Pub Date : 2012-05-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.5.208.212
M. Biche, R. Belguendouz
The biology of C.rusci was studied during an annual cycle on fig tree (Ficus carica) in the area of Medea (Algeria). This species expresses two generations autumnal and spring. The hivernation is carried out at the stage young female with which they are associated the larvae with the second stage females.
{"title":"Biology of Ceroplastes rusci L. (Coccoidea: Lecanidae) on fig tree, Ficus carica L. in the area of Médéa (Algeria)","authors":"M. Biche, R. Belguendouz","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.5.208.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.5.208.212","url":null,"abstract":"The biology of C.rusci was studied during an annual cycle on fig tree (Ficus carica) in the area of Medea (Algeria). This species expresses two generations autumnal and spring. The hivernation is carried out at the stage young female with which they are associated the larvae with the second stage females.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73842721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-01DOI: 10.5251/abjna.2012.3.5.225.232
C. Okonji, O. Emmanuel
Rapid Rural Appraisals (RRA) were conducted among one hundred and fifty five farmers in rice growing areas of Obafemi/Owode and Ifo Local Government Areas of Ogun State in South-West of Nigeria to investigate farmers’ practices of growing rice in rice/cassava intercropping system in 2007. The farmers in these villages cultivated 2 to 4 farms with an average farm size of about 2 ha. Results from the RRA showed that the farmers have been growing rice for over 21 years. About 31% of the farmers grow WAB 189B-B-B-6-HB, 19% grow ITA 150 and I8% grow ITA 321 while 11% grow local variety ‘Ofada’. About 58% of the farmers practice intercropping and 41% of them intercrop rice with cassava. As 72% of the farmers introduced their cassava one week after the planting of rice and the most commonly used cassava variety is MS6. Also 10.9% of the farmers intercropped rice with vegetable as 40.6% intercropped the same rice with cassava.
{"title":"Upland rice based intercropping system among farmers in selected villages in Ogun State in South West of Nigeria","authors":"C. Okonji, O. Emmanuel","doi":"10.5251/abjna.2012.3.5.225.232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2012.3.5.225.232","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid Rural Appraisals (RRA) were conducted among one hundred and fifty five farmers in rice growing areas of Obafemi/Owode and Ifo Local Government Areas of Ogun State in South-West of Nigeria to investigate farmers’ practices of growing rice in rice/cassava intercropping system in 2007. The farmers in these villages cultivated 2 to 4 farms with an average farm size of about 2 ha. Results from the RRA showed that the farmers have been growing rice for over 21 years. About 31% of the farmers grow WAB 189B-B-B-6-HB, 19% grow ITA 150 and I8% grow ITA 321 while 11% grow local variety ‘Ofada’. About 58% of the farmers practice intercropping and 41% of them intercrop rice with cassava. As 72% of the farmers introduced their cassava one week after the planting of rice and the most commonly used cassava variety is MS6. Also 10.9% of the farmers intercropped rice with vegetable as 40.6% intercropped the same rice with cassava.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86407235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.5.213.220
P. Aye
The energy, protein and minerals contained in agricultural wastes can be made available for feed supplementation of ruminants through production of multinutrient blocks (MNBs). Fibrous residues obtained from leaf protein concentrate of Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium leaves fractionation were used to produce MNBs as follows: Leucaena + Poultry manure (LPMNB); Leucaena + Urea + Poultry manure (LUPMNB); Leucaena + Urea (LUMNB); Gliricidia + poultry manure (GPMNB); Gliricidia + Urea + poultry manure (GUPMNB) and Gliricidia + Urea (GUMNB). The proximate analysis and energy contents of multinutrient blocks (MNBs) showed that GUMNB contained the highest crude protein while GPMNB contained the least. The ash content was least in LPMNB and highest in GPMNB while LUMMB contained the least crude fibre but highest in GUPMNB. The ether extract values were 44.1+0.01, 65.1+0.01, 70.2+0.01, 81.9+0.01, 91.1+0.15 g kg -1 for LUMNB, LPMNB, LUPMNB, GPMNB, GUPMNB, respectively while the nitrogen free extract (NFE) values varied from 247.3+1.11g kg -1 DM in GUMNB to 523.8+6.28g kg -1 DM in LPMNB. The gross energy (GE) contents for GPMNB, LPMNB, LUPMNB, GUPMNB, LUMNB, GUMNB were 11.67, 12.74, 13.58, 14.56, 15.33, 15.48 MJ kg -1 respectively.Calcium was the most abundant (737.50g kg -1 to 971.40g kg -1 ) but the values were higher in Leucaena-based MNBS. The anti-nutrients of the multinutrient blocks are total polyphenols (as tannic acid equivalent), Phytin-P and oxalate.
