The primary factors causing road damage in high-latitude areas are frost heave and thaw settlement, which are governed by hydrothermal changes. An indoor freeze-thaw cycle test based on similarity theory was conducted to analyze the hydrothermal evolution of high-latitude frozen soil in Northeast China. The results were verified by field data. A hydro-thermal coupling Eq. was established by using finite element software. The experimental and simulation results were compared to validate the finite element model of the soil column. The freeze-thaw cycles exhibited three distinct phases: freezing initiation, peak freezing intensity, and thawing. The soil moisture at the end of each freeze-thaw cycle increased, decreased, and increased. The proposed hydrothermal coupling model was used to describe the long-term freeze-thaw behavior of typical subgrade sections in high-latitude permafrost regions of China. The model based on similar particle gradation proved accurate.
{"title":"Hydrothermal evolution of high-latitude frozen soil during freeze-thaw cycles","authors":"Jiao Huang , Xiabing Yue , Xueying Wang , Hongwei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The primary factors causing road damage in high-latitude areas are frost heave and thaw settlement, which are governed by hydrothermal changes. An indoor freeze-thaw cycle test based on similarity theory was conducted to analyze the hydrothermal evolution of high-latitude frozen soil in Northeast China. The results were verified by field data. A hydro-thermal coupling Eq. was established by using finite element software. The experimental and simulation results were compared to validate the finite element model of the soil column. The freeze-thaw cycles exhibited three distinct phases: freezing initiation, peak freezing intensity, and thawing. The soil moisture at the end of each freeze-thaw cycle increased, decreased, and increased. The proposed hydrothermal coupling model was used to describe the long-term freeze-thaw behavior of typical subgrade sections in high-latitude permafrost regions of China. The model based on similar particle gradation proved accurate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105121"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145093972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-13DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105119
Suniti Kumari, H.L. Tiwari, Rutuja Chavan
Bridge pier scour around tandem piers constitutes a complex hydrodynamic phenomenon necessitating sophisticated numerical modeling for accurate prediction and mitigation strategies. This study employed FLOW-3D Hydro with LES turbulence model and Q-criterion vortex identification methodology to elucidate vortex-induced scour mechanisms at the vicinity of tandem arrangements, T1 and T2 under varying flow conditions. Numerical model validation achieved accuracies of 1.30–5.30 % against experimental observations, revealing best agreement with scour depths across all analysed arrangements. Morphological analysis reveals substantial configurational dependencies, with T2 arrangement exhibiting maximum scour depth as compared to T1. Interference of WVs significantly reduced scour by 38 % (T1) and 56 % (T2) at rear piers, elucidating the critical influence of pier diameter sequencing on erosional patterns. Findings established correlation between scour patterns and hydrodynamic parameters including velocity profiles, RSS and Q-criterion vortex structures, which are fundamental in understanding scour development. The velocity profiles and RSS distributions were analysed at three key section to assess flow characteristics and vortex behaviour around tandem piers. The Q-criterion methodology identifies coherent vortex structure as regions where rotational motion dominates strain, providing detailed visualisation and quantification of vortical structures responsible for scour development. Q-criterion analysis adequately identified coherent vortex structures with varying intensities at both u/s and d/s pier locations. In the complex flow region between the front and rear pier, Q-criterion vortex structures effectively captured the sheltering phenomenon where WVs from the u/s pier disrupted coherent vortex formation at the d/s pier. These vortical interactions resulted in substantial scour depth reductions of 38 % and 56 % for T1 and T2 arrangements, respectively. This paper contributes to a fundamental understanding of vortex-induced scour dynamics around complex pier arrangement, which is critical for designing resilient bridge foundations.
