Journal of trace elements and minerals最新文献_第10页

Macromineral, micromineral and metal concentration of bovine colostrum samples from Salzburg, Austria 奥地利萨尔茨堡牛初乳样本中的大矿物质、小矿物质和金属浓度

Journal of trace elements and minerals

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100203

Katharina Lichtmannsperger , Nicole Hechenberger , Ariane Psenner , Maren Marseiler , Andrea Hildebrand , Elisabeth Müller , Alexander Tichy , Thomas Wittek

Background

Besides immunoglobulins which are essential for the calf to prevent Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity (FTPI) colostrum contains multiple other constituents such microminerals, macrominerals and metals. The concentration of the minerals seems to be higher in colostrum than in normal milk. The aims of this study were to describe macromineral, micromineral and metal concentration of bovine colostrum samples from Salzburg, Austria and to see if there are differences in the concentrations between different cow feeding strategies and farm locations.

Methods

Therefore, 1050 individual colostrum samples were collected from 72 dairy farms from different districts of Salzburg. All colostrum samples were analysed for macromineral (K, Mg, Na), micromineral (Co, Cu, Fe, I, Mg, Se, Zn) andmetal (As, Ba, Cd, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Tl, U) concentrations by inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Results

The mean K, Mg and Na levels were 1218.71 mg l^-1, 245.44 mg l^-1 and 358.62 mg l^-1, respectively. The micromineral concentrations of I, Se, Co and Zn were significantly higher in colostrum from dairy cows feeding a Total-Mixed-Ration during the lactation period in comparison to cows receiving microminerals by hand feeding, transponder feeding or via a licking bucket or licking stone. The metal analysis showed that in three farms, most of the colostrum samples showed Pb levels above the limit of 5 µg l^-1.

Implications

Herd-level factors need to be addressed to elevate micromineral concentrations and to reduce metal concentrations in colostrum from dairy cows from Salzburg, Austria.

Conclusion

The results show that the macrominerals K, Mg and Na are within the range of published concentrations. For the microminerals, Co, Cu, Fe, I, Mg, Se and Zn the concentrations were significantly different depending on the mineral feeding strategies during the lactation and dry period. Metal concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Tl and U differed between the districts of Salzburg.

背景初乳中除了对犊牛防止被动免疫转移失败（FTPI）至关重要的免疫球蛋白外，还含有多种其他成分，如微量元素、大量元素和金属。初乳中的矿物质浓度似乎高于普通牛奶。本研究的目的是描述奥地利萨尔茨堡牛初乳样本中的大矿物质、微量矿物质和金属浓度，并研究不同奶牛饲养策略和牧场地点之间的浓度是否存在差异。结果 K、Mg 和 Na 的平均含量分别为 1218.71 mg l-1、245.44 mg l-1 和 358.62 mg l-1。与通过人工饲喂、转发器饲喂或通过舔桶或舔石舔食微量元素的奶牛相比，泌乳期饲喂全混合日粮的奶牛初乳中 I、Se、Co 和 Zn 的微量元素浓度明显较高。金属分析表明，在三个牧场中，大多数初乳样本中的铅含量都超过了 5 µg l-1 的限值。结论结果表明，大矿物质 K、Mg 和 Na 的含量都在公布的浓度范围内。而微量矿物质钴、铜、铁、碘、镁、硒和锌的浓度则因哺乳期和干奶期的矿物质饲喂策略不同而存在显著差异。砷、钡、镉、锂、钼、镍、铅、锶、碲和铀的金属浓度在萨尔茨堡各区之间存在差异。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing metals and metalloids impact of roadside dust on human health in Osogbo, Osun state, Nigeria 评估尼日利亚奥松州奥索博市路边尘埃中的金属和类金属对人体健康的影响

Journal of trace elements and minerals

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100202

A.O. Aturamu , O Asaolu , O.J. Ademuyiwa

Background

Metals and metalloids in roadside dust pose considerable threats to both human health and the environment.

Objectives

This study assesses human health risks of metal exposure to roadside dust by conducting a health risk assessment (HRA) for metals and metalloids uptake rates for children and adults via exposure pathways.

