Pub Date : 2025-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100212
Obinna O. Uchewa, Chinedu B. Egwuagu, Ogugua A. EGWU, Augustine O. Ibegbu
Background
Trace elements in the environment are neurotoxins and severely affect the nervous system, which can impair cognitive ability.
Objective
To investigate the neuromodulatory role of clove oil (CLO) in Cd-induced cognitive impairment.
Methods
Thirty-five Wistar rats randomly assigned into five groups of seven were used. Group A received water, group B received 20 mg/kg of Cd, C received 10 mg/kg of CLO, D received 20 mg/kg of CLO, and E received 20 mg/kg of DMSO. All groups except A received 20 mg/kg of Cd before treatment. Sociability Chamber Tests (SCT) and Novel Object Recognition Tests (NORT) were used to test recognition memory as social behavior in rodents. The estimated GST, GPx, GSH, and GOT enzymes were by blood sample.
Results
GSH and GST levels significantly decreased in the untreated but increased in the treated groups at P < 0.05. The discrimination index reduced in the untreated group (p < 0.05) while the reduction continued in groups C and E (0.14±0.09 and 0.27±0.02), and group D increased (0.81±0.02). In the SCT, group B spent significant time in the common chamber, which increased significantly in groups C and D but decreased in E. Microscopically, group A showed normal histoarchitecture and several alterations in group B. In contrast, treated groups showed improvement in cell regeneration.
Conclusion
Clove oil alleviates cadmium toxicity by increasing antioxidant activity and improving cognition in rats.
{"title":"Clove oil as a neuromodulator in environmental cadmium cognitive impairment on the prefrontal cortex of Wistar rats","authors":"Obinna O. Uchewa, Chinedu B. Egwuagu, Ogugua A. EGWU, Augustine O. Ibegbu","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Trace elements in the environment are neurotoxins and severely affect the nervous system, which can impair cognitive ability.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To investigate the neuromodulatory role of clove oil (CLO) in Cd-induced cognitive impairment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty-five Wistar rats randomly assigned into five groups of seven were used. Group A received water, group B received 20 mg/kg of Cd, C received 10 mg/kg of CLO, D received 20 mg/kg of CLO, and E received 20 mg/kg of DMSO. All groups except A received 20 mg/kg of Cd before treatment. Sociability Chamber Tests (SCT) and Novel Object Recognition Tests (NORT) were used to test recognition memory as social behavior in rodents. The estimated GST, GPx, GSH, and GOT enzymes were by blood sample.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>GSH and GST levels significantly decreased in the untreated but increased in the treated groups at <em>P</em> < 0.05. The discrimination index reduced in the untreated group (<em>p</em> < 0.05) while the reduction continued in groups C and E (0.14±0.09 and 0.27±0.02), and group D increased (0.81±0.02). In the SCT, group B spent significant time in the common chamber, which increased significantly in groups C and D but decreased in E. Microscopically, group A showed normal histoarchitecture and several alterations in group B. In contrast, treated groups showed improvement in cell regeneration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Clove oil alleviates cadmium toxicity by increasing antioxidant activity and improving cognition in rats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100211
Sima Sarlak , Sayed Ali Tabeidian , Majid Toghyani , Amir Davar Foroozandeh Shahraki , Mohammad Goli , Mahmood Habibian
Introduction
Eggs can be enriched with iron and iodine through the diet. However, high levels of iron and iodine negatively influence the egg quality and performance of birds. This problem may be overcome by organic forms of minerals.
Materials and methods
In this study, the effects of ferrous glycine and ethylenediamine dihydroiodide as sources of iron and iodine on hen performance, egg quality, antioxidant status, and iron and iodine contents of eggs were evaluated in a 16-wk dietary experiment. A factorial arrangement including 3 levels (0, 120, 240 mg.kg-1) of supplemental iron and 3 levels (0, 1.0, and 5.0 mg.kg-1) of supplemental iodine was utilized.
Results
Dietary iodine did not affect bird performance. However, egg laying and feed intake decreased, and feed conversion ratio increased in the absence of supplemental iron. Diets without supplemental iron increased abnormal eggs along with decreasing the eggshell quality (weight, thickness, strength, and calcium content) and disturbing the serum and egg yolk lipids. This paralleled the reduction of serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine and disruption of the oxidative status in the serum and eggs. The highest production of abnormal eggs and the lowest eggshell weight and thickness occurred with diet containing no supplemental iron and 0.5 mg.kg-1 of iodine. The application of iron and iodine resulted in elevated levels of these elements in the eggs, with the increase in iodine content demonstrating a dose-dependent relationship. Moreover, while iron contents were constant between 8 and 16 wk, iodine contents showed increasing trends with 0.5 mg.kg-1 of iodine.