串联墩周围的桥墩冲刷是一种复杂的水动力现象，需要复杂的数值模拟来进行准确的预测和缓解策略。本研究采用flow - 3d Hydro结合LES湍流模型和q准则涡识别方法，阐明了不同流动条件下串联布置、T1和T2附近涡激冲刷机理。数值模型验证达到了1.30 - 5.30%的实验观测精度，揭示了在所有分析安排冲刷深度的最佳协议。形态分析揭示了大量的构型依赖性，与T1相比，T2排列显示出最大的冲刷深度。WVs的干扰显著降低了后桥墩38% （T1）和56% （T2）的冲刷，阐明了桥墩直径排序对侵蚀模式的关键影响。研究结果建立了冲刷模式与水动力参数（包括速度剖面、RSS和q准则涡结构）之间的相关性，这是理解冲刷发展的基础。分析了三个关键断面的速度分布和相对旋转速率分布，以评估串联桥墩周围的流动特性和涡行为。q准则方法将相干涡结构识别为旋转运动主导应变的区域，提供了负责冲刷发展的涡结构的详细可视化和量化。q准则分析充分识别了u/s和d/s桥墩位置上不同强度的相干涡结构。在前后桥墩之间的复杂流动区，q准则涡结构有效地捕捉到了u/s桥墩WVs干扰d/s桥墩相干涡形成的遮挡现象。这些涡旋相互作用导致T1和T2布置的冲刷深度分别减少38%和56%。本文有助于对复杂桥墩布置涡激冲刷动力学的基本认识，这对设计弹性桥梁基础具有重要意义。
{"title":"Advanced numerical investigation of flow field and morphological evolution around tandem piers","authors":"Suniti Kumari, H.L. Tiwari, Rutuja Chavan","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bridge pier scour around tandem piers constitutes a complex hydrodynamic phenomenon necessitating sophisticated numerical modeling for accurate prediction and mitigation strategies. This study employed FLOW-3D Hydro with LES turbulence model and Q-criterion vortex identification methodology to elucidate vortex-induced scour mechanisms at the vicinity of tandem arrangements, T1 and T2 under varying flow conditions. Numerical model validation achieved accuracies of 1.30–5.30 % against experimental observations, revealing best agreement with scour depths across all analysed arrangements. Morphological analysis reveals substantial configurational dependencies, with T2 arrangement exhibiting maximum scour depth as compared to T1. Interference of WVs significantly reduced scour by 38 % (T1) and 56 % (T2) at rear piers, elucidating the critical influence of pier diameter sequencing on erosional patterns. Findings established correlation between scour patterns and hydrodynamic parameters including velocity profiles, RSS and Q-criterion vortex structures, which are fundamental in understanding scour development. The velocity profiles and RSS distributions were analysed at three key section to assess flow characteristics and vortex behaviour around tandem piers. The Q-criterion methodology identifies coherent vortex structure as regions where rotational motion dominates strain, providing detailed visualisation and quantification of vortical structures responsible for scour development. Q-criterion analysis adequately identified coherent vortex structures with varying intensities at both u/s and d/s pier locations. In the complex flow region between the front and rear pier, Q-criterion vortex structures effectively captured the sheltering phenomenon where WVs from the u/s pier disrupted coherent vortex formation at the d/s pier. These vortical interactions resulted in substantial scour depth reductions of 38 % and 56 % for T1 and T2 arrangements, respectively. This paper contributes to a fundamental understanding of vortex-induced scour dynamics around complex pier arrangement, which is critical for designing resilient bridge foundations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105119"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105099
Sidian Chen , Bo Guo
We present screening-type semi-analytical models for quantifying the fate and transport of PFAS, including perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and their precursors (i.e., polyfluoroalkyl substances that can transform to PFAAs), in a heterogeneous vadose zone. The models employ one-dimensional multi-continuum representations with varying complexities (dual-porosity, dual-permeability, or triple-porosity). They account for PFAS-specific transport processes, including multi-site rate-limited adsorption at solid–water and air–water interfaces, and first-order biochemical transformation. Assuming steady-state infiltration, we derive semi-analytical solutions for all models under arbitrary initial and boundary conditions. We validate these new solutions using literature experimental breakthrough curves of PFAS and other solutes for various soils and wetting conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the models’ capability by analyzing the long-term leaching and mass discharge of two example PFAS (PFOS and a precursor PFOSB) in a heterogeneous vadose zone beneath a model PFAS-contaminated site. The results demonstrate that the precursor undergoes significant transformation and adds additional PFOS mass discharge to groundwater. Additionally, the simulations suggest that, due to strong retention in the vadose zone (i.e., large residence time), the PFAS in the high- and low-conductivity transport pathways can be considered as in equilibrium. Taking advantage of this result, we illustrate that the multi-continuum models may be simplified to an effective single-porosity model for simulating the transport of longer-chain PFAS in a heterogeneous vadose zone. Overall, the semi-analytical models provide practical tools for assessing long-term fate and transport of PFAS in the vadose zone and mass discharge to groundwater in the presence of precursor transformations.