农业废弃物中所含的能量、蛋白质和矿物质可通过生产多营养素块(MNBs)用于反刍动物的饲料补充。以银杏叶蛋白浓缩液和金菖蒲叶分馏所得纤维残渣为原料，制备银杏+禽粪(LPMNB);合肥草+尿素+禽粪(LUPMNB);银合欢+尿素(LUMNB);Gliricidia +禽粪(GPMNB);Gliricidia + Urea +禽粪(GUPMNB)和Gliricidia + Urea (GUMNB)。多营养块(MNBs)的近似分析和能量含量表明，GUMNB的粗蛋白质含量最高，GPMNB的粗蛋白质含量最低。粗纤维含量以LPMNB最少，GPMNB最高;粗纤维含量以LUMMB最少，GPMNB最高。LUMNB、LPMNB、LUPMNB、GPMNB、GUPMNB的乙醚提取物值分别为44.1+0.01、65.1+0.01、70.2+0.01、81.9+0.01、91.1+0.15 g kg -1，无氮提取物(NFE)值为GUMNB的247.3+1.11g kg -1 DM至LPMNB的523.8+6.28g kg -1 DM。GPMNB、LPMNB、LUPMNB、GUPMNB、LUMNB、GUMNB总能(GE)含量分别为11.67、12.74、13.58、14.56、15.33、15.48 MJ kg -1。钙含量最高(737.50g kg -1 ~ 971.40g kg -1)，但以淡水鱼为基础的MNBS含量较高。多营养素块的抗营养素是总多酚(相当于单宁酸)、植酸磷和草酸盐。
{"title":"Production of Gliricidia and Leucaena– based multi-nutrient blocks as supplementary ruminant feed resource in South Western Nigeria","authors":"P. Aye","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.5.213.220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.5.213.220","url":null,"abstract":"The energy, protein and minerals contained in agricultural wastes can be made available for feed supplementation of ruminants through production of multinutrient blocks (MNBs). Fibrous residues obtained from leaf protein concentrate of Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium leaves fractionation were used to produce MNBs as follows: Leucaena + Poultry manure (LPMNB); Leucaena + Urea + Poultry manure (LUPMNB); Leucaena + Urea (LUMNB); Gliricidia + poultry manure (GPMNB); Gliricidia + Urea + poultry manure (GUPMNB) and Gliricidia + Urea (GUMNB). The proximate analysis and energy contents of multinutrient blocks (MNBs) showed that GUMNB contained the highest crude protein while GPMNB contained the least. The ash content was least in LPMNB and highest in GPMNB while LUMMB contained the least crude fibre but highest in GUPMNB. The ether extract values were 44.1+0.01, 65.1+0.01, 70.2+0.01, 81.9+0.01, 91.1+0.15 g kg -1 for LUMNB, LPMNB, LUPMNB, GPMNB, GUPMNB, respectively while the nitrogen free extract (NFE) values varied from 247.3+1.11g kg -1 DM in GUMNB to 523.8+6.28g kg -1 DM in LPMNB. The gross energy (GE) contents for GPMNB, LPMNB, LUPMNB, GUPMNB, LUMNB, GUMNB were 11.67, 12.74, 13.58, 14.56, 15.33, 15.48 MJ kg -1 respectively.Calcium was the most abundant (737.50g kg -1 to 971.40g kg -1 ) but the values were higher in Leucaena-based MNBS. The anti-nutrients of the multinutrient blocks are total polyphenols (as tannic acid equivalent), Phytin-P and oxalate.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88628817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.5.198.207
E. Kouadio, H. Konan, F. Tetchi, D. Kouakou, L. Kouamé
The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of Amy A1 and Amy A2 α-amylases from digestive tract of the tropical house cricket Gryllodes sigillatus to hydrolyse the gelatinized starches of some tropical crops and their potentiality to catalyze tranglycosylation reactions. The Amy A1 and Amy A2 α-amylases hydrolyzed efficiently the starches from tubers (yam, cocoyam) and roots (cassava) to obtain reducing sugars content ranging from 22.2 μg to 62.1 μg after 6 hours incubation. However, the both α-amylases hydrolyzed less the starches from cereal (maize, millet). Otherwise, they catalyzed the transglycosylation reactions with soluble starch as donor and phenol as acceptor. The optimisation of the transfer product yield was studied as functions of pH, incubation time, concentration of donor and acceptor. Indeed, the obtained yield in experimental optimum conditions were 63.1 ± 0.27 % and 51.6 ± 0.03 % for Amy A1 and Amy A2 α-amylases respectively. On the basis of these results, α-amylases from the digestive tract of the cricket G. sigillatus appear to be a valuable tool for the glycosylation of phenolic compounds.
