Russian Journal of General Chemistry最新文献

This study assesses the pollution of the Urvan River, a 52-kilometer-long non-glacial tributary of the Cherek River, one of the main watercourses in Kabardino-Balkaria. Results from three years of observations were compared to established standard concentration values, and the water quality in the middle and lower reaches of the river was determined. The concentrations of pollutants in the Urvan River were analyzed, with particular attention to biogenic compounds such as NO₂^‒, NO₃^‒, and NH₄⁺, using chemical analysis methods conducted in an accredited laboratory according to established guidelines. An interannual comparative analysis of pollutant levels from 2021 to 2023 identified the year with the highest levels of biogenic compounds, which significantly impacted the river’s ecological condition. A classification system for environmental quality classes of surface water was employed to assess year-round pollution by year and season. The findings show that the Urvan River remains consistently polluted throughout all phases of the hydrological cycle. The study also highlights distinctive features of the river’s ecosystem and variations in pollution levels during the research period.

Most pyrimidine derivatives are biologically active, and their broad range of applications necessitates studying their cellular activity against microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity of fluorine-substituted pyrimidine derivatives (2-mercapto-4-methyl-6-perfluorohexylpyrimidine, 2-methylmercapto-4-methyl-6-perfluorohexylpyrimidine, and 2-amino-4-methyl-6-perfluorohexylpyrimidine) was evaluated against bacterial (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli) and yeast (Rhodotorula rubra, Candida tropicalis) cells, with 6-methyluracil included as a control compound. The derivatives showed activity against Bacillus subtilis, although there was no consistent concentration-response relationship. The minimum effective concentration for 2-methylmercapto-4-methyl-6-perfluorohexylpyrimidine and 2-amino-4-methyl-6-perfluorohexylpyrimidine was 5 mg/ml. Candida tropicalis exhibited lower sensitivity to the compounds. Notably, 2-amino-4-methyl-6-perfluorohexylpyrimidine displayed toxicological activity against Bacillus subtilis in the test medium. The impact of 2-mercapto-4-methyl-6-perfluorohexylpyrimidine and 2-amino-4-methyl-6-perfluorohexylpyrimidine on the growth of filamentous fungi, Aspergillus niger and Alternaria alternata, was also studied. The most significant inhibitory effect (up to 11.1%) was observed on the growth of Alternaria alternata by 2-mercapto-4-methyl-6-perfluorohexylpyrimidine in the tested concentration range. The biological properties of the compounds were predicted using two online platforms, Way2Drug (Pass Online) and SwissDrugDesign (SwissADME). The substances were predicted to have an inhibitory effect on protein kinase.

Organofluorine derivatives of β-D-ribofuranoside were synthesized. Biological tests revealed low toxicity and high insecticidal activity of the obtained compounds.

This article presents, for the first time, the results of modeling the interaction between mine waters from the Festivalnoye deposit in the Komsomolsky ore district and sulfide minerals characteristic of copper-tin ores. The research was conducted using the method of physicochemical modeling with the software complex Selektor across a broad temperature range (–25 to +45°C). The study established the Eh-pH parameters of the solutions, their ionic and molecular compositions, and the associations of precipitated technogenic minerals across 21 variants. The chemical interactions were analyzed both for individual sulfide minerals—such as chalcocite, covellite, bornite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, and sphalerite—and for their paragenesis, including cases where one of the sulfides was excluded from the model chemical composition. The findings reveal that technogenic mineralization occurs throughout the entire temperature range under study.

Optically active secondary alcohols are valuable precursors for synthesis of medicines and substances for agriculture. Previously, the possibility of stereoselective synthesis of (S)-(–)-1-phenylethanol and (R)-(+)-1-phenylethanol from acetophenone under the action of biocatalysts of various stereo directions was shown. In order to increase the yield and optical purity of the target less accessible (R)-(+)-1-phenylethanol, the possibility of using various exogenous reducing agents (ethanol, isopropanol or glucose) in the reaction of enantioselective bioreduction of acetophenone catalyzed by Phaseolus vulgaris plant cells with R-reductase activity was investigated.

This study presents hydrochemical assessments conducted in the vicinity of a trout farm in Lake Kholmovskoye during the summer of 2022 and winter of 2023. Parameters including pH, mineralization, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient levels were analyzed. The compliance of these parameters with regulatory standards for water quality in fisheries was evaluated. Based on its chemical composition, Lake Kholmovskoye is classified as a low-mineralized, hydrocarbonate-type lake (131 mg/L) with a slightly alkaline pH range of 7.9–8.3. Observations indicated that concentrations of phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon salts in both summer and winter did not exceed permissible limits for fisheries. Dissolved oxygen levels were within acceptable ranges for aquatic life during both periods of the study.

A comparative assessment of the efficiency of nitrofural, tetracycline, and paracetamol degradation in model pharmaceutical effluent solutions was conducted using anodic oxidation and UV exposure. The electro- and photo-oxidation of the antimicrobial drugs nitrofural and tetracycline achieved removal rates of up to 99% and 90%, respectively, while paracetamol removal reached 80 and 50%. Degradation rate constants were calculated. Anodic oxidation was found to be 1.5–2 times more effective than photooxidation in degrading active pharmaceutical substances. The role of active particles formed in the anodic zone and during UV treatment in the oxidative degradation of pharmaceutical-origin organic eco-pollutants was theoretically substantiated.

In Central Donbass, during 2018–2019, active environmental monitoring using mosses Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid allowed identification of previously unreported geochemical anomalies not associated with the region’s established geochemical background. As part of the phytomonitoring program, indicators based on morphological parameters of plant health were used, including the total manifestations of atypical polymorphism in the generative parts of flowering plants such as Centaurea diffusa Lam., Cichorium intybus L., and Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip. Through analysis of 46 elements and plant marker characteristics, a correlation was established between the accumulation of zinc in moss gametophytes and in the flowers and inflorescences of these plants, highlighting the impact of anthropogenically transformed ecotopes in the Donbass area over the 2013–2023 period.

The article explores the Leningrad region, which is heavily impacted by human activities. Several industrial enterprises in this area exhibit high energy consumption and manage significant quantities of toxic and radioactive substances, posing potential dangers to both the population and the environment. The socio-economic development of the Gatchina municipal district, located in the heart of the Leningrad region, is closely connected to the growth of St. Petersburg. Gatchina is classified as an area with a high degree of urbanization. Additionally, the presence of solid waste landfills that serve St. Petersburg affects the Gatchina district significantly, contributing to negative environmental impacts. When evaluating the ecological status of water bodies in the Leningrad region, special attention is given to the monitoring of the basins of Lake Ladoga and the Gulf of Finland.

This paper offers a concise literature review of the most significant chemical substances that contaminate water bodies, soil, and air. It examines priority chemical substances, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and dioxin-containing compounds. The paper also provides examples of the toxic effects these substances can have on human health.