Mn, Zn and Fe, in dust from automobile mechanic workshops (AMWs) in urban and semi-urban areas of Delta State, Nigeria.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The dust samples were digested in aqua-regia and their metal content was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The concentrations of metals (mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) in dust from the AMWs ranged from 0.12 to 4.20 for Cd, 11.3 to 3900 for Pb, 9.05 to 45.3 for Cr, 0.35 to 345 for Ni, 170 to 56,400 for Cu, 1.05 to 31.4 for Co, 51.3 to 310 for Mn, 143 to 634 for Zn, and 70,900 to 258,000 for Fe. The pollution indices indicated that Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were the prominent contaminants in dust from the AMWs. Children's exposure to metal-laden dust from the AMWs could elicit adverse non-carcinogenic health effects. The carcinogenic risk values obtained for human exposure to metals in dust from the AMWs were above the safe level indicating possible induction of cancer or cancer-related illnesses. The sources of metals in dust from the AMWs are related to automobile emissions and discharges from vehicular components.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The activities in AMWs are potent sources of metals to the environment, especially Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Therefore, this study recommends regulatory control of activities conducted in AMWs so as to minimize widespread metal contamination and the consequent impact of metals in the affected dust on humans and the environment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773050624000715/pdfft?md5=cc9761780517123bf3b3d669bf007b83&pid=1-s2.0-S2773050624000715-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142136413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100185
Amit Pal , Namrata Chatterjee , Muhammad Aaqib Shamim , Isha Rani , Aninda Dhar , Vincenzo Tondolo , Mauro Rongioletti , Gianluca Rizzo , Kalyan Goswami , Rosanna Squitti
Introduction
Among the increasing number of cancer cases, colorectal cancer (CRC) cases are rising globally. The association of zinc in the neoplastic process of CRC is a major research avenue, yet the published reports have not provided any definitive conclusion.
Objectives
We examined the association between serum zinc levels and CRC to test the potential of zinc dysregulation as a CRC susceptibility factor.
Methods
In this systemic review and meta-analysis, we extensively searched EBSCOhost, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science as well as manual screening by subject experts for studies reporting serum/plasma/blood zinc levels in CRC patients and control subjects till 27th August 2023. Based on a random effect model, we estimated the mean difference in serum/plasma/blood zinc levels between CRC cases and control subjects. Subgroup differences and publication bias were also investigated, along with a critical appraisal of included studies.
Results
Eighteen studies with 8330 participants were included. The difference in serum zinc between CRC patients and control subjects was –5.01 µg/dl [95 % CI: −21.76 to 11.74; p = 0.56]. Omitting a highly influential outlier study, made this difference statistically significant at –13.28 µg/dl [95 % CI: −20.66 to -5.90, p < 0.01]. The difference between study effects could not be explained by the difference in analytical methods for zinc assessment, or type of blood samples.
Conclusion
CRC patients had lower serum zinc levels. Some factors, such as different tumor grades of CRC, adenomas, and colonic polyps need to be further considered for a more conclusive association between serum zinc levels and risk for CRC.
导言在癌症病例不断增加的过程中，结直肠癌（CRC）病例在全球范围内呈上升趋势。我们研究了血清锌水平与 CRC 之间的关系，以检验锌失调作为 CRC 易感因素的可能性。方法在本系统综述和荟萃分析中，我们广泛检索了 EBSCOhost、EMBASE、Cochrane Library、ProQuest、PubMed/MEDLINE、Scopus 和 Web of Science，并由主题专家人工筛选了截至 2023 年 8 月 27 日报告 CRC 患者和对照组血清/血浆/血液锌水平的研究。基于随机效应模型，我们估算了 CRC 病例与对照组之间血清/血浆/血液锌水平的平均差异。我们还调查了亚组差异和发表偏倚，并对纳入的研究进行了批判性评估。CRC患者与对照组之间的血清锌差异为-5.01 µg/dl [95 % CI: -21.76 to 11.74; p = 0.56]。剔除一项影响较大的离群研究后，这一差异达到了统计学意义上的-13.28 µg/dl [95 % CI: -20.66 to -5.90, p < 0.01]。研究效果之间的差异无法用锌评估分析方法或血样类型的不同来解释。需要进一步考虑一些因素，如不同肿瘤等级的 CRC、腺瘤和结肠息肉，以确定血清锌水平与 CRC 风险之间的关系。
{"title":"Serum zinc status of patients with colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Amit Pal , Namrata Chatterjee , Muhammad Aaqib Shamim , Isha Rani , Aninda Dhar , Vincenzo Tondolo , Mauro Rongioletti , Gianluca Rizzo , Kalyan Goswami , Rosanna Squitti","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Among the increasing number of cancer cases, colorectal cancer (CRC) cases are rising globally. The association of zinc in the neoplastic process of CRC is a major research avenue, yet the published reports have not provided any definitive conclusion.</p></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>We examined the association between serum zinc levels and CRC to test the potential of zinc dysregulation as a CRC susceptibility factor.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In this systemic review and meta-analysis, we extensively searched EBSCOhost, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science as well as manual screening by subject experts for studies reporting serum/plasma/blood zinc levels in CRC patients and control subjects till 27th August 2023. Based on a random effect model, we estimated the mean difference in serum/plasma/blood zinc levels between CRC cases and control subjects. Subgroup differences and publication bias were also investigated, along with a critical appraisal of included studies.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Eighteen studies with 8330 participants were included. The difference in serum zinc between CRC patients and control subjects was –5.01 µg/dl [95 % CI: −21.76 to 11.74; <em>p</em> = 0.56]. Omitting a highly influential outlier study, made this difference statistically significant at –13.28 µg/dl [95 % CI: −20.66 to -5.90, <em>p</em> < 0.01]. The difference between study effects could not be explained by the difference in analytical methods for zinc assessment, or type of blood samples.