Nihon ishigaku zasshi. [Journal of Japanese history of medicine]最新文献

It seemed that the chapter "Shanghanli" in Shanghaulun had been incorporated into the text of the Shanghanlun by "Wang shuhe". Therefore, the "Shanghanli" wasn't studied as adequately as the original Shanghanlun written by "Zhang Zhongjing. We focused on the significance of "Sijiseiki" disease and "Henseibyo" disease in the chapter "Shanghanli" and revealed their relation to the ideas on pathology in the Shanghanlun. In the theory of "Sijiki", the four seasons each had their own "Qi", called "Sijiki"; the cold belonging to winter, the warm to spring, the hot to summer and the cool to autumn. The influence of "Sijiki" in each season caused the disease of "Sijiseiki". Since "Sijiki" was related to the normal "Qi" for each season, "Sijiseiki" disease was expected to be recovered from in order. When "Sijiseiki" disease had not been cured in each season, it caused a complex disease according to the influence of other seasonal "Sijiki"; "Henseibyo" disease.

The phrase the "Brain is the House of Yuanshen" is used in "Bencao Gangmu" in order to explain the reason why magnolia flower is good for sinus problems; however, the ideas on the relationship between the brain and the nose originate from "Huangdi Neijing" and those on the relationship between the brain and Yuanshen come from Taoism. It was "Bencao Beiyao" that combined the theory with the Western idea that "someone's memory is in the brain". The idea of the brain staying on as memory had great impact on "Leizheng Zhicai" and "Yilin Gaicuo", but again in "Yixue Zhongzhong Sanxilu" it claimed that "Yuanshen is in the brain" from Taoism's point of view, and it criticized the theory of the brain derived from the Western world. In this paper, the meaning of "Brain is the House of Yuanshen" in "Bencao Gangmu" is examined, along with the influence this idea had on the subsequent theories of medicine.

Fifty clinical medical books written in the late 18th and the 19th centuries were categorized into four alternating types on the basis of the differences in composition and contents. The nosological type in the first period classified diseases into taxa, and dealt symptoms as diseases. The eclectic type in the second period contained both categories of nosological diseases and those of local diseases. The organ system type in the third period focused on the local diseases arranged in a systematic manner. The infection emphasis type put the infectious diseases at the beginning, followed by the local diseases in a systematic manner. The four types of clinical medical books evolved in accordance with the changes in clinical medicine in the 19th century, exemplified by the activities of the Parisian school, including those regarding pathological anatomy, laboratory medicine in the German universities, and discovery of pathogenic bacteria. When Western medicine was introduced in Japan, different stages of medicine, representing the four types, arrived at different times.

Dr. Michiharu Matsuoka studied orthopaedic surgery in Germany, Austria and other countries during the period from August, 1902 to May, 1906. He visited many university pathological institutes and surgical and orthopaedic clinics to study pathology and to learn the practice of orthopaedic surgery. After that, he started his practice at the newly established Department of Orthopaedic Surgery in the Medical School of Kyoto Imperial University in June, 1906. The department was opened in 1907 and in 1911 it was opened to all citizens and practical doctors in Kyoto City and exhibited many orthopaedic specimens and instruments. In particular, the x-ray apparatus of the Department was so well equipped that a German radiologist who visited the Department admired it in his article that was published in the journal of radiology in 1911. The Department was not surpassed by others for the number of patients with the dislocation of the hip and tuberculous spondylitis as well as the advanced quality and variety of roentgenological and pathological researches on these diseases.

Recent clinical research is conducted based on bioethical consideration of human subjects. The Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Studies (EGCS) form the standard for this 'subject protection'. In current clinical research, consideration of subject rights and life is held more important than the scientific and social value of the research. We describe herein the major revisions and history of ethical considerations leading up to implementation of the revised EGCS on April 1, 2009. The obligations of clinical researchers regarding ethical studies and training and enrollment in insurance for subject compensation have been added to these latest guidelines. The role of ethics review boards, which supervise whether clinical researchers are actively performing subject protection, is also becoming extremely important.