Methods

Settled dust samples were collected from the major roads in Osogbo, Osun state. These samples were subjected to standard laboratory procedures for metals and metalloids analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS).

Results

All the metals and metalloids except Cd had their concentration below the WHO limit. The average concentration of Cd was 1.54 mg kg-1, significantly above the WHO guideline of 0.80 mg kg-1, indicating a possible health concern. A strong positive correlation exits between Ni and Cd (0.774^⁎⁎) (p < 0.01), Pb (0.662^⁎⁎) (p < 0.01), Zn (0.606^⁎⁎) (p < 0.01), and as (0.549*) (p < 0.05), showing that greater Ni concentrations are associated with higher concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, and As. Two principal components were identified, accounting for 80 % of the overall variation. PC1 has an eigenvalue of 60.834; however, PC2 has a higher eigenvalue of 74.952, implying that PC2 explains more of the variation in the data than PC1. Non-carcinogenic risk evaluations identify possible health risks linked with Cu, Cd, Cr, and As exposure, primarily through inhalation routes. Carcinogenic risk showed that Cd demonstrated high CR values ranging from 3740 to 1.30×10¹² for adults and children throughout the study's various exposure paths.

Conclusion

This study offered significant insight into the metals and metalloids pollution status in Osogbo, Nigeria, employing data and statistics, highlighting the need for evidence-based actions for environmental preservation to safeguarding people's health.

背景路边灰尘中的金属和类金属对人类健康和环境都构成了相当大的威胁。本研究通过对儿童和成人通过接触途径吸收金属和类金属的比率进行健康风险评估，从而评估接触路边灰尘中的金属对人类健康造成的风险。结果除镉外，所有金属和类金属的浓度均低于世界卫生组织的限值。镉的平均浓度为 1.54 毫克/千克，大大高于世卫组织 0.80 毫克/千克的标准，表明可能存在健康问题。镍和镉（0.774⁎⁎）（p < 0.01）、铅（0.662⁎⁎）（p < 0.01）、锌（0.606⁎⁎）（p < 0.01）和砷（0.549*）（p <；0.05），表明镍浓度越高，镉、铅、锌和砷的浓度也越高。确定了两个主成分，占总体变化的 80%。PC1 的特征值为 60.834；但 PC2 的特征值更高，为 74.952，这意味着 PC2 比 PC1 能解释更多的数据变化。非致癌风险评估确定了主要通过吸入途径接触铜、镉、铬和砷可能带来的健康风险。致癌风险显示，在研究的各种暴露途径中，镉对成人和儿童的 CR 值较高，从 3740 到 1.30×1012 不等。

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引用次数: 0

Appraisal of pollution, ecological and health risks assessment of trace metals in soils of Logbadjeck quarrying area, Nyong Series, Cameroon 喀麦隆 Nyong 系列 Logbadjeck 采石区土壤中痕量金属的污染、生态和健康风险评估鉴定

Journal of trace elements and minerals

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100204

Anicet Feudjio Tiabou , Guy Amie Atabe Atabe , Cyrille Sigue , Lemnyuy Prosper Yiika , Fatemeh Kachoueiyan , Nkeng Enstein Forchenallah

Background

Assessing toxic metals in agricultural soils or farmlands is a worldwide concern for maintaining ecosystem health, especially in developing countries such as Cameroon. Therefore, this study examines the contamination levels and the ecological and health risks of trace metals in the soils of the Logbadjeck quarrying area.

Methods

Soil samples from the Logbadjeck quarrying area were examined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Results and discussion

The findings of this research show that trace metals in soils examined significantly exceeded the permissible limit. Correlation matrix and principal component analysis suggest similar provenance of trace metals. A low to moderate level of contamination was found using the geo-accumulation index, ecological risk index, and contamination factor. Logbadjeck soils had minimal pollution levels, as indicated by most stations with pollution load index values < 1 and Nemerow integrated pollution index values of 1–2. The ecological and toxic risk index shows negligible ecological risk and no toxic risk levels of trace metals. The health risk assessment's findings showed that while accidental ingestion and skin contact with trace metals in soils exposed recreational receptors to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, it was necessary to implement policies and undertake remediation to control the elevated carcinogenic risks of Cr, Ni, and Pb in soil. This study's data offers profound insights into our knowledge of environmental contaminants and their potentially harmful impacts in the study area.