{"title":"Novel α-amylases Amy A1 and Amy A2 from digestive tract of tropical house cricket Gryllodes sigillatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): hydrolysis and transglycosylation reactions.","authors":"E. Kouadio, H. Konan, F. Tetchi, D. Kouakou, L. Kouamé","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.5.198.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.5.198.207","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of Amy A1 and Amy A2 α-amylases from digestive tract of the tropical house cricket Gryllodes sigillatus to hydrolyse the gelatinized starches of some tropical crops and their potentiality to catalyze tranglycosylation reactions. The Amy A1 and Amy A2 α-amylases hydrolyzed efficiently the starches from tubers (yam, cocoyam) and roots (cassava) to obtain reducing sugars content ranging from 22.2 μg to 62.1 μg after 6 hours incubation. However, the both α-amylases hydrolyzed less the starches from cereal (maize, millet). Otherwise, they catalyzed the transglycosylation reactions with soluble starch as donor and phenol as acceptor. The optimisation of the transfer product yield was studied as functions of pH, incubation time, concentration of donor and acceptor. Indeed, the obtained yield in experimental optimum conditions were 63.1 ± 0.27 % and 51.6 ± 0.03 % for Amy A1 and Amy A2 α-amylases respectively. On the basis of these results, α-amylases from the digestive tract of the cricket G. sigillatus appear to be a valuable tool for the glycosylation of phenolic compounds.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86662046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.5.221.224
H. Bererhi, R. Kabouia
The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of respiratory infections of viral origin in equines. In this perspective we have researched antiviruses antibodies in equine’s rhinopnemonitis in 210 horses of different breeds, Arabian purebred,Thoroughbred, arab barb and barb, all stationed in the region of Khenchela, located in the north east of Constantine. These animals are prealably recognised, upon a clinical exam, in a good health. They have received a diet containing barley and hay. They are of different sexe and their age is varying between 2 and 7 years old. The equines play an important socioeconomic role. In several rural areas, equines are regularly used as a tensile force for the animal traction cultivation and transport of persons and goods. They thus contribute widely to the increase of agricultural production and the improvement of socio economic conditions of rural populations. These results demonstrate that among the 210 serums tested, 5 were positive to the reaction of complement fixation. These results are discussed in relation with those observed by other authors.