{"title":"Semi-analytical solutions for nonequilibrium transport and transformation of PFAS and other solutes in heterogeneous vadose zones with structured porous media","authors":"Sidian Chen , Bo Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present screening-type semi-analytical models for quantifying the fate and transport of PFAS, including perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and their precursors (i.e., polyfluoroalkyl substances that can transform to PFAAs), in a heterogeneous vadose zone. The models employ one-dimensional multi-continuum representations with varying complexities (dual-porosity, dual-permeability, or triple-porosity). They account for PFAS-specific transport processes, including multi-site rate-limited adsorption at solid–water and air–water interfaces, and first-order biochemical transformation. Assuming steady-state infiltration, we derive semi-analytical solutions for all models under arbitrary initial and boundary conditions. We validate these new solutions using literature experimental breakthrough curves of PFAS and other solutes for various soils and wetting conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the models’ capability by analyzing the long-term leaching and mass discharge of two example PFAS (PFOS and a precursor PFOSB) in a heterogeneous vadose zone beneath a model PFAS-contaminated site. The results demonstrate that the precursor undergoes significant transformation and adds additional PFOS mass discharge to groundwater. Additionally, the simulations suggest that, due to strong retention in the vadose zone (i.e., large residence time), the PFAS in the high- and low-conductivity transport pathways can be considered as in equilibrium. Taking advantage of this result, we illustrate that the multi-continuum models may be simplified to an effective single-porosity model for simulating the transport of longer-chain PFAS in a heterogeneous vadose zone. Overall, the semi-analytical models provide practical tools for assessing long-term fate and transport of PFAS in the vadose zone and mass discharge to groundwater in the presence of precursor transformations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105099"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105109
Sojwal Manoorkar , Gülce Kalyoncu , Hamdi Omar , Soetkin Barbaix , Dominique Ceursters , Maxime Latinis , Stefanie Van Offenwert , Tom Bultreys
Underground hydrogen storage in saline aquifers is a potential solution for seasonal renewable energy storage. Among potential storage sites, facilities used for underground natural gas storage have advantages, including well-characterized cyclical injection-withdrawal behavior and partially reusable infrastructure. However, the differences between hydrogen-brine and natural gas-brine flow, particularly through fractures in the reservoir and the sealing caprock, remain unclear due to the complexity of two-phase flow. Therefore, we investigate fracture relative permeability for hydrogen versus methane (natural gas) and nitrogen (commonly used in laboratories). Steady-state relative permeability experiments were conducted at 10 MPa on fractured carbonate rock from the Loenhout natural gas storage in Belgium, where gas flows through m-to-mm scale fractures. Our results reveal that the hydrogen exhibits similar relative permeability curves to methane, but both are significantly lower than those measured for nitrogen. This implies that nitrogen cannot reliably serve as a proxy for hydrogen at typical reservoir pressures. The low relative permeabilities for hydrogen and methane indicate strong fluid phase interference, which traditional relative permeability models fail to capture. This is supported by our observation of periodic pressure fluctuations associated with intermittent fluid connectivity for hydrogen and methane. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the fundamental flow properties of fractured rocks are complex but relatively similar for hydrogen and natural gas. This is an important insight for predictive modeling of the conversion of Loenhout and similar natural gas storage facilities, which is crucial to evaluate their hydrogen storage efficiency and integrity.