Conclusion

The soils of the Logbadjeck quarrying area are in the low to moderate contamination category due to geogenic influences and anthropogenic practices. It is recommended that ongoing soil and agricultural products be monitored to avoid trace metal concentrations from anthropogenic practices in the food chain rising above permissible bounds and safeguard the health of humans and animals in the research region.

背景评估农业土壤或农田中的有毒金属是维护生态系统健康的一个世界性问题，在喀麦隆等发展中国家尤其如此。因此，本研究对 Logbadjeck 采石区土壤中的痕量金属的污染水平及其对生态和健康的风险进行了研究。相关矩阵和主成分分析表明，痕量金属的来源相似。利用地质累积指数、生态风险指数和污染因子发现，污染程度为中低。大多数站点的污染负荷指数值为 1，内默罗综合污染指数值为 1-2，这表明 Logbadjeck 土壤的污染水平极低。生态和毒性风险指数显示，生态风险可忽略不计，痕量金属无毒性风险水平。健康风险评估结果表明，虽然意外摄入和皮肤接触土壤中的微量金属会使娱乐受体面临致癌和非致癌风险，但有必要实施相关政策并进行修复，以控制土壤中铬、镍和铅的致癌风险升高。这项研究的数据为我们了解研究地区的环境污染物及其潜在的有害影响提供了深刻的见解。建议对土壤和农产品进行持续监测，以避免食物链中人为活动产生的痕量金属浓度超过允许范围，保障研究地区人类和动物的健康。

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引用次数: 0

Blood from a stone: Do the trace metals of sperm whale coproliths reveal a contribution from squid haemolymph? 石头中的血液：抹香鲸共生石中的痕量金属是否揭示了乌贼血淋巴的贡献？

Journal of trace elements and minerals

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100156

Steven J. Rowland , Robert Clough , Paul A. Sutton , George H. Rowland

Background

Ambergris is a coprolith produced by some sperm whales (∼1 %). It has been hypothesised that the metals in ambergris derive from the haemolymph of squid in the whale diet (mainly copper). However, few data exist.

We report analysis of 10 trace metals in each of 50 ambergris samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.

Main Findings

Acid digests of the samples contained ∼5 to >6880 µg g⁻¹ air-dried weight total metals; mainly of iron (present in ∼90 % of samples, 38), copper (∼95 % of samples, 40), zinc (93 % of samples, 39) and cadmium (∼95 % of samples, 40).

Conclusions

We suggest the variable and sometimes high concentrations of iron may reflect traces of haemoglobin or myoglobin from the whales. There may be other sources.

The other major metals (Zn, Cu, Cd) are those also reported in several squid species. The distributions are unlike those of squid haemolymph alone, reportedly dominated by copper, or those of the sperm whale (e.g., skin), dominated by zinc.

背景龙涎香是某些抹香鲸（1%）产生的一种共生石。据推测，龙涎香中的金属来自鲸鱼食物中乌贼的血淋巴（主要是铜）。我们采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对 50 个龙涎香样本中的 10 种痕量金属进行了分析。主要发现样品的酸解产物中含有 5 至 6880 µg g-1 的总金属量；主要是铁（存在于 90% 的样品中，38）、铜（存在于 95% 的样品中，40）、锌（存在于 93% 的样品中，39）和镉（存在于 95% 的样品中，40）。结论我们认为，铁的浓度时高时低，可能反映了鲸鱼血红蛋白或肌红蛋白的痕迹。其他主要金属（锌、铜、镉）也是在几个鱿鱼物种中发现的。这些分布情况与单独的乌贼血淋巴（据报道以铜为主）或抹香鲸（如皮肤）（以锌为主）的分布情况不同。

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引用次数: 0

Potentially toxic elements concentration and distribution in soils around artisan workshops in Ago-Iwoye, Southwestern Nigeria 尼日利亚西南部 Ago-Iwoye 手工作坊周围土壤中潜在有毒元素的浓度和分布情况