Conclusion
It is advisable to enhance the diet with 120 mg.kg-1 of organic iron and 1 mg.kg-1 of organic iodine to ensure optimal performance, egg quality, and overall health in laying hens.
{"title":"Organic iron and iodine in laying hen diet: Performance, egg quality, thyroid hormones, antioxidant status, serum and yolk lipids, and egg iron and iodine contents","authors":"Sima Sarlak , Sayed Ali Tabeidian , Majid Toghyani , Amir Davar Foroozandeh Shahraki , Mohammad Goli , Mahmood Habibian","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Eggs can be enriched with iron and iodine through the diet. However, high levels of iron and iodine negatively influence the egg quality and performance of birds. This problem may be overcome by organic forms of minerals.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>In this study, the effects of ferrous glycine and ethylenediamine dihydroiodide as sources of iron and iodine on hen performance, egg quality, antioxidant status, and iron and iodine contents of eggs were evaluated in a 16-wk dietary experiment. A factorial arrangement including 3 levels (0, 120, 240 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup>) of supplemental iron and 3 levels (0, 1.0, and 5.0 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup>) of supplemental iodine was utilized.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Dietary iodine did not affect bird performance. However, egg laying and feed intake decreased, and feed conversion ratio increased in the absence of supplemental iron. Diets without supplemental iron increased abnormal eggs along with decreasing the eggshell quality (weight, thickness, strength, and calcium content) and disturbing the serum and egg yolk lipids. This paralleled the reduction of serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine and disruption of the oxidative status in the serum and eggs. The highest production of abnormal eggs and the lowest eggshell weight and thickness occurred with diet containing no supplemental iron and 0.5 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup> of iodine. The application of iron and iodine resulted in elevated levels of these elements in the eggs, with the increase in iodine content demonstrating a dose-dependent relationship. Moreover, while iron contents were constant between 8 and 16 wk, iodine contents showed increasing trends with 0.5 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup> of iodine.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>It is advisable to enhance the diet with 120 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup> of organic iron and 1 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup> of organic iodine to ensure optimal performance, egg quality, and overall health in laying hens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100210
Oluwakemi O. Tovide , John A.O. Oyekunle , Odunayo T. Ore , Bukola A. Oyebode , Elizabeth O. Moseri , Abolanle S. Adekunle , Oluwasegun Oluwarotimi , Aderemi O. Ogunfowokan , Adebayo O. Eludoyin
Background
This study evaluated the concentrations, speciation, and environmental risks of aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in the major refuse dumpsite soils of Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
Methods
Soil samples were collected from refuse dumpsite soils in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. The soil samples were digested using HCl and HNO3 and analysed for total metal concentrations. The soil samples were equally subjected to six-step chemical fractionation protocol for speciation analysis. The metal levels were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.
Results
The findings showed a mean distribution pattern of Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Al. The speciation analysis indicated that the water-soluble, exchangeable, and carbonate fractions contained more than 80 % of the metals, implying high solubility and bioavailability. The organic and residual fractions had minimal metal forms. Environmental risk assessment indices all pointed to low contamination and ecological risk, with the majority of values being less than 1. The study found that the dumpsite soils presented little environmental concern, even though metal amounts varied throughout sampling points.
Conclusion
These findings emphasised that when evaluating the possible ecological effects of potentially toxic element contamination in an environment, metal speciation should be taken into account in addition to total metal concentrations so as to have a better overview of the contamination status of the environment.
{"title":"Speciation studies of potentially toxic elements within the vicinity of major dumpsites in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria","authors":"Oluwakemi O. Tovide , John A.O. Oyekunle , Odunayo T. Ore , Bukola A. Oyebode , Elizabeth O. Moseri , Abolanle S. Adekunle , Oluwasegun Oluwarotimi , Aderemi O. Ogunfowokan , Adebayo O. Eludoyin","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study evaluated the concentrations, speciation, and environmental risks of aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in the major refuse dumpsite soils of Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Soil samples were collected from refuse dumpsite soils in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. The soil samples were digested using HCl and HNO<sub>3</sub> and analysed for total metal concentrations. The soil samples were equally subjected to six-step chemical fractionation protocol for speciation analysis. The metal levels were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings showed a mean distribution pattern of Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Al. The speciation analysis indicated that the water-soluble, exchangeable, and carbonate fractions contained more than 80 % of the metals, implying high solubility and bioavailability. The organic and residual fractions had minimal metal forms. Environmental risk assessment indices all pointed to low contamination and ecological risk, with the majority of values being less than 1. The study found that the dumpsite soils presented little environmental concern, even though metal amounts varied throughout sampling points.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings emphasised that when evaluating the possible ecological effects of potentially toxic element contamination in an environment, metal speciation should be taken into account in addition to total metal concentrations so as to have a better overview of the contamination status of the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100209
Jude Ehwevwerhere Emurotu , Tenimu Adogah Abubakar , Loveth Chukwu , Queen Ese Umudi , Victory Imokan Imumorin , Gloria D. Paul , Grace Unekwuojo Oboni
Background
Potentially toxic metals present in food and food products are a threat to humans. To monitor the quality of giblets consumed and to evaluate the risk to the public's health, this study aimed to determine the residual concentrations of heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the gizzard, kidney, and liver of free-range chickens.
