Proteinase inhibitors are a group of defense related proteins, natural antagonists of proteinases, induced upon herbivory, play a defensive role against polyphagous insects and phytopathogens. Serine proteinase inhibitor isolated from Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels, Cocculus hirsutus trypsin inhibtor (ChTI) was found effective as antifungal, bactericidal and nematicidal agent. Tomato plants expressing ChTI have been developed by agro-infection with almost 27% transformation efficiency. Stable integration and expression of ChTI has been established by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), inhibitory assay and western blot assay. Transgenic plants showed increased fruit yield, antioxidants, phenolics, flavonoids and titratable acidity. Protein extracts of tomato plants inhibited Helicoverpa armigera (gut proteinases up to 40%. Transgenic plants MT2 and JT2 challenged with 2nd and 4thinstar H. armigera (Hubner) larvae, showed delayed larval growth with 100% mortality. The results put together suggest that ChTI is a potential candidate for developing transgenic plant with multiple biotic stress tolerance. Key words: ChTI, Helicoverpa armigera, insect bioassay, transgenic tomato, trypsin inhibitory assay.
{"title":"Expression of Cocculus hirsutus trypsin inhibitor promotes endogenous defensive response against Helicoverpa armigera and enhanced levels of antioxidants","authors":"V. Manushree, V. R. Devaraj, D. T. Prasad","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2019.1946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2019.1946","url":null,"abstract":"Proteinase inhibitors are a group of defense related proteins, natural antagonists of proteinases, induced upon herbivory, play a defensive role against polyphagous insects and phytopathogens. Serine proteinase inhibitor isolated from Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels, Cocculus hirsutus trypsin inhibtor (ChTI) was found effective as antifungal, bactericidal and nematicidal agent. Tomato plants expressing ChTI have been developed by agro-infection with almost 27% transformation efficiency. Stable integration and expression of ChTI has been established by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), inhibitory assay and western blot assay. Transgenic plants showed increased fruit yield, antioxidants, phenolics, flavonoids and titratable acidity. Protein extracts of tomato plants inhibited Helicoverpa armigera (gut proteinases up to 40%. Transgenic plants MT2 and JT2 challenged with 2nd and 4thinstar H. armigera (Hubner) larvae, showed delayed larval growth with 100% mortality. The results put together suggest that ChTI is a potential candidate for developing transgenic plant with multiple biotic stress tolerance. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: ChTI, Helicoverpa armigera, insect bioassay, transgenic tomato, trypsin inhibitory assay.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73699910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Animal performance mainly depends on the quantity and quality of forage available as feed and animal feed represents one of the major costs in animal production. This research was conducted in the Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment Experimental Field at University for Development Studies, Nyankpala Campus to evaluate the relative feed value of four indigenous savanna forage shrubs. These shrubs were cultivated and their leaves harvested at 7, 10 and 13 weeks after establishment. Harvested leaves were pulverized to determine ash, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). Metabolisable energy, dry matter (DM), digestible dry matter (DDM), dry matter intake (DMI) and relative feed values (RFV) were also estimated. Ash, crude fat, crude fibre, CP, ADF and NDF contents ranged from 7.56 to 11.22%, 1.924 to 2.812%, 9.33 to 16.11%, 4.598 to 4.960%, 20.73 to 27.22% and 33.47 to 53.06%, respectively. The DDM, DMI and RFV ranged from 67.70 to 74.84%, 2.27 to 3.66% and 120.2 to 212.6%, respectively. The NDF, ADF contents of Tephrosia purpurea was significantly higher than those for Cajanus cajan (L), Stylosanthes mucronata and Securinega virosa (P < 0.05). The DDM and RFV of S. virosa and S. mucronata were significantly higher than those for C. cajan and T. purpurea. The DMI in S. virosa and S. mucronata was significantly higher than those for other shrubs. The carbohydrate contents of S. virosa were significantly higher than the other shrubs. In conclusion all the species studied offered considerable potential as high quality forage for ruminants during the acute periods of the year when the quantity and quality of forages are limited. Key words: Relative feed value, indigenous shrubs, plant maturity, dry matter, livestock.