Journal of trace elements and minerals

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100168

Olusegun Gbenga Olisa , Adejumoke Morilat Hashimi , Olugbenga Tunmise Olatunji , Omolola Mistura Keyede , Oluwapamilerin Atinuke Ajayi

Background/Introduction

Anthropogenic activities, including those carried out by artisans, have been confirmed to be one of the various means by which potentially toxic elements (PTE) are introduced into the soil. This study aims to determine the PTE concentration and distribution in soils around artisans workshops in Ago-Iwoye, southwestern Nigeria.

Methods

Twenty (20) soil samples comprising ten (10) samples from soil around auto-mechanic workshops, six (6) from soils around vulcanizer workshops and four (4) from soils around welder workshops were collected and analyzed for elemental concentration using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Results

Elemental analysis revealed the following trend for selected metals in auto-mechanic, vulcanizing and welding workshops, respectively: Ba (60–100, 100–200 and 130–590 mg.kg⁻¹); Co (10–47, 8–19 and 15–37 mg.kg⁻¹); Cr (29–161, 22–95 and 57–272 mg.kg⁻¹); Cu (28–123, 16–100 and 88–486 mg.kg⁻¹); Ni (11–33, 7–29 and 34–112 mg.kg⁻¹); Pb (17–75, 12–77 and 36–677 mg.kg⁻¹); Sc (2–16, 1–7 and 2–8 mg.kg⁻¹); Sr (13–55, 17–72 and 33–91 mg.kg⁻¹); V (35–212, 20–117 and 40–103 mg.kg⁻¹) and Zn (82–684, 70–548 and 314–3240 mg.kg⁻¹). Geochemical assessment using contamination factor, and geo-accumulation index showed that the artisanal workshops exhibited significant contamination levels for metals such as Ba, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn and the contamination level varied across the artisan workshops with soils around welders workshops showing highest contamination.

Conclusion

Contamination indices revealed the artisan workshops have varying contribution to the metal load in the area and Pollution Load Index (PLI) indicated a decline in soil quality across all artisanal workshops with welding workshops revealing the highest anthropogenic contribution of PTE to the soil.

背景/导言人类活动（包括工匠进行的活动）已被证实是潜在有毒元素 (PTE) 进入土壤的各种途径之一。本研究旨在确定尼日利亚西南部 Ago-Iwoye 工匠作坊周围土壤中 PTE 的浓度和分布情况。方法收集了二十（20）份土壤样本，其中十（10）份来自汽车机械厂周围的土壤样本，六（6）份来自硫化机作坊周围的土壤样本，四（4）份来自焊工作坊周围的土壤样本，并使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）对样本进行了元素浓度分析。结果元素分析表明，汽修、硫化和焊接车间的选定金属分别呈现以下趋势：钡（60-100、100-200 和 130-590 毫克.千克-1）；钴（10-47、8-19 和 15-37 毫克.千克-1）；铬（29-161、22-95 和 57-272 毫克.千克-1）；铜（28-123、16-100 和 88-486 毫克.千克-1）；镍（11-33、7-29 和 34-112 毫克.千克-1）；铅（17-20 毫克.千克-1千克-1）；铅（17-75、12-77 和 36-677 毫克.千克-1）；钪（2-16、1-7 和 2-8 毫克.千克-1）；锶（13-55、17-72 和 33-91 毫克.千克-1）；钒（35-212、20-117 和 40-103 毫克.千克-1）和锌（82-684、70-548 和 314-3240 毫克.千克-1）。使用污染因子和地质累积指数进行的地球化学评估表明，手工作坊中的钡、铜、镍、铅、锶和锌等金属的污染程度很高，而且各手工作坊的污染程度不同，焊工作坊周围的土壤污染程度最高。结论污染指数显示，手工作坊对该地区金属负荷的贡献各不相同，污染负荷指数（PLI）显示，所有手工作坊的土壤质量都有所下降，其中焊接作坊的土壤人为PTE贡献最高。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of Cadmium, Mercury and Lead in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in a protected area of southeastern Mexico associated with the risk to human health 分析墨西哥东南部保护区牡蛎（Crassostrea virginica）中的镉、汞和铅对人类健康的危害