The details about the old transcript "Kosha-hon" quoted by Chusai Shibue in his Reisu Kogi had remained unspecified. However, the author found that the Kosha-hon is probably now in the possession of the Peking University Library. In addition, through the investigation, the following facts emerged: 1) The date of writing of the transcript can be presumed to be between the Kanbun and Enpo eras in the Edo period. 2) The book, called "Kosha-hon", can be presumed to transcribe the lost version of the text in the group of the twelve volumes of XinKan Huangdi Neijing Lingshu. 3) Shibue left side notes, headed "Kosha-hon Hoki", and he used them for revision, but in fact these notes originated in the Ma Taixuan's Huangdi Neijing Lingshu Zhuzheng Fawei.

This report considers the primitive treatment of the "Shanghan" in the chapter "Shanghanmen" of the Qianjinfang. In the primitive etiology of"Shanghan", there were three stages of the recognition of disease pathogenesis, which were first the existence in fear and awe, second the poison, and the last the cold and fever. The etiology seemed to develop into that of the Shanghanlun. Furthermore, from the standpoint of therapeutics, the target for the diseases changed from influences of the external world to the body, as well. Although "Huatuo" used pills and powder formulations which have the effects of a diaphoretic, an emetic and a laxative to reject the outside diseases, he adopted the decoctions for complicated symptoms of diseases. In conclusion, the etiology and therapeutics discussed in the chapter "Shanghanmen" of the Qianjinfang are related to the formation of the Shanghanlun.

Hashida Kunihiko, described and known as "an Outcast Thinker", was born in Tottori, in 1882. From his young age, he was taught oriental thought by his father Fujita Kenzo, a practitioner of Kampo medicine. While Hashida taught physiology as a faculty member at the Imperial University of Tokyo, he studied Dogen's Zen philosophy and developed his original philosophy of science to answer the question: "What is Life/Living?". After taking the oath of office as the 56th education minister of Japan from 1940 to 1943, he committed suicide in 1945, taking the responsibility for his policy-making of nationalistic education at time of the Second World War. Some previous studies on Hashida have focused on various aspects such as his work as a physiologist, a scientist, a scholar of Zen philosophy, and an educrat. He may be well known in each of these different disciplines, whereas how these different aspects are integrated in Hashida's thought as a whole has not been clarified yet. Taking the propositions in those previous studies on him into account to totally understand Hashida as a thinker, this note will focus on the potential perspective for his undiscovered aspect: "Hashida as Medical Philosopher". Hashida has perused and loved two classical texts on oriental thought and oriental medicine, which are "Chuan Xi Lu" and "Shang Han Lun", during his lifetime and learned many things about "Medicine". He has tried to implement his philosophy of medicine to set up and maturate "Japanese medicine". Hence, to dissert "Hashida as Medical Philosopher" may become a ground for argument to understand his thought as a whole from the genetic perspective on the process of thought formation of Hashida. Therefore this note can be characterized as a preliminary survey to develop the further studies on Hashida's thought.

Oka Kenkai began practicing medicine in Shimonoseki following the conclusion of his training in western medicine in Nagasaki. He lived there from early spring in the 12th year of the Bunsei Era until mid-March of the following year. During that time, he wrote the "Oka-jyoyoho" and completed a translation of the "Seiki-ron". In addition, Kenkai established the school Seian-juku where he taught Western medicine to the approximately 20 students enrolled there. The school provided instruction not only in Westen medicine, but also other subjects such as the Dutch language and physiology. Notably, Kenkai enriched the field of basic medicine and regarded systematic understanding of academics as important. He came to Shimonoseki in part because of his distant relative SAKOU, who was an influential individual from a prominent Shimonoseki family and a devotee of Dutch culture. SAKOU hired Kenkai as the family physician so Kenkai could look after his personal residence and the honjin (the chief hotel of a post-town). Although Kenkai was only in Shimonoseki for a short year, he left behind exceptional achievements in medical education and literary works.