{"title":"Sero-epidemiologic survey of the equine rhinopneumonitis in the region of Khenchela (Algeria)","authors":"H. Bererhi, R. Kabouia","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.5.221.224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.5.221.224","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of respiratory infections of viral origin in equines. In this perspective we have researched antiviruses antibodies in equine’s rhinopnemonitis in 210 horses of different breeds, Arabian purebred,Thoroughbred, arab barb and barb, all stationed in the region of Khenchela, located in the north east of Constantine. These animals are prealably recognised, upon a clinical exam, in a good health. They have received a diet containing barley and hay. They are of different sexe and their age is varying between 2 and 7 years old. The equines play an important socioeconomic role. In several rural areas, equines are regularly used as a tensile force for the animal traction cultivation and transport of persons and goods. They thus contribute widely to the increase of agricultural production and the improvement of socio economic conditions of rural populations. These results demonstrate that among the 210 serums tested, 5 were positive to the reaction of complement fixation. These results are discussed in relation with those observed by other authors.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78110984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.4.154.168
M. Ogutu, J. Owuoche
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaries) is an important crop in Kenya. Good quality seed availability for farmers is usually a major constraint. Bean seed quality is often affected by soil deficient nutrients and suboptimal intercropping systems practiced by farmers. Combined effects of N fertilizer at 0 kg N per ha, 50 kg N per ha and cropping systems comprising of four patterns namely Research, Farmers, Mbili mbili and pure bean stand practices were studied and evaluated in an intercrop involving beans and maize (Zea mays) in the year 2006.The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of cropping systems and N fertilizer application at different locations on bean seed quality. Two field experiments were conducted at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (K.A.R.I) in Kenya at its centers, at Kisii and Kibos. Maize hybrid 614D and bean variety KK 8 were used. The studies comprised four cropping systems and two N fertilizer levels in a Randomized Complete Block Design replicated four times. The results showed that Mbili system significantly (P≤0.05) increased the seedling dry matter and seed vigour by 42% and 42% respectively, while the research method increased the seed germination percent by 10.6%.However,bean seed quality parameters such as seedling growth rate, shoot length and seed sizes were unaffected by the intercropping systems. Nitrogen fertilizer increased 1000 seed weight at the Kisii site by 4.5% while at Kibos it reduced the shoot length by 42%.Thousand seed weight, seed germination and shoot length were higher in Kisii than Kibos while cropping systems × fertilizer × location interaction increased seedling growth rate and vigour by 20% and 18% respectively. It was concluded that cropping systems increased the seedling dry matter and seed vigour and N fertilizer increased 1000 seed weight and reduced shoot length of the beans, planting location affected seed quality and cropping systems × N fertilizer × location interactions increased seed vigour. Seed vigour which is considered as one of the physiological characteristics of a seed, can also be the best indicator to be used to determine the performance of field crops under adverse conditions.
{"title":"Effects of inter-specific interaction of nitrogen fertilizer and bean-maize cropping systems on quality of bean seed in Western Kenya","authors":"M. Ogutu, J. Owuoche","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.4.154.168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.4.154.168","url":null,"abstract":"Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaries) is an important crop in Kenya. Good quality seed availability for farmers is usually a major constraint. Bean seed quality is often affected by soil deficient nutrients and suboptimal intercropping systems practiced by farmers. Combined effects of N fertilizer at 0 kg N per ha, 50 kg N per ha and cropping systems comprising of four patterns namely Research, Farmers, Mbili mbili and pure bean stand practices were studied and evaluated in an intercrop involving beans and maize (Zea mays) in the year 2006.The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of cropping systems and N fertilizer application at different locations on bean seed quality. Two field experiments were conducted at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (K.A.R.I) in Kenya at its centers, at Kisii and Kibos. Maize hybrid 614D and bean variety KK 8 were used. The studies comprised four cropping systems and two N fertilizer levels in a Randomized Complete Block Design replicated four times. The results showed that Mbili system significantly (P≤0.05) increased the seedling dry matter and seed vigour by 42% and 42% respectively, while the research method increased the seed germination percent by 10.6%.However,bean seed quality parameters such as seedling growth rate, shoot length and seed sizes were unaffected by the intercropping systems. Nitrogen fertilizer increased 1000 seed weight at the Kisii site by 4.5% while at Kibos it reduced the shoot length by 42%.Thousand seed weight, seed germination and shoot length were higher in Kisii than Kibos while cropping systems × fertilizer × location interaction increased seedling growth rate and vigour by 20% and 18% respectively. It was concluded that cropping systems increased the seedling dry matter and seed vigour and N fertilizer increased 1000 seed weight and reduced shoot length of the beans, planting location affected seed quality and cropping systems × N fertilizer × location interactions increased seed vigour. Seed vigour which is considered as one of the physiological characteristics of a seed, can also be the best indicator to be used to determine the performance of field crops under adverse conditions.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80501434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.4.140.144
E. Bererhi, O. Bouaziz, A. L. Dib
The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of respiratory viral infections in horses.In this perspective we looked for antibodies to influenza in 132 horses with chronic respiratory diseases, all stationed in the area Khenchela, situated north-east of Constantine (Algeria). Horses played an important socio-economic role. In many rural areas, horses were regularly used as a pulling force for animal traction and transport people and goods. They contributed greatly to the increase in agricultural production and improve socio-economic conditions of the rural populations. The results showed that on the132 sera tested, of which 32 were positive (ie 24.24 percent): 30 to test for the inhibition of the hemagglutination and 2 to the reaction of complement fixation. These results were discussed in relation to those observed by other authors.