Methods
The mean concentration of metals in the giblets was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. The mean was used to assess the cancer risk, hazard index, total hazard quotient, and estimated daily intake of the metals under investigation.
Results
Metal concentrations ranged from 17.6 - 105.6 (Al), nd to 3.15 (As), nd - 4.38 (Cr), 0.26 - 73.6 (Mn), nd - 7.21(Ni), nd - 6.67 (Pb), and 8.42 - 63.3 (Zn) mg kg−1. The mean concentrations measured exceeded JECFA's Maximum Allowable Concentrations limit except for Al and Cd. Cd was below the detection limit. The estimated daily intake of the toxic metals As, Cr, Ni, and Pb exceeded the threshold limit. The metals' calculated Target Hazard Quotient and Hazard Index values were 〈 1. The percentage contribution of Pb to the HI value was the highest. The HI was 66.9% and 65.4% in adults and children, respectively. The HI sequence through the consumption of giblets in adults is Pb 〉 As > Cr > Ni > Zn > Al > Mn. The corresponding sequence in children is Pb > As > Cr > Mn > Ni, Zn > Al. The carcinogenic risk of As, Cr, Ni, and Pb exceeded the threshold limit, indicating a potential cancer risk through consumption.
Conclusion
Free-range chickens are not selective in picking their food in the environment hence strict regime of proper disposal of waste products containing metals into the environment should be advocated and followed.
{"title":"Concentration and health risk assessment of toxic metals in giblets of free-range chickens in Lokoja, Nigeria","authors":"Jude Ehwevwerhere Emurotu , Tenimu Adogah Abubakar , Loveth Chukwu , Queen Ese Umudi , Victory Imokan Imumorin , Gloria D. Paul , Grace Unekwuojo Oboni","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Potentially toxic metals present in food and food products are a threat to humans. To monitor the quality of giblets consumed and to evaluate the risk to the public's health, this study aimed to determine the residual concentrations of heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the gizzard, kidney, and liver of free-range chickens.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The mean concentration of metals in the giblets was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. The mean was used to assess the cancer risk, hazard index, total hazard quotient, and estimated daily intake of the metals under investigation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Metal concentrations ranged from 17.6 - 105.6 (Al), nd to 3.15 (As), nd - 4.38 (Cr), 0.26 - 73.6 (Mn), nd - 7.21(Ni), nd - 6.67 (Pb), and 8.42 - 63.3 (Zn) mg kg<sup>−1</sup>. The mean concentrations measured exceeded JECFA's Maximum Allowable Concentrations limit except for Al and Cd. Cd was below the detection limit. The estimated daily intake of the toxic metals As, Cr, Ni, and Pb exceeded the threshold limit. The metals' calculated Target Hazard Quotient and Hazard Index values were 〈 1. The percentage contribution of Pb to the HI value was the highest. The HI was 66.9% and 65.4% in adults and children, respectively. The HI sequence through the consumption of giblets in adults is Pb 〉 As > Cr > Ni > Zn > Al > Mn. The corresponding sequence in children is Pb > As > Cr > Mn > Ni, Zn > Al. The carcinogenic risk of As, Cr, Ni, and Pb exceeded the threshold limit, indicating a potential cancer risk through consumption.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Free-range chickens are not selective in picking their food in the environment hence strict regime of proper disposal of waste products containing metals into the environment should be advocated and followed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100207
Othmane Hammani , Najlae El-Otmani , Omar Ben Lenda , Hamza El Azhari , Abderrazak Rfaki , Naima Lahlouhi , Youssef Mourad , Abdelaziz Abdallaoui
Background
The Moroccan diet is reliant on a number of plant-based proteins and calories, which are integral components of couscous and various baked goods. These include durum wheat, barley, whole corn, and rice, which provide essential nutrients in the form of protein and calories. However, these grains are susceptible to the accumulation of trace elements that can have adverse effects on human health. In order to address this concern, our exploratory study assessed the contamination levels in couscous samples available in Morocco in 2023, focusing on lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) due to their severe health impacts even at low concentrations, as noted by the WHO.