{"title":"Evaluation of the relative feed value of indigenous savanna forage shrub species in Ghana","authors":"Z. A. Imoro","doi":"10.5897/ajps2019.1820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajps2019.1820","url":null,"abstract":"Animal performance mainly depends on the quantity and quality of forage available as feed and animal feed represents one of the major costs in animal production. This research was conducted in the Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment Experimental Field at University for Development Studies, Nyankpala Campus to evaluate the relative feed value of four indigenous savanna forage shrubs. These shrubs were cultivated and their leaves harvested at 7, 10 and 13 weeks after establishment. Harvested leaves were pulverized to determine ash, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). Metabolisable energy, dry matter (DM), digestible dry matter (DDM), dry matter intake (DMI) and relative feed values (RFV) were also estimated. Ash, crude fat, crude fibre, CP, ADF and NDF contents ranged from 7.56 to 11.22%, 1.924 to 2.812%, 9.33 to 16.11%, 4.598 to 4.960%, 20.73 to 27.22% and 33.47 to 53.06%, respectively. The DDM, DMI and RFV ranged from 67.70 to 74.84%, 2.27 to 3.66% and 120.2 to 212.6%, respectively. The NDF, ADF contents of Tephrosia purpurea was significantly higher than those for Cajanus cajan (L), Stylosanthes mucronata and Securinega virosa (P < 0.05). The DDM and RFV of S. virosa and S. mucronata were significantly higher than those for C. cajan and T. purpurea. The DMI in S. virosa and S. mucronata was significantly higher than those for other shrubs. The carbohydrate contents of S. virosa were significantly higher than the other shrubs. In conclusion all the species studied offered considerable potential as high quality forage for ruminants during the acute periods of the year when the quantity and quality of forages are limited. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Relative feed value, indigenous shrubs, plant maturity, dry matter, livestock.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74407339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leaf harvesting of sweet potato during vegetative stage is common in most parts of Liberia. There is little information on the effects of severity of apical shoot harvesting on tuber yield of sweet potato. Experiments were conducted in 2017 at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta to determine the effects of severity of apical shoots harvest on growth and tuber yields. Experiment consisted of two varieties (SHABA and SPK-004) and three levels of cutting severity; no cutting, cutting of 15 and 30 cm long apical shoots at 4-weeks. Treatments were arranged in split plot with variety as the main plot and cutting severity as sub-plot arranged in (RCBD) with three replications. Data were collected on vine length, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, leaf area, and leaf area index, fresh and dry apical shoots weight, tuber, unmarketable yield, marketable yield and total number of tuber. Data collected on growth, yield parameters were subjected to analysis of variance and mean values separated using standard error at (p<0.05). In cutting severity, vegetative growth and tuber yield of SHABA were significantly higher than those of SPK-004. Cutting at 15 cm long apical shoots gave higher total tuber yields in SHABA than SPK-004. Cutting at 30 cm long apical shoots increased fresh apical shoot weigh in SPK-004 than in SHABA. For SHABA and SPK-004 had more tuber weight than 30 cm long apical shoots. Therefore, sweet potatoes whose apical shoot was cut at 15cm long for 4 weeks are recommended. Key words: Bacterial blight, disease development, grain yield, planting densities, percentage severity index.