Journal of trace elements and minerals

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100175

Claudia Aguilar , Carlos Montalvo , Yunuen Canedo , Alejandro Ruiz , Julia Cerón , Rosa Cerón , Mohamed Abatal , Francisco Anguebes

Background

Metal pollution is a problem in many parts of the world. These metals can be harmful when they exceed the recommended limits. This study aimed to assess the levels of cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) in the tissues of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) within a protected area in southeastern Mexico. Additionally, the study aimed to conduct a risk analysis for human health associated with these metals. It is anticipated that the observed metal levels will be lower compared to prior studies, thereby not posing a significant risk to the local population.

Methods

The tissue of oyster samples was treated under the techniques of the Official Mexican Standards and analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The metal concentrations were used to calculate the estimated daily intakes (EDI), target hazard quotients (THQ), hazard index (HI), and target cancer risks (TR), for children and adults.

Results

Maximum values of Cd (1.99 μg g⁻¹), exceeded the permissible limits of the Official Mexican Standards. Pb (0.99 μg g⁻¹) and Hg (0.64 μg g⁻¹) are within the recommended limits. The THQ and HI for Cd, Pb, and Hg were lower than the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) criteria.

Conclusions

Based on our results, whether oyster (Crassostrea virginica) consumption is recommended in adults and reducing consumption in children; to diminish the risk of exposure to Cd, Pb, and Hg.

背景金属污染是世界上许多地方都存在的问题。当这些金属含量超过建议限值时，就会对人体造成危害。本研究旨在评估墨西哥东南部一个保护区内牡蛎（Crassostrea virginica）组织中的镉（Cd）、汞（Hg）和铅（Pb）含量。此外，该研究还旨在对与这些金属有关的人类健康进行风险分析。预计观察到的金属含量将低于之前的研究，因此不会对当地人口造成重大风险。方法按照墨西哥官方标准的技术处理牡蛎样本组织，并使用原子吸收光谱进行分析。结果镉的最大值（1.99 μg g-1）超过了墨西哥官方标准的允许限值。铅（0.99 微克/克-1）和汞（0.64 微克/克-1）在建议限值之内。结论根据我们的研究结果，建议成年人食用牡蛎（Crassostrea virginica）并减少儿童食用量，以降低接触镉、铅和汞的风险。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Chemometric analysis and risk assessment indices to evaluate water and sediment contamination of a tropical mangrove forest” [Journal of Trace Elements and Minerals 2C (2022) 100028] 评估热带红树林水和沉积物污染的化学计量分析和风险评估指数》[《微量元素和矿物质杂志》2C (2022) 100028]更正

Journal of trace elements and minerals

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100177

Parul Maurya , Rina Kumari , Rajesh Kumar Ranjan , Jigar Kumar B. Solanki

引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Assessment of contamination and potential ecological risks of heavy metals in riverine sediments from gold mining and pristine areas in Ghana”. [Journal of Trace Elements and Minerals 7C (2024) 100109] 加纳金矿开采区和原生态区河流沉积物中重金属的污染和潜在生态风险评估 "的更正。[微量元素和矿物质杂志 7C (2024) 100109]。

Journal of trace elements and minerals

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100161

George Yaw Hadzi , David Kofi Essumang , Godwin A. Ayoko

引用次数: 0

Nano-CaO as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis by transesterification of Jatropha oil 纳米氧化钙作为麻风树油酯交换反应合成生物柴油的异相催化剂

Journal of trace elements and minerals

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100183

Wisdom Chukwuemeke Ulakpa , Cyrus Aseibichin , Ohiri Augustine Chimezie , Ayodeji Arnold Olaseinde , Eyide Odeworitse , Erhinyodavwe Onoriode , Ijara Maryjane Adaeze