{"title":"Pore-scale imaging of hydrogen and methane storage in fractured aquifer rock: The impact of gas type on relative permeability","authors":"Sojwal Manoorkar , Gülce Kalyoncu , Hamdi Omar , Soetkin Barbaix , Dominique Ceursters , Maxime Latinis , Stefanie Van Offenwert , Tom Bultreys","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Underground hydrogen storage in saline aquifers is a potential solution for seasonal renewable energy storage. Among potential storage sites, facilities used for underground natural gas storage have advantages, including well-characterized cyclical injection-withdrawal behavior and partially reusable infrastructure. However, the differences between hydrogen-brine and natural gas-brine flow, particularly through fractures in the reservoir and the sealing caprock, remain unclear due to the complexity of two-phase flow. Therefore, we investigate fracture relative permeability for hydrogen versus methane (natural gas) and nitrogen (commonly used in laboratories). Steady-state relative permeability experiments were conducted at 10 MPa on fractured carbonate rock from the Loenhout natural gas storage in Belgium, where gas flows through <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m-to-mm scale fractures. Our results reveal that the hydrogen exhibits similar relative permeability curves to methane, but both are significantly lower than those measured for nitrogen. This implies that nitrogen cannot reliably serve as a proxy for hydrogen at typical reservoir pressures. The low relative permeabilities for hydrogen and methane indicate strong fluid phase interference, which traditional relative permeability models fail to capture. This is supported by our observation of periodic pressure fluctuations associated with intermittent fluid connectivity for hydrogen and methane. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the fundamental flow properties of fractured rocks are complex but relatively similar for hydrogen and natural gas. This is an important insight for predictive modeling of the conversion of Loenhout and similar natural gas storage facilities, which is crucial to evaluate their hydrogen storage efficiency and integrity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-09DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105103
Janek Geiger, Michael Finkel, Olaf A. Cirpka
In geostatistical inversion, good prior knowledge about the covariance function is important in estimating hydraulic conductivity from hydraulic-head observations, but may be hampered by poor knowledge about anisotropy. In this study we propose an extension of the pilot-point ensemble Kalman filter (PP-EnKF) that can infer the full anisotropy of the covariance function based on attainable, initially random knowledge. We address the periodicity of rotation by incorporating the unique elements of the covariance transformation matrix into the set of parameters to be estimated. The filter is further modified by generating conditional realizations in each assimilation step, increasing the inherent variance of the ensemble and counteracting filter inbreeding. We demonstrate the methodology in a synthetic study of a 2-D groundwater-flow model where we estimate the full anisotropy of the covariance function and the hydraulic conductivity at pilot points via the assimilation of hydraulic-head data. The success of this method depends more on the configuration of pilot points than on the quality of prior knowledge, as ensembles initialized with faulty random priors successfully estimated the correct parameters of the covariance function, as well as the log-hydraulic conductivity values at the pilot points. The resulting parameter fields enabled accurate predictions of hydraulic heads during a verification period, with normalized root mean square errors reduced by up to 66% compared to ensembles with isotropic covariance functions. The methodology presented in this study mitigates the importance of informative prior knowledge of the covariance function in geostatistical parameter-inference methods, especially in highly anisotropic settings.
{"title":"Estimating the full anisotropy of the covariance function in geostatistical inversion using the pilot-point ensemble Kalman filter","authors":"Janek Geiger, Michael Finkel, Olaf A. Cirpka","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In geostatistical inversion, good prior knowledge about the covariance function is important in estimating hydraulic conductivity from hydraulic-head observations, but may be hampered by poor knowledge about anisotropy. In this study we propose an extension of the pilot-point ensemble Kalman filter (PP-EnKF) that can infer the full anisotropy of the covariance function based on attainable, initially random knowledge. We address the periodicity of rotation by incorporating the unique elements of the covariance transformation matrix into the set of parameters to be estimated. The filter is further modified by generating conditional realizations in each assimilation step, increasing the inherent variance of the ensemble and counteracting filter inbreeding. We demonstrate the methodology in a synthetic study of a 2-D groundwater-flow model where we estimate the full anisotropy of the covariance function and the hydraulic conductivity at pilot points via the assimilation of hydraulic-head data. The success of this method depends more on the configuration of pilot points than on the quality of prior knowledge, as ensembles initialized with faulty random priors successfully estimated the correct parameters of the covariance function, as well as the log-hydraulic conductivity values at the pilot points. The resulting parameter fields enabled accurate predictions of hydraulic heads during a verification period, with normalized root mean square errors reduced by up to 66% compared to ensembles with isotropic covariance functions. The methodology presented in this study mitigates the importance of informative prior knowledge of the covariance function in geostatistical parameter-inference methods, especially in highly anisotropic settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105103"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-09DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105110