{"title":"Effects of severity of apical shoot harvest on growth and tuber yield of two sweet potatoes varieties","authors":"Yarmento Mark, Meamea Korpu","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2018.1751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2018.1751","url":null,"abstract":"Leaf harvesting of sweet potato during vegetative stage is common in most parts of Liberia. There is little information on the effects of severity of apical shoot harvesting on tuber yield of sweet potato. Experiments were conducted in 2017 at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta to determine the effects of severity of apical shoots harvest on growth and tuber yields. Experiment consisted of two varieties (SHABA and SPK-004) and three levels of cutting severity; no cutting, cutting of 15 and 30 cm long apical shoots at 4-weeks. Treatments were arranged in split plot with variety as the main plot and cutting severity as sub-plot arranged in (RCBD) with three replications. Data were collected on vine length, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, leaf area, and leaf area index, fresh and dry apical shoots weight, tuber, unmarketable yield, marketable yield and total number of tuber. Data collected on growth, yield parameters were subjected to analysis of variance and mean values separated using standard error at (p<0.05). In cutting severity, vegetative growth and tuber yield of SHABA were significantly higher than those of SPK-004. Cutting at 15 cm long apical shoots gave higher total tuber yields in SHABA than SPK-004. Cutting at 30 cm long apical shoots increased fresh apical shoot weigh in SPK-004 than in SHABA. For SHABA and SPK-004 had more tuber weight than 30 cm long apical shoots. Therefore, sweet potatoes whose apical shoot was cut at 15cm long for 4 weeks are recommended. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Bacterial blight, disease development, grain yield, planting densities, percentage severity index.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84473028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gaudencia J. Kiptoo, M. Kinyua, Lexa G. Matasyoh, O. Kiplagat
Common bean is among the most important legume crop for protein source in people’s diet globally and including Kenya. Anthracnose is a common disease of legumes that causes yield loss of up to 90-100%. The aim of the study is to investigate the morphological traits associated with anthracnose resistance in selected common bean genotypes in Kenya. The study was done in three varied agro-ecological zones; University of Eldoret, Bungoma and Busia. Fifteen genotypes were evaluated on field experiment to ascertain morphological traits associated with anthracnose resistance. Field experiment was done in a random complete block design. Data were collected on morphological traits and subjected to analysis of variance in SAS version 9.1. The genotypes, Ciankui, Tasha, KK15, KK8, Miezi mbili and Chelalang showed morphological traits that were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with anthracnose resistance, and also with high grain yields of 1.5 to 2.0 t/ha. Morphological traits associated with common bean anthracnose resistance included Leaf width, leaf length, length of fifth internode of the stems, bracteolate size classification and flower colour. It is recommended that management of anthracnose by use of resistant common bean genotype seeds is essential to provide increased bean yields globally and in Kenya. Key words: Common bean, anthracnose, morphological traits, resistance.
普通豆是全球包括肯尼亚在内的人们饮食中最重要的蛋白质来源豆类作物之一。炭疽病是豆科植物的一种常见疾病，可导致产量损失高达90-100%。本研究的目的是调查肯尼亚选定的普通豆基因型中与炭疽病抗性相关的形态性状。研究在三个不同的农业生态区进行;埃尔多雷特，邦戈马和布西亚大学。通过田间试验对15个基因型进行鉴定，以确定与炭疽病抗性相关的形态性状。野外试验采用完全随机区组设计。收集形态性状数据，应用SAS version 9.1进行方差分析。赤魁、塔莎、KK15、KK8、米子、车朗等基因型的形态性状与抗炭疽病显著相关(P≤0.05)，产量可达1.5 ~ 2.0 t/ha。叶宽、叶长、茎第5节间长度、小苞片大小分类和花色是与普通豆抗炭疽病相关的形态学性状。建议通过使用具有抗性的普通豆类基因型种子来管理炭疽病，这对于提高全球和肯尼亚的豆类产量至关重要。关键词:普通豆;炭疽病;形态性状;
{"title":"Morphological traits associated with anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) resistance in selected common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes","authors":"Gaudencia J. Kiptoo, M. Kinyua, Lexa G. Matasyoh, O. Kiplagat","doi":"10.5897/ajps2019.1909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajps2019.1909","url":null,"abstract":"Common bean is among the most important legume crop for protein source in people’s diet globally and including Kenya. Anthracnose is a common disease of legumes that causes yield loss of up to 90-100%. The aim of the study is to investigate the morphological traits associated with anthracnose resistance in selected common bean genotypes in Kenya. The study was done in three varied agro-ecological zones; University of Eldoret, Bungoma and Busia. Fifteen genotypes were evaluated on field experiment to ascertain morphological traits associated with anthracnose resistance. Field experiment was done in a random complete block design. Data were collected on morphological traits and subjected to analysis of variance in SAS version 9.1. The genotypes, Ciankui, Tasha, KK15, KK8, Miezi mbili and Chelalang showed morphological traits that were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with anthracnose resistance, and also with high grain yields of 1.5 to 2.0 t/ha. Morphological traits associated with common bean anthracnose resistance included Leaf width, leaf length, length of fifth internode of the stems, bracteolate size classification and flower colour. It is recommended that management of anthracnose by use of resistant common bean genotype seeds is essential to provide increased bean yields globally and in Kenya. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Common bean, anthracnose, morphological traits, resistance.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83166612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two potato varieties namely, kufri bahar and kufri surya were tested for in vitro tuberization response to a same culture medium supplemented with three levels of 6-benzly aminopurine (0.75, 1.5 and 2.25 mg/L) in a completely randomized block design. The study was conducted in the Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Modipuram, Meerut Campus, and India during the period of 2012 to 2013 and 2013-2014. The objective was to determine optimum concentration of 6-benzly aminopurine for tuberization. Both varieties, exhibited a better response when the culture medium supplemented with 2.25 mg/L of 6-benzyl aminopurine than the other concentrations and control for mean values of number of days for tuber initiation microtuber number, fresh weight of microtubers and number of eyes per microtuber was found optimum and it may be useful to enhance tuber quality as well as crop growth under in vitro conditions at farmer and industrial levels. Key words: In vitro plantlets, potato cultivars, 6- benzyl aminopurine, in vitro plants.
{"title":"Modulation in growth and development of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) microtubers by different concentration of 6-benzyl aminopurine","authors":"K. Meenakshi","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2019.1897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2019.1897","url":null,"abstract":"Two potato varieties namely, kufri bahar and kufri surya were tested for in vitro tuberization response to a same culture medium supplemented with three levels of 6-benzly aminopurine (0.75, 1.5 and 2.25 mg/L) in a completely randomized block design. The study was conducted in the Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Modipuram, Meerut Campus, and India during the period of 2012 to 2013 and 2013-2014. The objective was to determine optimum concentration of 6-benzly aminopurine for tuberization. Both varieties, exhibited a better response when the culture medium supplemented with 2.25 mg/L of 6-benzyl aminopurine than the other concentrations and control for mean values of number of days for tuber initiation microtuber number, fresh weight of microtubers and number of eyes per microtuber was found optimum and it may be useful to enhance tuber quality as well as crop growth under in vitro conditions at farmer and industrial levels. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: In vitro plantlets, potato cultivars, 6- benzyl aminopurine, in vitro plants.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79995595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. M. Silva, H. C. D. O. Charlo, J. Torres, V. P. M. Coelho, A. D. A. Silva, E. Lemes
Flower and pod abortions in large quantities are commonly observed in soybean plants. In normal conditions of crop cultivation, flower abortion is commonly above 60%. Among the strategies that may promote great flower and pod set in soybean, there is the use of plant growth regulators and foliar applications of calcium. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of plant growth regulator and the calcium sprayed on the agronomic performance of soybean plants. Five doses of systemic bioregulator (cytokinin) and five doses of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were applied in a 5 x 5 factorial arrangement with four replications field implemented in randomized block design. Soybean plant biometrics, the calcium content in different plant parts and crop yield were recorded. None of the treatments had a significant effect on the characteristics observed. The result was probably due to adequate conditions that prevailed during the soybean cropping cycle. In fact, flower and pod abortions happen when plants experience water stress during the flowering period. This lack of any treatment effect indicated the importance of regular and trustful monitoring of crop important variables to prevent routine applications of growth regulator and calcium. Key words: Glycine max, cytokinin, calcium carbonate, plant biometrics, crop yield.