{"title":"Study of equinine influenza in the region of Khenchela (Algeria).","authors":"E. Bererhi, O. Bouaziz, A. L. Dib","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.4.140.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.4.140.144","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of respiratory viral infections in horses.In this perspective we looked for antibodies to influenza in 132 horses with chronic respiratory diseases, all stationed in the area Khenchela, situated north-east of Constantine (Algeria). Horses played an important socio-economic role. In many rural areas, horses were regularly used as a pulling force for animal traction and transport people and goods. They contributed greatly to the increase in agricultural production and improve socio-economic conditions of the rural populations. The results showed that on the132 sera tested, of which 32 were positive (ie 24.24 percent): 30 to test for the inhibition of the hemagglutination and 2 to the reaction of complement fixation. These results were discussed in relation to those observed by other authors.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88632446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.4.175.191
G. Ouma
Fruit thinning is defined as the removal of certain flowers or clusters of flowers or individual fruitlets after fruit set and natural dropping have occurred.it improves fruit yield and quality and return bloom for the following year.There are three types of thinning namely:hand,mechanical and chemical.Chemical thinning is the most common type of thinning.Various chemicals are used for thinning.Still many more are being introduced into the market and they have varying effects on fruit quality and yield,depending on the fruit species and cultivar in question.The effects of these chemicals on fruit set is affected by environmental and ecological factors among other crop factors such as vigour.Alot of research has been conducted or is being conducted on chemical thinning but varied results are generated due to many chemicals being released by the chemical companies and varying farmer situations,yet this topic is of immence interest to chemical companies,researchers ,farmers and the fruit industry.This paper discusses the various factors involved in fruit thinning but mainly the physiological principles behind the process of fruit thinning.A lot of research on thinning has been conducted on Apples and other temperate fruits but not on other fruits such as citrus which has worldwide significance.This review will mainly help pomologists who are conducting research on this area.
{"title":"Fruit thinning with specific reference to citrus species : A review","authors":"G. Ouma","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.4.175.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.4.175.191","url":null,"abstract":"Fruit thinning is defined as the removal of certain flowers or clusters of flowers or individual fruitlets after fruit set and natural dropping have occurred.it improves fruit yield and quality and return bloom for the following year.There are three types of thinning namely:hand,mechanical and chemical.Chemical thinning is the most common type of thinning.Various chemicals are used for thinning.Still many more are being introduced into the market and they have varying effects on fruit quality and yield,depending on the fruit species and cultivar in question.The effects of these chemicals on fruit set is affected by environmental and ecological factors among other crop factors such as vigour.Alot of research has been conducted or is being conducted on chemical thinning but varied results are generated due to many chemicals being released by the chemical companies and varying farmer situations,yet this topic is of immence interest to chemical companies,researchers ,farmers and the fruit industry.This paper discusses the various factors involved in fruit thinning but mainly the physiological principles behind the process of fruit thinning.A lot of research on thinning has been conducted on Apples and other temperate fruits but not on other fruits such as citrus which has worldwide significance.This review will mainly help pomologists who are conducting research on this area.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76445308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.4.145.149
E. Thomas, J. Omueti
The study examines the effect of Phosphate fertilizer on heavy metals in soils and Amaranthus Caudatus. Pot experiment was carried out to assess the effect of Phosphate fertilizer on heavy metal uptake by Amaranthus Caudatus. Single Super Phosphate fertilizer (SSP) was applied at the rates of 0, 60, 80 and 100kg fertilizer/ha and replicated three times in a completely randomized design. The parameters measured were plant height, number of leaves, and heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni) concentration in the soil before and after the experiment, heavy metal concentration in the stem and roots of the vegetable used were also measured. The results of this experiment shows that there were no significant difference in plant height and number of leaves among the treatments considered, but the number of leaves increases from the second to the fourth weeks after sowing before it begin to decline. Only Cu, Zn and Cd were taken up by the root and stems of the vegetable with Zn having the highest concentration at 100kg/ha and 80kg/ha level of application for stem and root respectively. The concentrations of all the metals (Cu,Zn, Pb and Cd ) increases in the soil after the experiment except for Nickel. Increase in the concentration of Zinc in the soil was more pronounced than other metals. It is therefore recommended that Phosphate fertilizer should be analyzed to determine the concentration of heavy metals before its application to the soil for plant growth.