Negar Razaghi , Mohaddeseh Mousavi Nezhad , John Bridgeman
This study investigates desorption dynamics in clay-rich porous media with multiple scales of pore size through a microfluidic approach that enables spatially resolved pore-scale observations of transport processes. Desorption, the release of previously sorbed substances from surfaces into surrounding fluid, is critical for contaminant transport, remediation strategies, and resource recovery in environmental systems. While microfluidic devices offer substantial advantages for studying transport processes in porous media, realistically replicating natural surface characteristics in traditional micromodels remains challenging. Geomaterial microfluidics, achieved by coating conventional substrates with rock or soil minerals, offers a powerful tool for visualising pore-scale mass transport and solid-fluid interactions. A key challenge in employing geomaterial-coated micromodels to explore sorption-desorption is the opacity of most geomaterial minerals, hindering visualization of mass concentration changes within porous media. This research introduces a streamlined clay coating procedure to functionalise polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channels with transparent synthetic smectite clay, mimicking the physicochemical properties of clay porous media, enabling direct visualization of desorption processes across various flow conditions and porous geometries. Tracer flow tests conducted in a series of clay-coated microfluidic channels revealed the influence of fluid flow conditions and porous geometry on the microscale desorption behavior. Desorption of fluorescein, used as a model sorbate, was observed via fluorescence imaging, enabling visualization and quantification of concentration changes over time with high spatial resolution. The findings demonstrate that desorption behavior is influenced by the intricate interplay between fluid flow condition and porous geometry. While increasing flow rates accelerate desorption, this does not necessarily improve overall recovery efficiency (the proportion of previously sorbed substance that can be recovered). Lower flow rates result in longer times to achieve complete desorption, where no recoverable sorbate remains, but may reduce residual mass concentration at exhaustive desorption, highlighting the importance of optimizing flow conditions for efficient contaminant recovery. This work provides insights into transport phenomena relevant to efficient recovery of valuable substances from water, supporting circular economy principles through resource reuse while minimizing harmful by-products. By addressing the previously underexplored desorption dynamics in recovery processes, our findings contribute to developing sustainable treatment and recovery technologies for water management and environmental remediation.
{"title":"Multi-scale visualization of desorption in clay-coated microfluidic channels: Effect of flow dynamics and porous geometry","authors":"Negar Razaghi , Mohaddeseh Mousavi Nezhad , John Bridgeman","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates desorption dynamics in clay-rich porous media with multiple scales of pore size through a microfluidic approach that enables spatially resolved pore-scale observations of transport processes. Desorption, the release of previously sorbed substances from surfaces into surrounding fluid, is critical for contaminant transport, remediation strategies, and resource recovery in environmental systems. While microfluidic devices offer substantial advantages for studying transport processes in porous media, realistically replicating natural surface characteristics in traditional micromodels remains challenging. Geomaterial microfluidics, achieved by coating conventional substrates with rock or soil minerals, offers a powerful tool for visualising pore-scale mass transport and solid-fluid interactions. A key challenge in employing geomaterial-coated micromodels to explore sorption-desorption is the opacity of most geomaterial minerals, hindering visualization of mass concentration changes within porous media. This research introduces a streamlined clay coating procedure to functionalise polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channels with transparent synthetic smectite clay, mimicking the physicochemical properties of clay porous media, enabling direct visualization of desorption processes across various flow conditions and porous geometries. Tracer flow tests conducted in a series of clay-coated microfluidic channels revealed the influence of fluid flow conditions and porous geometry on the microscale desorption behavior. Desorption of fluorescein, used as a model sorbate, was observed via fluorescence imaging, enabling visualization and quantification of concentration changes over time with high spatial resolution. The findings demonstrate that desorption behavior is influenced by the intricate interplay between fluid flow condition and porous geometry. While increasing flow rates accelerate desorption, this does not necessarily improve overall recovery efficiency (the proportion of previously sorbed substance that can be recovered). Lower flow rates result in longer times to achieve complete desorption, where no recoverable sorbate remains, but may reduce residual mass concentration at exhaustive desorption, highlighting the importance of optimizing flow conditions for efficient contaminant recovery. This work provides insights into transport phenomena relevant to efficient recovery of valuable substances from water, supporting circular economy principles through resource reuse while minimizing harmful by-products. By addressing the previously underexplored desorption dynamics in recovery processes, our findings contribute to developing sustainable treatment and recovery technologies for water management and environmental remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105110"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-07DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105111