{"title":"Bioregulator and foliar calcium supplementation in soya (Glycine max L.)","authors":"F. M. Silva, H. C. D. O. Charlo, J. Torres, V. P. M. Coelho, A. D. A. Silva, E. Lemes","doi":"10.5897/ajps2019.1896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajps2019.1896","url":null,"abstract":"Flower and pod abortions in large quantities are commonly observed in soybean plants. In normal conditions of crop cultivation, flower abortion is commonly above 60%. Among the strategies that may promote great flower and pod set in soybean, there is the use of plant growth regulators and foliar applications of calcium. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of plant growth regulator and the calcium sprayed on the agronomic performance of soybean plants. Five doses of systemic bioregulator (cytokinin) and five doses of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were applied in a 5 x 5 factorial arrangement with four replications field implemented in randomized block design. Soybean plant biometrics, the calcium content in different plant parts and crop yield were recorded. None of the treatments had a significant effect on the characteristics observed. The result was probably due to adequate conditions that prevailed during the soybean cropping cycle. In fact, flower and pod abortions happen when plants experience water stress during the flowering period. This lack of any treatment effect indicated the importance of regular and trustful monitoring of crop important variables to prevent routine applications of growth regulator and calcium. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Glycine max, cytokinin, calcium carbonate, plant biometrics, crop yield.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77324938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akplo Tobi Moriaque, Kouelo Alladassi F elix, Ahogl e Agassin Arcadius Martinien, Houngnandan Pascal, Azontond e Hessou Anastase, Benmansour Moncef, Rabesiranana Naivo, Fulajtar Emil, Hounkonnou G. Joseph Jaurès, Kloto e Dagb egnon Marc-Andr e
Soil quality constitutes a major factor for crops growth. This study aimed at determining the sustainable soil conservation practices that would increase maize growth as well as production and improve the soil moisture. Two experimental sites were chosen: Dan localized on Acrisol and Za- zounme localized on ferralsol. Two cropping seasons were investigated: the long rain seasons of 2018 and 2019. The experimental design was split-plot with four replications. The main factor was tillage with three modalities: no-tillage (NT); ridging parallel to the slope (PR); Isohypse ridging (IR) and the second factor was mulching with four amounts: 0, 3, 5 and 7 t.ha-1. Tillage, mulch amount and their interaction significantly influenced the soil moisture, maize growth and yield over the two investigated cropping seasons at both sites whereby the highest values were obtained under IR for tillage, 7 t.ha-1 (for mulch amount) and IR7M (for the interaction tillage x mulch amount). Overall, IR significantly increased the maize growth speed by 8% at Dan and by 16% at Za-zounme; the maize grain yield by 33% at Dan and by 30% at Za-zounme and the soil water content by 24% at Dan and 20% at Za-zounme, in comparison with No-Tillage. An increasing effect of mulch amount was also observed. As far as mulching is concerned, the highest values (in average of LR2018 and LR2019) of growth speed (3.77 cm.day-1 at Dan and 4.08 cm.day-1 at Za-zounme); grain yield (3003.03 at Dan and 3471.09 kg.ha-1 at Za-zounme) and soil water content (26.89 mm at Dan and 20.44 mm at Za-zounme) were observed. This suggests that isohypse ridging associated with an appropriate amount of organic mulch could be an option to mitigate dry spells and drought and improve local farmers’ income in the area of low rainfall in sub- Sahara Africa. Key words: Crop residues, tillage practices, conservation agriculture, food security, watershed of Zou.
土壤质量是影响作物生长的主要因素。本研究旨在确定可持续的土壤保持措施，以提高玉米的生长和产量，改善土壤水分。选择两个实验位点:Dan定位于阿克里索上，Za- zounme定位于ferralsol上。调查了两个种植季节:2018年和2019年的长雨季。试验设计为4个重复的分裂图。主要因素是耕作方式，有三种耕作方式:免耕;与斜坡平行的脊(PR);等裂垄(IR)和第二因子覆盖量分别为0、3、5和7 t.ha-1。在两个调查的种植季节，耕作、覆盖量及其交互作用对土壤水分、玉米生长和产量均有显著影响，其中IR耕作、7 t.ha-1(覆盖量)和IR7M(交互耕作×覆盖量)下的值最高。总体而言，IR显著提高了Dan和Za-zounme玉米的生长速度，分别提高了8%和16%;与免耕相比，单垄玉米产量提高33%，扎扎垄提高30%，土壤含水量提高24%，扎扎垄提高20%。地膜覆盖量也有增加效果。在覆盖方面，LR2018和LR2019的平均生长速度最高(3.77 cm)。第一天在丹和4.08厘米。day-1 at Za-zounme);单产3003.03公斤，单产3471.09公斤。土壤含水量分别为:丹26.89 mm和扎祖姆20.44 mm。这表明，在撒哈拉以南非洲降雨量少的地区，等高脊与适量的有机地膜相结合可能是缓解干旱和干旱的一种选择，并提高当地农民的收入。关键词:作物残茬，耕作方式，保护性农业，粮食安全，邹河流域