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>CRC patients had lower serum zinc levels. Some factors, such as different tumor grades of CRC, adenomas, and colonic polyps need to be further considered for a more conclusive association between serum zinc levels and risk for CRC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773050624000703/pdfft?md5=e6608dee92e8b769fb2eb94c1d85689b&pid=1-s2.0-S2773050624000703-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141963715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research employs response surface methodology, specifically Central Composite Design (CCD), to optimize the process parameters for the effective production of biodiesel. Jatropha oil was utilized as the raw material to minimize expenses. A nanocatalyst was utilized as a solid catalyst, developed from CaCO3 via waste snail shells, offering advantages such as recyclability and improved catalytic activity during a transesterification process. The developed nanocatalyst was analyzed using various techniques, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). The BET analysis revealed a surface area of 5.1m2/g and the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analysis provided insights into the pore volume and diameter of the synthesized nano-CaO, showing values of 0.002556 cc/g and 1.1 nm, respectively, indicating the presence of both microspores and active sites on the external surface of the nano-CaO catalyst. Biodiesel conversion was controlled by adjusting factors like the methanol to oil ratio, catalyst weight, reaction time, reaction temperature, and agitation speed. A quadratic model was established to explore the correlation between the independent variables and the biodiesel conversion rate. The results showed a maximum biodiesel conversion rate of 96.73% under the optimal conditions: methanol to oil ratio (6:1), catalyst weight (1.4 wt%), reaction time (60 min), reaction temperature (55 °C), and agitation speed (250 rpm). These parameters were determined through 32 experimental trials. The RSM technique yielded impressive results with a determined coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9834, adjusted R2 of 0.8503, predicted R2 of 0.8309, and a coefficient of variance (CV) 0.75%. Based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) findings, the model exhibits a high level of significance (p<0.0001), which is less than 0.05 and F- Value 29.71.The study aims to enhance the yield and efficiency of the transesterification process, thereby increasing the overall production of fatty acid methyl ester from Jatropha oil. This innovative approach efficiently generates biodiesel from renewable resources, in a manner that is both environmentally friendly and maximizes the effectiveness of the process parameters. The evaluation conform that the quality of the biodiesel met the standards set by ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214.
{"title":"Nano-CaO as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis by transesterification of Jatropha oil","authors":"Wisdom Chukwuemeke Ulakpa , Cyrus Aseibichin , Ohiri Augustine Chimezie , Ayodeji Arnold Olaseinde , Eyide Odeworitse , Erhinyodavwe Onoriode , Ijara Maryjane Adaeze","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>This research employs response surface methodology, specifically Central Composite Design (CCD), to optimize the process parameters for the effective production of biodiesel. Jatropha oil was utilized as the raw material to minimize expenses. A nanocatalyst was utilized as a solid catalyst, developed from CaCO<sub>3</sub> via waste snail shells, offering advantages such as recyclability and improved catalytic activity during a transesterification process. The developed nanocatalyst was analyzed using various techniques, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). The BET analysis revealed a surface area of 5.1m<sup>2</sup>/g and the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analysis provided insights into the pore volume and diameter of the synthesized nano-CaO, showing values of 0.002556 cc/g and 1.1 nm, respectively, indicating the presence of both microspores and active sites on the external surface of the nano-CaO catalyst. Biodiesel conversion was controlled by adjusting factors like the methanol to oil ratio, catalyst weight, reaction time, reaction temperature, and agitation speed. A quadratic model was established to explore the correlation between the independent variables and the biodiesel conversion rate. The results showed a maximum biodiesel conversion rate of 96.73% under the optimal conditions: methanol to oil ratio (6:1), catalyst weight (1.4 wt%), reaction time (60 min), reaction temperature (55 °C), and agitation speed (250 rpm). These parameters were determined through 32 experimental trials. The RSM technique yielded impressive results with a determined coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.9834, adjusted R<sup>2</sup> of 0.8503, predicted R<sup>2</sup> of 0.8309, and a coefficient of variance (CV) 0.75%. Based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) findings, the model exhibits a high level of significance (<em>p</em><0.0001), which is less than 0.05 and F- Value 29.71.The study aims to enhance the yield and efficiency of the transesterification process, thereby increasing the overall production of fatty acid methyl ester from Jatropha oil. This innovative approach efficiently generates biodiesel from renewable resources, in a manner that is both environmentally friendly and maximizes the effectiveness of the process parameters. The evaluation conform that the quality of the biodiesel met the standards set by ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773050624000685/pdfft?md5=4833565530de6c2838f980a87f5d217e&pid=1-s2.0-S2773050624000685-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141595907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100184
Godswill O. Tesi , Paschal O. Iniaghe , Ijeoma F. Ogwu , Happiness B. Okunoja , Chukwujindu M.A. Iwegbue , Francis E. Egobueze
Introduction
The concentrations and risks of metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Mn, Zn and Fe) in organs of sheep from Southern Nigeria were investigated in this study.