Weitao Yang , Liang Xiao , Guoxiong Mei
Accurate prediction and effective control of soil deformation induced by pre-excavation dewatering are essential for construction safety in underground space development. However, the coupled effects of suspended waterproof curtains and external groundwater recharge on drawdown and soil deformation in unconfined aquifers remain unclear, particularly considering the delayed response of the phreatic surface. This study develops an improved theoretical model to characterize soil deformation induced by pre-excavation dewatering and external recharge under plane strain conditions, explicitly considering a suspended waterproof curtain and the time-dependent behavior of the water table. A semi-analytical solution is then derived using integral transform techniques and verified through laboratory model tests, degradation solutions, and numerical simulations. Parametric analyses indicate that prolonging time required for the groundwater level within the pit to reach the target value can substantially decrease soil settlement before excavation, which has minimal effect on the final steady-state settlement. Increasing the horizontal distance between recharge wells and the foundation pit mitigates far-field drawdown but may increase soil settlement within the pit, whereas longer well screens enhance phreatic surface recovery near the excavation. Furthermore, increasing the penetration depth of the waterproof curtain and appropriately scheduling the initiation of recharge wells can effectively limit external groundwater inflow, thereby reducing groundwater drawdown and soil settlement outside the foundation pit. Specifically, increasing the penetration depth of the waterproof curtain from 6 m to 12 m reduces internal settlement by 6.7% and external settlement by 77.9%, suggesting a stronger mitigation effect on the external side. These findings not only extend existing theoretical models by explicitly incorporating the coupled effects of suspended waterproof curtains and external recharge wells with delayed phreatic surface response, but also support and broaden prior findings by demonstrating how recharge design parameters and initiation timing critically govern drawdown and soil deformation in deep excavations.
{"title":"A semi-analytical solution for seepage field and soil deformation induced by coupled pre-excavation dewatering and groundwater recharge with a suspended waterproof curtain considering delayed phreatic surface response","authors":"Weitao Yang , Liang Xiao , Guoxiong Mei","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction and effective control of soil deformation induced by pre-excavation dewatering are essential for construction safety in underground space development. However, the coupled effects of suspended waterproof curtains and external groundwater recharge on drawdown and soil deformation in unconfined aquifers remain unclear, particularly considering the delayed response of the phreatic surface. This study develops an improved theoretical model to characterize soil deformation induced by pre-excavation dewatering and external recharge under plane strain conditions, explicitly considering a suspended waterproof curtain and the time-dependent behavior of the water table. A semi-analytical solution is then derived using integral transform techniques and verified through laboratory model tests, degradation solutions, and numerical simulations. Parametric analyses indicate that prolonging time required for the groundwater level within the pit to reach the target value can substantially decrease soil settlement before excavation, which has minimal effect on the final steady-state settlement. Increasing the horizontal distance between recharge wells and the foundation pit mitigates far-field drawdown but may increase soil settlement within the pit, whereas longer well screens enhance phreatic surface recovery near the excavation. Furthermore, increasing the penetration depth of the waterproof curtain and appropriately scheduling the initiation of recharge wells can effectively limit external groundwater inflow, thereby reducing groundwater drawdown and soil settlement outside the foundation pit. Specifically, increasing the penetration depth of the waterproof curtain from 6 m to 12 m reduces internal settlement by 6.7% and external settlement by 77.9%, suggesting a stronger mitigation effect on the external side. These findings not only extend existing theoretical models by explicitly incorporating the coupled effects of suspended waterproof curtains and external recharge wells with delayed phreatic surface response, but also support and broaden prior findings by demonstrating how recharge design parameters and initiation timing critically govern drawdown and soil deformation in deep excavations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105111"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105085
P. Vallés , J. Segovia-Burillo , M. Morales-Hernández , V. Roeber , P. García-Navarro
This work presents a method to incorporate vertical velocity into a two-dimensional depth-averaged Shallow Water Equation (2DH SWE) model, thereby improving the calculation of particle trajectories in a Lagrangian Particle Tracking (LPT) framework. The resulting formulation couples Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches. The vertical velocity is also used to modify the dispersion terms in the LPT model. The proposed approximation is first validated—without particle transport—by comparison with Hyperbolic–Elliptic and Hyperbolic-Relaxed Non-Hydrostatic Pressure (NHP) models. The differences between models are minor, confirming the suitability of the vertical velocity approximation for shallow flow problems. Subsequently, the method is applied to particle transport scenarios, demonstrating that including vertical velocity yields more realistic particle trajectories in complex flow situations.