Study Area
Twenty-four couscous samples procured from diverse markets in Rabat, Sale, and Temara, which are located in the northern part of Morocco.
Methods
The samples were subjected to analysis using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) following the complete mineralisation of the samples.
Results
The results for Cd indicated concentrations ranging from 0.0036 to 0.0144 μg g−1 in 13 samples, with the remaining samples exhibiting levels below the detection limit. With regard to Pb, nine samples exhibited contamination levels that ranged from 0.00461 to 0.00868 μg g−1. It is noteworthy that the levels of Cd were below the detection limit in all of the samples that were analysed. The results of our study demonstrated that all 24 samples exhibited Pb and Cd contents that were below the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) as recommended by the European Commission Regulation No 1881/2006.
Conclusion
The findings provide essential data for the evaluation of the safety and suitability of couscous for human consumption.
{"title":"Exploratory analysis of potential toxic elements in Moroccan couscous and health risk evaluation utilizing ICP-OES","authors":"Othmane Hammani , Najlae El-Otmani , Omar Ben Lenda , Hamza El Azhari , Abderrazak Rfaki , Naima Lahlouhi , Youssef Mourad , Abdelaziz Abdallaoui","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Moroccan diet is reliant on a number of plant-based proteins and calories, which are integral components of couscous and various baked goods. These include durum wheat, barley, whole corn, and rice, which provide essential nutrients in the form of protein and calories. However, these grains are susceptible to the accumulation of trace elements that can have adverse effects on human health. In order to address this concern, our exploratory study assessed the contamination levels in couscous samples available in Morocco in 2023, focusing on lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) due to their severe health impacts even at low concentrations, as noted by the WHO.</div></div><div><h3>Study Area</h3><div>Twenty-four couscous samples procured from diverse markets in Rabat, Sale, and Temara, which are located in the northern part of Morocco.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The samples were subjected to analysis using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) following the complete mineralisation of the samples.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results for Cd indicated concentrations ranging from 0.0036 to 0.0144 μg g<sup>−1</sup> in 13 samples, with the remaining samples exhibiting levels below the detection limit. With regard to Pb, nine samples exhibited contamination levels that ranged from 0.00461 to 0.00868 μg g<sup>−1</sup>. It is noteworthy that the levels of Cd were below the detection limit in all of the samples that were analysed. The results of our study demonstrated that all 24 samples exhibited Pb and Cd contents that were below the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) as recommended by the European Commission Regulation No 1881/2006.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings provide essential data for the evaluation of the safety and suitability of couscous for human consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100208
J.A. Olusola , O.B. Akintan , O. Osanyinlusi
Background
The safety of food, especially among developing countries like Nigeria, is increasingly becoming a genuine call for concern due to food contamination. While culinary spices are often used for their flavour and colouring capabilities, they also contain significant trace minerals that may be harmful to human health.
Objectives
This study aimed to assess the concentrations of trace minerals, including Iron (Fe), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), and Arsenic (As), in commonly used spices in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. Additionally, it sought to evaluate the potential health risks associated with these concentrations.
Methods
The research employed an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) to detect trace minerals like iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) present in commonly consumed spices in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. The assessment involved various methods such as Estimation of Daily Intake (EDI), Hazard Quotient (THQ), Total Hazard Quotient (TTHQ), and Cancer Risk (CR).
Results
The results indicated that iron (Fe) levels varied from 0.62 mg/kg in dry onion to 210.40 mg/kg in turmeric, with an average concentration of 45.09±59.83 mg/kg. Chromium (Cr) concentrations ranged from non-detectable (ND) to 0.72 mg/kg, with an average value of 0.1 ± 0.16 mg/kg. All the Cr concentrations were higher than the regulatory limits. The Pb concentration in the spices varied between ND to 0.10 mg/kg with a mean concentration of 0.03±0.03 mg/kg. Scent leaf, bay leaf, dry suya powder, Maggi powder, dry onions, cinnamon, alligator pepper and onion leaf had Pb contents above the permissible level. EDI follows the order: Fe > Cr > Pb > Cd > As. EDI for Cr (0.133 mg/kg) exceeded the reference dose (RfD). All other spices had their THQ for Cr > 1 except for cayenne pepper and dry onions. Scent leaf, curry, bay leaf, thyme, turmeric, black pepper, garlic, Cameroun pepper and alligator pepper had THQ for Pb>1.