Methodology
A total of 105 sheep organs (kidney, liver and muscles) were collected from abattoirs in five widely distributed areas (Asaba, Benin, Onitsha, Sapele and Warri) in southern Nigeria. The organs were digested using a mixture of nitric and perchloric acids and thereafter the metal concentrations in the digested sample solutions were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
Results
The mean concentrations of metals (mg kg−1) were as follows: Cd: 0.05–0.37, Pb 0.86 to 1.99, Cr: 2.20–3.03, Ni: 1.87–3.54, Cu: 17.4–24.3, Co: 1.45–4.30, Mn 192–410, Zn: 41.8–117 and Fe: 423–1068. The concentrations of the metals in the organs were in the order of Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Co > Pb > Cd while the ability of the sheep organs to accumulate the studied metals followed the order of liver > kidney > muscles. The estimated daily intake values suggested that except for Mn, the intake of metals from the ingestion of these sheep organs was below their respective PTDI. The hazard index and total cancer risk values show that there are no possible risks of non-cancer and cancer risks associated with the consumption of the sheep's organs.
Conclusion
Although there are no health risks associated with the metals in the sheep organs from southern Nigeria, there is, however, a need for continuous monitoring of contaminants in sheep and other animal organs.
{"title":"Safety evaluation of human exposure to potentially toxic metals in the organs of sheep from southern Nigeria","authors":"Godswill O. Tesi , Paschal O. Iniaghe , Ijeoma F. Ogwu , Happiness B. Okunoja , Chukwujindu M.A. Iwegbue , Francis E. Egobueze","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The concentrations and risks of metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Mn, Zn and Fe) in organs of sheep from Southern Nigeria were investigated in this study.</p></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><p>A total of 105 sheep organs (kidney, liver and muscles) were collected from abattoirs in five widely distributed areas (Asaba, Benin, Onitsha, Sapele and Warri) in southern Nigeria. The organs were digested using a mixture of nitric and perchloric acids and thereafter the metal concentrations in the digested sample solutions were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The mean concentrations of metals (mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) were as follows: Cd: 0.05–0.37, Pb 0.86 to 1.99, Cr: 2.20–3.03, Ni: 1.87–3.54, Cu: 17.4–24.3, Co: 1.45–4.30, Mn 192–410, Zn: 41.8–117 and Fe: 423–1068. The concentrations of the metals in the organs were in the order of Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Co > Pb > Cd while the ability of the sheep organs to accumulate the studied metals followed the order of liver > kidney > muscles. The estimated daily intake values suggested that except for Mn, the intake of metals from the ingestion of these sheep organs was below their respective PTDI. The hazard index and total cancer risk values show that there are no possible risks of non-cancer and cancer risks associated with the consumption of the sheep's organs.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Although there are no health risks associated with the metals in the sheep organs from southern Nigeria, there is, however, a need for continuous monitoring of contaminants in sheep and other animal organs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773050624000697/pdfft?md5=a01deada6d4230276becc4c794c52f30&pid=1-s2.0-S2773050624000697-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141637814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-27DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100178
Hana Youssef Learoussy , Hasni Tfeil , Mohamed Salem El Mahmoud-Hamed , Aly Dartige , Mohamed Fakhaoui , Lotfi Aarab
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Assessment of the potential health risks associated with six trace elements in halieutic products from the Mauritanian Atlantic coast” [Journal of Trace Elements and Minerals 2C (2022) 100032]","authors":"Hana Youssef Learoussy , Hasni Tfeil , Mohamed Salem El Mahmoud-Hamed , Aly Dartige , Mohamed Fakhaoui , Lotfi Aarab","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100178","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773050624000636/pdfft?md5=9804c99a7997e40b05d565db71e12a5e&pid=1-s2.0-S2773050624000636-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141487335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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