{"title":"Incorporating the vertical velocity in a coupled Lagrangian–Eulerian approach for particle transport in shallow flows","authors":"P. Vallés , J. Segovia-Burillo , M. Morales-Hernández , V. Roeber , P. García-Navarro","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents a method to incorporate vertical velocity into a two-dimensional depth-averaged Shallow Water Equation (2DH SWE) model, thereby improving the calculation of particle trajectories in a Lagrangian Particle Tracking (LPT) framework. The resulting formulation couples Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches. The vertical velocity is also used to modify the dispersion terms in the LPT model. The proposed approximation is first validated—without particle transport—by comparison with Hyperbolic–Elliptic and Hyperbolic-Relaxed Non-Hydrostatic Pressure (NHP) models. The differences between models are minor, confirming the suitability of the vertical velocity approximation for shallow flow problems. Subsequently, the method is applied to particle transport scenarios, demonstrating that including vertical velocity yields more realistic particle trajectories in complex flow situations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 105085"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105101
Antonio Ammendola , Michele Rebesco , Federico Falcini , Stefano Salon , Federico Roman
Gravity currents are buoyancy-driven flows governed by horizontal density gradients, originating from both natural and anthropogenic sources. They play a critical role in a variety of environmental and geophysical processes, and their interaction with human-made structures can be highly significant. These flows are often studied numerically using advanced techniques such as Large Eddy Simulation (LES), which are capable of capturing the complex physics involved. However, the high computational cost associated with LES makes the study of realistic cases prohibitively expensive. To address this challenge, the present study investigates the use of coarse-grid simulations, both with and without wall-model implementations, to evaluate the potential for reducing computational costs while maintaining reasonable accuracy. Gravity currents were analyzed using the lock-exchange configuration at a Reynolds number of 136,000, based on the bulk velocity and the domain height. The analyses indicate that the coarse-grid cases are able to qualitatively reproduce the main characteristics of the current. In one case, based on a wall modification of the eddy viscosity, the front evolution, during the self-similar phase, exhibits an error of 0.25% relative to a wall-resolved reference case. Generally, cases with an eddy viscosity wall models perform better during the self-similar phase and in representing the head of the current, whereas cases without eddy viscosity modification perform better in capturing the integral quantities of a gravity current. Overall, the use of coarser grids reduces computational costs by approximately two order of magnitude while preserving the main characteristics of the gravity current.