{"title":"Influence of soil conservation practices on soil moisture and maize crop (Zea mays L.) productivity in Centre Benin","authors":"Akplo Tobi Moriaque, Kouelo Alladassi F elix, Ahogl e Agassin Arcadius Martinien, Houngnandan Pascal, Azontond e Hessou Anastase, Benmansour Moncef, Rabesiranana Naivo, Fulajtar Emil, Hounkonnou G. Joseph Jaurès, Kloto e Dagb egnon Marc-Andr e","doi":"10.5897/ajps2019.1927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajps2019.1927","url":null,"abstract":"Soil quality constitutes a major factor for crops growth. This study aimed at determining the sustainable soil conservation practices that would increase maize growth as well as production and improve the soil moisture. Two experimental sites were chosen: Dan localized on Acrisol and Za- zounme localized on ferralsol. Two cropping seasons were investigated: the long rain seasons of 2018 and 2019. The experimental design was split-plot with four replications. The main factor was tillage with three modalities: no-tillage (NT); ridging parallel to the slope (PR); Isohypse ridging (IR) and the second factor was mulching with four amounts: 0, 3, 5 and 7 t.ha-1. Tillage, mulch amount and their interaction significantly influenced the soil moisture, maize growth and yield over the two investigated cropping seasons at both sites whereby the highest values were obtained under IR for tillage, 7 t.ha-1 (for mulch amount) and IR7M (for the interaction tillage x mulch amount). Overall, IR significantly increased the maize growth speed by 8% at Dan and by 16% at Za-zounme; the maize grain yield by 33% at Dan and by 30% at Za-zounme and the soil water content by 24% at Dan and 20% at Za-zounme, in comparison with No-Tillage. An increasing effect of mulch amount was also observed. As far as mulching is concerned, the highest values (in average of LR2018 and LR2019) of growth speed (3.77 cm.day-1 at Dan and 4.08 cm.day-1 at Za-zounme); grain yield (3003.03 at Dan and 3471.09 kg.ha-1 at Za-zounme) and soil water content (26.89 mm at Dan and 20.44 mm at Za-zounme) were observed. This suggests that isohypse ridging associated with an appropriate amount of organic mulch could be an option to mitigate dry spells and drought and improve local farmers’ income in the area of low rainfall in sub- Sahara Africa. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Crop residues, tillage practices, conservation agriculture, food security, watershed of Zou.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76653337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
William A. Machado, S. M. Carvalho, J. P. Cunha, S. D. Silva, E. Lemes
Wheat production is dependent on costly insecticides that generate social and environmental issues. The growing demand for a rate reduction of spray applications and increased spray efficiency make essential the research for more adequate crop management. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate technologies of imidacloprid application on wheat aphid, Schizaphis graminum and its natural enemies, Chrysoperla externa and Orius insidiosus. A set of experiments were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of S. graminum control and the toxicity to natural enemies using imidacloprid plus adjuvants sprayed with different nozzles and application rates. Improved S. graminum control was observed in the association between the adjuvant lauryl ether sodium sulfate and the hollow cone nozzle for both application rates (75 and 150 L ha-1), and the adjuvant copolymer of polyester + silicone + d-limonene with the asymmetric twin flat-fan nozzle at a low rate (75 L ha-1), since these treatments eliminate the wheat aphid after the fifth day of treatment application. The reduction of spray volume to wheat aphid control is possible with no loss of insecticide effectiveness. Imidacloprid associated with any one of the adjuvants tested is harmful to C. externa and O. insidiosus, even at the fifth day after application the insecticide continues being harmful to the natural enemies, regardless of the technology used. Key words: Triticum aestivum, Schizaphis graminum, ecological disturbance, insecticide impacts, natural control, neonicotinoid.