Background

This research employs response surface methodology, specifically Central Composite Design (CCD), to optimize the process parameters for the effective production of biodiesel. Jatropha oil was utilized as the raw material to minimize expenses. A nanocatalyst was utilized as a solid catalyst, developed from CaCO₃ via waste snail shells, offering advantages such as recyclability and improved catalytic activity during a transesterification process. The developed nanocatalyst was analyzed using various techniques, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). The BET analysis revealed a surface area of 5.1m²/g and the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analysis provided insights into the pore volume and diameter of the synthesized nano-CaO, showing values of 0.002556 cc/g and 1.1 nm, respectively, indicating the presence of both microspores and active sites on the external surface of the nano-CaO catalyst. Biodiesel conversion was controlled by adjusting factors like the methanol to oil ratio, catalyst weight, reaction time, reaction temperature, and agitation speed. A quadratic model was established to explore the correlation between the independent variables and the biodiesel conversion rate. The results showed a maximum biodiesel conversion rate of 96.73% under the optimal conditions: methanol to oil ratio (6:1), catalyst weight (1.4 wt%), reaction time (60 min), reaction temperature (55 °C), and agitation speed (250 rpm). These parameters were determined through 32 experimental trials. The RSM technique yielded impressive results with a determined coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9834, adjusted R² of 0.8503, predicted R² of 0.8309, and a coefficient of variance (CV) 0.75%. Based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) findings, the model exhibits a high level of significance (p<0.0001), which is less than 0.05 and F- Value 29.71.The study aims to enhance the yield and efficiency of the transesterification process, thereby increasing the overall production of fatty acid methyl ester from Jatropha oil. This innovative approach efficiently generates biodiesel from renewable resources, in a manner that is both environmentally friendly and maximizes the effectiveness of the process parameters. The evaluation conform that the quality of the biodiesel met the standards set by ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214.

背景本研究采用响应面方法，特别是中央复合设计（CCD），优化工艺参数，以有效生产生物柴油。麻风树油被用作原料，以最大限度地降低成本。利用废弃蜗牛壳中的 CaCO3 制成的纳米催化剂作为固体催化剂，这种催化剂在酯交换过程中具有可回收性和更高催化活性等优点。研究人员使用多种技术对所开发的纳米催化剂进行了分析，包括动态光散射（DLS）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、布鲁诺-艾美特-泰勒（BET）分析和傅立叶变换红外（FTIR）。BET 分析显示其表面积为 5.1m2/g，而 Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) 分析则揭示了合成纳米氧化钙的孔隙体积和直径，其值分别为 0.002556 cc/g 和 1.1 nm，表明纳米氧化钙催化剂的外表面同时存在微孢子和活性位点。通过调整甲醇与油的比例、催化剂重量、反应时间、反应温度和搅拌速度等因素控制生物柴油的转化率。建立了一个二次模型来探讨自变量与生物柴油转化率之间的相关性。结果表明，在甲醇与油的比例（6:1）、催化剂重量（1.4 wt%）、反应时间（60 分钟）、反应温度（55 °C）和搅拌速度（250 rpm）等最佳条件下，生物柴油转化率最高可达 96.73%。这些参数是通过 32 次试验确定的。RSM 技术得出了令人印象深刻的结果，确定系数 (R2) 为 0.9834，调整 R2 为 0.8503，预测 R2 为 0.8309，方差系数 (CV) 为 0.75%。该研究旨在提高酯交换过程的产量和效率，从而提高麻风树油脂肪酸甲酯的总体产量。这种创新方法从可再生资源中高效生成生物柴油，既环保又最大限度地提高了工艺参数的有效性。评估结果表明，生物柴油的质量符合 ASTM D 6751 和 EN 14214 规定的标准。

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引用次数: 0

Variation of trace metal minerals among different soil orders under different land use systems falling in Malwa region of Punjab in North-western India 印度西北部旁遮普省马尔瓦地区不同土地利用系统下不同土壤等级中痕量金属矿物质的变化

Journal of trace elements and minerals

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100162

NJ Gowthamchand , Salwinder Singh Dhaliwal , Vivek Sharma , Arvind Kumar Shukla , Sanjib Kumar Behera , Manpreet Kaur

Background

Trace metal deficiency has become a major constraint on the productivity and sustainability of soils. Agriculture becomes more complex, advanced and intensive farming systems develop, however, the deficiency of trace metal are more frequent and extensive in different systems.