Conclusion
All the spices showed TTHQ > 1 except dry onions, with TTHQ <1, an indication of the adverse effects of these spices on consumers in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. Comprehensive research, such as a risk assessment to understand the spice's vulnerabilities, product type, and history, should be given priority.
{"title":"Trace metals potential human health risks assessment through consuming common food spices in Ado Ekiti, Southwest, Nigeria","authors":"J.A. Olusola , O.B. Akintan , O. Osanyinlusi","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The safety of food, especially among developing countries like Nigeria, is increasingly becoming a genuine call for concern due to food contamination. While culinary spices are often used for their flavour and colouring capabilities, they also contain significant trace minerals that may be harmful to human health.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to assess the concentrations of trace minerals, including Iron (Fe), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), and Arsenic (As), in commonly used spices in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. Additionally, it sought to evaluate the potential health risks associated with these concentrations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The research employed an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) to detect trace minerals like iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) present in commonly consumed spices in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. The assessment involved various methods such as Estimation of Daily Intake (EDI), Hazard Quotient (THQ), Total Hazard Quotient (TTHQ), and Cancer Risk (CR).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results indicated that iron (Fe) levels varied from 0.62 mg/kg in dry onion to 210.40 mg/kg in turmeric, with an average concentration of 45.09±59.83 mg/kg. Chromium (Cr) concentrations ranged from non-detectable (ND) to 0.72 mg/kg, with an average value of 0.1 ± 0.16 mg/kg. All the Cr concentrations were higher than the regulatory limits. The Pb concentration in the spices varied between ND to 0.10 mg/kg with a mean concentration of 0.03±0.03 mg/kg. Scent leaf, bay leaf, dry suya powder, Maggi powder, dry onions, cinnamon, alligator pepper and onion leaf had Pb contents above the permissible level. EDI follows the order: Fe > Cr > Pb > Cd > As. EDI for Cr (0.133 mg/kg) exceeded the reference dose (RfD). All other spices had their THQ for Cr > 1 except for cayenne pepper and dry onions. Scent leaf, curry, bay leaf, thyme, turmeric, black pepper, garlic, Cameroun pepper and alligator pepper had THQ for Pb>1.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>All the spices showed TTHQ > 1 except dry onions, with TTHQ <1, an indication of the adverse effects of these spices on consumers in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. Comprehensive research, such as a risk assessment to understand the spice's vulnerabilities, product type, and history, should be given priority.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to a lack of potable water supplies in rural areas of South Africa, most rural communities depend on groundwater for subsistence. Concerns have been raised about the quality of Nwadzekudzeku village borehole water.
Methods
This study investigated physicochemical parameters, anions and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water to evaluate the borehole water quality from Nwadzekudzeku village. A multi-methods approach involving water quality analysis, geospatial mapping, multivariate statistical analysis, and human health risk analysis were employed in this study.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that borehole water had a pH ranging from 6.96 - 7.76, an electrical conductivity (EC) of 132 - 2740 µS.cm−1, total dissolved solids (TDS) of 381 - 1336 mg.L−1, resistivity in the range of 62 - 1030 Ω, salinity from 0.32 - 1.34 ppt and an oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) of 9.20 - 233 mV. Most borehole water samples were found to have all physicochemical parameters above the maximum permissible levels (MPLs) set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and South African National Standards (SANS) except for pH and temperature. Concentrations of anions were determined in the mg.L−1 range with Cl− (44.0 – 853 mg.L−1) and NO3− (25.0 – 127 mg.L−1) as the only anions above WHO and SANS stipulated limits for drinking water. The results of cations showed that Na is the dominant cation with concentrations ranging from 42.8 – 241 mg.L−1, which exceed the WHO MPL. Based on the cation and anion dominance in the borehole water, the water is predominantly Na-Cl water type. The concentrations of PTEs in water were within the MPLs set by WHO. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the hydrochemical parameters were enriched in the aquifer through ion exchange reaction, dissolution of silicate minerals from the mafic-ultramafic lithologies, and agricultural activities. Children are the hypersensitive population with respect to nitrate toxicity in water as they show cumulative hazard index (HI) values ranging from 0.02 - 6.59 with an average value of 2.49, whereas HI for adults ranged from 0.02 - 4.71 with an average value of 1.78.
Conclusion
This suggests that there is a high non-carcinogenic risk in the Nwadzekudzeku village because of the concentration of nitrate, as indicated by the average cumulative HI for children and adults being higher than the recommended value of 1.