{"title":"Gravity currents and wall behavior modeling at high Reynolds numbers","authors":"Antonio Ammendola , Michele Rebesco , Federico Falcini , Stefano Salon , Federico Roman","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gravity currents are buoyancy-driven flows governed by horizontal density gradients, originating from both natural and anthropogenic sources. They play a critical role in a variety of environmental and geophysical processes, and their interaction with human-made structures can be highly significant. These flows are often studied numerically using advanced techniques such as Large Eddy Simulation (LES), which are capable of capturing the complex physics involved. However, the high computational cost associated with LES makes the study of realistic cases prohibitively expensive. To address this challenge, the present study investigates the use of coarse-grid simulations, both with and without wall-model implementations, to evaluate the potential for reducing computational costs while maintaining reasonable accuracy. Gravity currents were analyzed using the lock-exchange configuration at a Reynolds number of 136,000, based on the bulk velocity and the domain height. The analyses indicate that the coarse-grid cases are able to qualitatively reproduce the main characteristics of the current. In one case, based on a wall modification of the eddy viscosity, the front evolution, during the self-similar phase, exhibits an error of 0.25% relative to a wall-resolved reference case. Generally, cases with an eddy viscosity wall models perform better during the self-similar phase and in representing the head of the current, whereas cases without eddy viscosity modification perform better in capturing the integral quantities of a gravity current. Overall, the use of coarser grids reduces computational costs by approximately two order of magnitude while preserving the main characteristics of the gravity current.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105101"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105095
Changhao Liu , Kiprian Berbatov , Majid Sedighi , Andrey P. Jivkov
We present a novel mathematical framework for modelling fluid flow in porous media that naturally accommodates the mixed-dimensional nature of real pore spaces. Unlike traditional pore network models that reduce complex geometries to one-dimensional flow between idealised pores, or computationally intensive direct numerical simulations, our approach uses cell complexes with combinatorial differential forms to represent flow through volumetric pores (3D), sheet-like voids and fractures (2D), and narrow channels (1D) simultaneously. The method maps experimentally measured pore space characteristics onto polyhedral tessellations where different void types are assigned to cells of appropriate dimensions. Flow equations are formulated using calculus with combinatorial differential forms, yielding exact conservation laws directly in matrix form. We validate the approach using X-ray computed tomography images of four different rocks: Bentheimer sandstone, Doddington sandstone, Estaillades carbonate, and Ketton carbonate. For each rock, we generate 30 statistically equivalent realisations to investigate fabric-property relationships. The method achieves substantial computational efficiency compared to direct numerical simulations while maintaining accuracy comparable to pore-scale CFD and lattice-Boltzmann methods. Beyond efficiency, the framework provides scientific insight by explicitly linking pore-space topology to macroscopic permeability, enabling systematic exploration of how connectivity and dimensional transitions in the pore network control flow. The framework’s structure-preserving formulation and ability to assign different material properties to features of different dimensions make it particularly suitable for studying evolving pore structures, multiphase flow, and coupled processes in heterogeneous porous media relevant to groundwater systems and subsurface hydrology.
{"title":"Combinatorial differential forms for multi-dimensional fluid flow in porous media: A unified framework for volumetric pores, fractures, and channels","authors":"Changhao Liu , Kiprian Berbatov , Majid Sedighi , Andrey P. Jivkov","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a novel mathematical framework for modelling fluid flow in porous media that naturally accommodates the mixed-dimensional nature of real pore spaces. Unlike traditional pore network models that reduce complex geometries to one-dimensional flow between idealised pores, or computationally intensive direct numerical simulations, our approach uses cell complexes with combinatorial differential forms to represent flow through volumetric pores (3D), sheet-like voids and fractures (2D), and narrow channels (1D) simultaneously. The method maps experimentally measured pore space characteristics onto polyhedral tessellations where different void types are assigned to cells of appropriate dimensions. Flow equations are formulated using calculus with combinatorial differential forms, yielding exact conservation laws directly in matrix form. We validate the approach using X-ray computed tomography images of four different rocks: Bentheimer sandstone, Doddington sandstone, Estaillades carbonate, and Ketton carbonate. For each rock, we generate 30 statistically equivalent realisations to investigate fabric-property relationships. The method achieves substantial computational efficiency compared to direct numerical simulations while maintaining accuracy comparable to pore-scale CFD and lattice-Boltzmann methods. Beyond efficiency, the framework provides scientific insight by explicitly linking pore-space topology to macroscopic permeability, enabling systematic exploration of how connectivity and dimensional transitions in the pore network control flow. The framework’s structure-preserving formulation and ability to assign different material properties to features of different dimensions make it particularly suitable for studying evolving pore structures, multiphase flow, and coupled processes in heterogeneous porous media relevant to groundwater systems and subsurface hydrology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105095"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145061326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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