{"title":"The Effect of Phosphate Fertilizer on Heavy Metal in Soils and Amaranthus Caudatus","authors":"E. Thomas, J. Omueti","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.4.145.149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.4.145.149","url":null,"abstract":"The study examines the effect of Phosphate fertilizer on heavy metals in soils and Amaranthus Caudatus. Pot experiment was carried out to assess the effect of Phosphate fertilizer on heavy metal uptake by Amaranthus Caudatus. Single Super Phosphate fertilizer (SSP) was applied at the rates of 0, 60, 80 and 100kg fertilizer/ha and replicated three times in a completely randomized design. The parameters measured were plant height, number of leaves, and heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni) concentration in the soil before and after the experiment, heavy metal concentration in the stem and roots of the vegetable used were also measured. The results of this experiment shows that there were no significant difference in plant height and number of leaves among the treatments considered, but the number of leaves increases from the second to the fourth weeks after sowing before it begin to decline. Only Cu, Zn and Cd were taken up by the root and stems of the vegetable with Zn having the highest concentration at 100kg/ha and 80kg/ha level of application for stem and root respectively. The concentrations of all the metals (Cu,Zn, Pb and Cd ) increases in the soil after the experiment except for Nickel. Increase in the concentration of Zinc in the soil was more pronounced than other metals. It is therefore recommended that Phosphate fertilizer should be analyzed to determine the concentration of heavy metals before its application to the soil for plant growth.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77316974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-01DOI: 10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.4.150.153
J. K. Mahunu, P. Adjei, A. Asante
The research studied the changes in the graft union with influence on graft success and subsequent performance until the 98 th day after initial side grafting of Anacardium occidentale rootstock seedlings. Thirty days after grafting, the necrotic layer and calli cells began enlarging between scion and stock. There was gradual disappearance of the necrotic layer, preceding callus formation and the fusion of the scion and stock at 60 day after grafting. Results at 98-days after grafting showed cambium linkage and a healed union edge. Unsuccessful grafts at 98-days after grafting showed a wide gap at the cortex of scion and stock. Graft union success is a key factor in successful graft-take and subsequent performance of grafted seedlings.
{"title":"ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON GRAFT FORMATION IN CASHEW (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.)","authors":"J. K. Mahunu, P. Adjei, A. Asante","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.4.150.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.4.150.153","url":null,"abstract":"The research studied the changes in the graft union with influence on graft success and subsequent performance until the 98 th day after initial side grafting of Anacardium occidentale rootstock seedlings. Thirty days after grafting, the necrotic layer and calli cells began enlarging between scion and stock. There was gradual disappearance of the necrotic layer, preceding callus formation and the fusion of the scion and stock at 60 day after grafting. Results at 98-days after grafting showed cambium linkage and a healed union edge. Unsuccessful grafts at 98-days after grafting showed a wide gap at the cortex of scion and stock. Graft union success is a key factor in successful graft-take and subsequent performance of grafted seedlings.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86302932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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