{"title":"Assessment of borehole water quality in Nwadzekudzeku village, Giyani, Limpopo Province, South Africa: Implication for potential human health risks","authors":"Tsakane Patience Maluleke, Sifelani Dube, Emmanuel Daanoba Sunkari, Abayneh Ataro Ambushe","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Due to a lack of potable water supplies in rural areas of South Africa, most rural communities depend on groundwater for subsistence. Concerns have been raised about the quality of Nwadzekudzeku village borehole water.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study investigated physicochemical parameters, anions and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water to evaluate the borehole water quality from Nwadzekudzeku village. A multi-methods approach involving water quality analysis, geospatial mapping, multivariate statistical analysis, and human health risk analysis were employed in this study.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>The results showed that borehole water had a pH ranging from 6.96 - 7.76, an electrical conductivity (EC) of 132 - 2740 µS.cm<sup>−1</sup>, total dissolved solids (TDS) of 381 - 1336 mg.<em>L</em><sup>−1</sup>, resistivity in the range of 62 - 1030 Ω, salinity from 0.32 - 1.34 ppt and an oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) of 9.20 - 233 mV. Most borehole water samples were found to have all physicochemical parameters above the maximum permissible levels (MPLs) set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and South African National Standards (SANS) except for pH and temperature. Concentrations of anions were determined in the mg.<em>L</em><sup>−1</sup> range with Cl<sup>−</sup> (44.0 – 853 mg.<em>L</em><sup>−1</sup>) and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (25.0 – 127 mg.<em>L</em><sup>−1</sup>) as the only anions above WHO and SANS stipulated limits for drinking water. The results of cations showed that Na is the dominant cation with concentrations ranging from 42.8 – 241 mg.<em>L</em><sup>−1</sup>, which exceed the WHO MPL. Based on the cation and anion dominance in the borehole water, the water is predominantly Na-Cl water type. The concentrations of PTEs in water were within the MPLs set by WHO. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the hydrochemical parameters were enriched in the aquifer through ion exchange reaction, dissolution of silicate minerals from the mafic-ultramafic lithologies, and agricultural activities. Children are the hypersensitive population with respect to nitrate toxicity in water as they show cumulative hazard index (HI) values ranging from 0.02 - 6.59 with an average value of 2.49, whereas HI for adults ranged from 0.02 - 4.71 with an average value of 1.78.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This suggests that there is a high non-carcinogenic risk in the Nwadzekudzeku village because of the concentration of nitrate, as indicated by the average cumulative HI for children and adults being higher than the recommended value of 1.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100205
Mohammad Miransari, Shirin Adham, Mahdiar Miransari, Amir Arshia Miransari
Background
Although the use of medicinal and aromatic plants (herbs and fruits) has become popular, worldwide, more has yet to be indicated on their applications, due to their significance from economic and health aspects. Medicinal and aromatic plants are used for treating diseases and improving the nutrition and health of people including athletes.
Objectives and methods
It is accordingly pertinent to find and use methods, which may improve growth and biochemical properties of medicinal and aromatic plants. The objective was to investigate how macro- and micro-nutrients may effectively enhance the quantity and quality of medicinal and aromatic plants by regulating plant biochemical properties (production of secondary metabolites) and increasing plant growth and quality in different conditions including stress. This may also be of significance for the athletic activities.
Results
High number of related research and review articles were consulted, which indicated medicinal and aromatic plants and chemical supplements can be used to promote athletes' health and improve their athletic performance. This investigation also revealed that the production of free radicals during exercise may unfavorably affect athletes' health, however, the use of medicinal and aromatic plants may be a favorite method to diminish such unfavorite effects and enhance athletes' health. The use of soil microbes may also enhance the growth and physiology of medicinal and aromatic plants in different conditions by enhancing plant nutrient uptake and subsequent alleviation of stress.
Conclusion
In the present review the most recent research about the effects of nutrients on the growth and physiological properties of medicinal and aromatic plants and their subsequent effects on the athletes' health have been reviewed and analysed. Planning a suitable nutritional strategy for the athletes using chemical supplements and medicinal and aromatic plants can significantly improve their performance. The review can be beneficial for promoting people's health including athletes in the society, which is also of economic significance as it may decrease the expenses spent for medical treatment in the society.