Methods

This study investigated the variation of trace metal minerals in soil profiles of diverse land use systems (LUSs), i.e. agriculture, horticulture and forestry, falling under three dominant soil orders (Entisol, Inceptisol and Aridisol) in Malwa region of Punjab. Through comprehensive analyses, we explore the intricate relationships between soil characteristics, land use practices, and the distribution of key trace metals—namely zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn).

Results

The mean values of DTPA-extractable trace metal from soil profiles of different land uses varied from 1.75 to 2.09, 1.64–2.32, 1.18–1.69 mg kg⁻¹ for Zn; 0.59–1.02, 0.59–0.99, 0.64–0.92 mg kg⁻¹ for Cu; 12.12–16.49, 9.84–16.05, 7.94–11.56 mg kg⁻¹ for Fe; 7.82–9.99, 4.66–9.39, 6.51–7.46 mg kg⁻¹for Mn in soil orders Entisol, Inceptisol and Aridisol, respectively. The concentration of trace metals in different soil orders follows the pattern of ntisol>Inceptisol>Aridisol. In contrast, there is a considerable amount of variation and no discernible pattern in the distribution of trace metals under various LUSs in each soil order. Several LUSs were examined, and agriculture land use system (ALUS) had the greatest Fe and Mn content, while the horticulture land use system (HLUS) had the highest Zn and Cu content. The Irrespective of soil orders and LUSs, the concentration of trace metals decreased as soil depth increased. Diverse LUSs and management practices have a substantial impact on the physico-chemical characteristics of soils, which in turn influence the availability of trace metals. According to the Pearson correlation studies, trace metals were positively associated with soil OC and negatively associated with soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and there was also a positive correlation between DTPA-Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn in the investigated soils. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that soil CaCO₃ and organic carbon (OC) content were the most variable soil parameters influencing crop trace metal availability in different soil orders and land use systems.

Conclusion

The findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the dynamic interplay between soil properties and land use, providing valuable insights for sustainable agricultural practices and environmental management in the region.

背景微量金属缺乏已成为制约土壤生产力和可持续性的一个主要因素。本研究调查了旁遮普省马尔瓦地区不同土地利用系统（LUSs），即农业、园艺业和林业的土壤剖面中微量金属矿物质的变化情况，这些系统分属三种主要土壤类型（ Entisol、Inceptisol 和 Aridisol）。通过综合分析，我们探索了土壤特性、土地利用方式和主要痕量金属（锌、铜、铁和锰）分布之间的复杂关系。在 Entisol、Inceptisol 和 Aridisol 土壤中，锌的平均值分别为 1.75 至 2.09、1.64 至 2.32、1.18 至 1.69 毫克/千克；铜的平均值分别为 0.59 至 1.02、0.59 至 0.99、0.64 至 0.92 毫克/千克；铁的平均值分别为 12.12 至 16.49、9.84 至 16.05、7.94 至 11.56 毫克/千克；锰的平均值分别为 7.82 至 9.99、4.66 至 9.39、6.51 至 7.46 毫克/千克。痕量金属在不同土壤等级中的富集规律为 ntisol>Inceptisol>Aridisol。相比之下，各土壤等级中不同 LUS 条件下的痕量金属分布差异较大，且无明显规律可循。在几种土地利用系统中，农业土地利用系统（ALUS）的铁和锰含量最高，而园艺土地利用系统（HLUS）的锌和铜含量最高。与土壤等级和土地利用系统无关，痕量金属的浓度随着土壤深度的增加而降低。不同的土地利用系统和管理方法对土壤的物理化学特征有很大影响，进而影响痕量金属的供应。根据皮尔逊相关性研究，痕量金属与土壤 OC 值呈正相关，与土壤 pH 值、导电率（EC）和碳酸钙（CaCO3）呈负相关。主成分分析（PCA）结果表明，土壤中的 CaCO3 和有机碳（OC）含量是影响不同土壤等级和土地利用系统中作物痕量金属可利用性的最多变化的土壤参数。

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