{"title":"The effects of nutrients on the growth and quality of medicinal and aromatic plants, affecting athletic abilities","authors":"Mohammad Miransari, Shirin Adham, Mahdiar Miransari, Amir Arshia Miransari","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Although the use of medicinal and aromatic plants (herbs and fruits) has become popular, worldwide, more has yet to be indicated on their applications, due to their significance from economic and health aspects. Medicinal and aromatic plants are used for treating diseases and improving the nutrition and health of people including athletes.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives and methods</h3><div>It is accordingly pertinent to find and use methods, which may improve growth and biochemical properties of medicinal and aromatic plants. The objective was to investigate how macro- and micro-nutrients may effectively enhance the quantity and quality of medicinal and aromatic plants by regulating plant biochemical properties (production of secondary metabolites) and increasing plant growth and quality in different conditions including stress. This may also be of significance for the athletic activities.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>High number of related research and review articles were consulted, which indicated medicinal and aromatic plants and chemical supplements can be used to promote athletes' health and improve their athletic performance. This investigation also revealed that the production of free radicals during exercise may unfavorably affect athletes' health, however, the use of medicinal and aromatic plants may be a favorite method to diminish such unfavorite effects and enhance athletes' health. The use of soil microbes may also enhance the growth and physiology of medicinal and aromatic plants in different conditions by enhancing plant nutrient uptake and subsequent alleviation of stress.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In the present review the most recent research about the effects of nutrients on the growth and physiological properties of medicinal and aromatic plants and their subsequent effects on the athletes' health have been reviewed and analysed. Planning a suitable nutritional strategy for the athletes using chemical supplements and medicinal and aromatic plants can significantly improve their performance. The review can be beneficial for promoting people's health including athletes in the society, which is also of economic significance as it may decrease the expenses spent for medical treatment in the society.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Assessing toxic metals in agricultural soils or farmlands is a worldwide concern for maintaining ecosystem health, especially in developing countries such as Cameroon. Therefore, this study examines the contamination levels and the ecological and health risks of trace metals in the soils of the Logbadjeck quarrying area.
Methods
Soil samples from the Logbadjeck quarrying area were examined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Results and discussion
The findings of this research show that trace metals in soils examined significantly exceeded the permissible limit. Correlation matrix and principal component analysis suggest similar provenance of trace metals. A low to moderate level of contamination was found using the geo-accumulation index, ecological risk index, and contamination factor. Logbadjeck soils had minimal pollution levels, as indicated by most stations with pollution load index values < 1 and Nemerow integrated pollution index values of 1–2. The ecological and toxic risk index shows negligible ecological risk and no toxic risk levels of trace metals. The health risk assessment's findings showed that while accidental ingestion and skin contact with trace metals in soils exposed recreational receptors to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, it was necessary to implement policies and undertake remediation to control the elevated carcinogenic risks of Cr, Ni, and Pb in soil. This study's data offers profound insights into our knowledge of environmental contaminants and their potentially harmful impacts in the study area.
Conclusion
The soils of the Logbadjeck quarrying area are in the low to moderate contamination category due to geogenic influences and anthropogenic practices. It is recommended that ongoing soil and agricultural products be monitored to avoid trace metal concentrations from anthropogenic practices in the food chain rising above permissible bounds and safeguard the health of humans and animals in the research region.
{"title":"Appraisal of pollution, ecological and health risks assessment of trace metals in soils of Logbadjeck quarrying area, Nyong Series, Cameroon","authors":"Anicet Feudjio Tiabou , Guy Amie Atabe Atabe , Cyrille Sigue , Lemnyuy Prosper Yiika , Fatemeh Kachoueiyan , Nkeng Enstein Forchenallah","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Assessing toxic metals in agricultural soils or farmlands is a worldwide concern for maintaining ecosystem health, especially in developing countries such as Cameroon. Therefore, this study examines the contamination levels and the ecological and health risks of trace metals in the soils of the Logbadjeck quarrying area.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Soil samples from the Logbadjeck quarrying area were examined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).</div></div><div><h3>Results and discussion</h3><div>The findings of this research show that trace metals in soils examined significantly exceeded the permissible limit. Correlation matrix and principal component analysis suggest similar provenance of trace metals. A low to moderate level of contamination was found using the geo-accumulation index, ecological risk index, and contamination factor. Logbadjeck soils had minimal pollution levels, as indicated by most stations with pollution load index values < 1 and Nemerow integrated pollution index values of 1–2. The ecological and toxic risk index shows negligible ecological risk and no toxic risk levels of trace metals. The health risk assessment's findings showed that while accidental ingestion and skin contact with trace metals in soils exposed recreational receptors to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, it was necessary to implement policies and undertake remediation to control the elevated carcinogenic risks of Cr, Ni, and Pb in soil. This study's data offers profound insights into our knowledge of environmental contaminants and their potentially harmful impacts in the study area.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The soils of the Logbadjeck quarrying area are in the low to moderate contamination category due to geogenic influences and anthropogenic practices. It is recommended that ongoing soil and agricultural products be monitored to avoid trace metal concentrations from anthropogenic practices in the food chain rising above permissible bounds and safeguard the health of humans and animals in the research region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100201
G Ashwathy, Krishnakumar K
Introduction
Sida L. is a medicinally important genus comprising many species used in the traditional systems of medicine in different parts of the world. The present study deals with the elemental analysis of the root samples of six species of Sida L. viz., S. alnifolia L., S. beddomei Jacob., S. fryxelli Sivar. & Pradeep., S. rhomboidea Roxb. ex. Flemming., and S. keralensis E. S. S. Kumar, Shailaja, Sreekala, Parthipan & R. Prakashkumar sp. nov.
Materials and methods
Field explorations were carried out in Kerala, India, and root samples of different species were collected, shade-dried, and powdered. The powdered root samples of each species were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), and Flame Photometer.
Results
The presence of Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), and Lead (Pb) were detected in the species of Sida L. under study. The most abundant macro-element was detected as K, ranging from 15,630±0.21 mg kg−1 in S. rhomboidea to 24,910±0.14 mg kg−1 in S. beddomei. Among the micro-elements, Fe was present in higher concentrations ranging from 461.7 ± 193.96 mg kg−1 in S. cordata to 1363.93±192.90 mg kg−1 in S. beddomei. Toxic metals like Cr, Cd, Ni, and Pb were below detectable levels.
Conclusion
The elemental composition of the species under study was quite different but within the permissible limits recommended by WHO. The current study revealed that the species of Sida L. under study could be valuable for Ayurvedic practitioners and traditional healers in developing herbal formulations.
导言西达属（Sida L.）是一个具有重要药用价值的属，由世界不同地区传统医学体系中使用的许多物种组成。本研究涉及六种 Sida L.根样本的元素分析，即 S. alnifolia L.、S. beddomei Jacob.、S. fryxelli Sivar、和 S. keralensis E. S. S. Kumar, Shailaja, Sreekala, Parthipan & R. Prakashkumar sp.使用原子吸收分光光度计（AAS）和火焰光度计对每个物种的粉末根样本进行分析。结果在研究的 Sida L. 物种中检测到钠（Na）、钾（K）、钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）、铁（Fe）、锌（Zn）、锰（Mn）、铜（Cu）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）和铅（Pb）的存在。检测到的最丰富的宏量元素是钾，含量范围从 S. rhomboidea 的 15,630±0.21 mg kg-1 到 S. beddomei 的 24,910±0.14 mg kg-1。在微量元素中，铁的含量较高，从脐带鱼的 461.7 ± 193.96 mg kg-1 到贝多美鱼的 1363.93 ± 192.90 mg kg-1。有毒金属如铬、镉、镍和铅的含量低于可检测水平。目前的研究表明，所研究的 Sida L. 物种对阿育吠陀医师和传统治疗师开发草药配方很有价值。
{"title":"Elemental profiling of the root samples of six species of the genus Sida L","authors":"G Ashwathy, Krishnakumar K","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div><em>Sida</em> L. is a medicinally important genus comprising many species used in the traditional systems of medicine in different parts of the world. The present study deals with the elemental analysis of the root samples of six species of <em>Sida</em> L. viz.<em>, S. alnifolia</em> L., <em>S. beddomei</em> Jacob.<em>, S. fryxelli</em> Sivar. & Pradeep.<em>, S. rhomboidea</em> Roxb. ex. Flemming.<em>,</em> and <em>S. keralensis</em> E. S. S. Kumar, Shailaja, Sreekala, Parthipan & R. Prakashkumar sp. <em>nov</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Field explorations were carried out in Kerala, India, and root samples of different species were collected, shade-dried, and powdered. The powdered root samples of each species were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), and Flame Photometer.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The presence of Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), and Lead (Pb) were detected in the species of <em>Sida</em> L. under study. The most abundant macro-element was detected as K, ranging from 15,630±0.21 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> in <em>S. rhomboidea</em> to 24,910±0.14 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> in <em>S. beddomei</em>. Among the micro-elements, Fe was present in higher concentrations ranging from 461.7 ± 193.96 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> in <em>S. cordata</em> to 1363.93±192.90 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> in <em>S. beddomei.</em> Toxic metals like Cr, Cd, Ni, and Pb were below detectable levels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The elemental composition of the species under study was quite different but within the permissible limits recommended by WHO. The current study revealed that the species of <em>Sida</em> L. under study could be valuable for Ayurvedic practitioners and traditional healers in developing herbal formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of trace elements and minerals","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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