小麦生产依赖于昂贵的杀虫剂，这会产生社会和环境问题。对减少喷施率和提高喷施效率的日益增长的需求使得研究更充分的作物管理变得至关重要。因此，本研究旨在评价吡虫啉对小麦蚜虫、谷穗裂蚜及其天敌、外茧蛾和隐孔螟的防治技术。采用不同剂量、不同剂量的吡虫啉加佐剂对小麦葡萄球菌的防治效果和对天敌的毒性进行了试验研究。辅助剂月桂醚硫酸钠和空心锥形喷嘴在施用量(75和150 L ha-1)和不对称双平面扇形喷嘴在施用量(75 L ha-1)较低的情况下(75 L ha-1)都能改善小麦蚜虫的防治效果，因为这些处理在施用量第5天后就能消灭小麦蚜虫。减少喷雾量来控制小麦蚜虫是可能的，而不损失杀虫剂的有效性。与任何一种佐剂联合使用的吡虫啉对外肠弧菌和毒腹弧菌都是有害的，即使在使用后第5天，无论使用何种技术，该杀虫剂仍对天敌有害。关键词:小麦，谷裂蚜，生态干扰，杀虫剂影响，自然防治，新烟碱
{"title":"Application technology of imidacloprid in wheat: Effects on Schizaphis graminum management and natural enemies","authors":"William A. Machado, S. M. Carvalho, J. P. Cunha, S. D. Silva, E. Lemes","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2019.1884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2019.1884","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat production is dependent on costly insecticides that generate social and environmental issues. The growing demand for a rate reduction of spray applications and increased spray efficiency make essential the research for more adequate crop management. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate technologies of imidacloprid application on wheat aphid, Schizaphis graminum and its natural enemies, Chrysoperla externa and Orius insidiosus. A set of experiments were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of S. graminum control and the toxicity to natural enemies using imidacloprid plus adjuvants sprayed with different nozzles and application rates. Improved S. graminum control was observed in the association between the adjuvant lauryl ether sodium sulfate and the hollow cone nozzle for both application rates (75 and 150 L ha-1), and the adjuvant copolymer of polyester + silicone + d-limonene with the asymmetric twin flat-fan nozzle at a low rate (75 L ha-1), since these treatments eliminate the wheat aphid after the fifth day of treatment application. The reduction of spray volume to wheat aphid control is possible with no loss of insecticide effectiveness. Imidacloprid associated with any one of the adjuvants tested is harmful to C. externa and O. insidiosus, even at the fifth day after application the insecticide continues being harmful to the natural enemies, regardless of the technology used. Key words: Triticum aestivum, Schizaphis graminum, ecological disturbance, insecticide impacts, natural control, neonicotinoid.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80039210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marlyn Njimeni Tchuisse, E. Ngonkeu, D. Malaa, H. Tekeu, T. Mballa, J. H. Y. Galani, Akindeh M. Nji, T. Boudjeko
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated in Cameroon is appreciated by consumers for its nutritive quality and good taste. Diversity of 68 local rice cultivars was investigated via grain morphology and protein content characterization. The size and shape of grains were determined and used with yield parameters to classify the cultivars and perform Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Total protein content and glutelin content of eight selected cultivars (CMRGNd, CMRGDn, CMRGTi, CMRTBa, CMRDWb, CMRDTc3, CMRDTx5 and CMRDTx6) were evaluated by Bradford assay and correlation analysis of all the parameters studied was performed. Long size grains (42) were predominant over extra-long (16), medium (9) and short (1) grains. Slender shaped grains (36) were distinguished as well as medium (28) and bold (4) grains. The 68 cultivars were grouped into four clusters independent of their origins. PCA revealed three principal components accounting for 74.4% of total variation. Highest total protein content was observed in CMRGNd (14.3%) and highest glutelin content in CMRGDn (10.1 mgEqvBSA/g DW). Pearson correlation of the different variables revealed no significant correlation between total protein and glutelin contents with the agro-morphological parameters evaluated in this study. This suggests that none of these parameters could be descriptor for protein content. Positive correlation between grain length and yield (r = 0.7) suggests grain length as yield descriptor. Key words: Rice, diversity, grain morphology, protein, glutelin.
{"title":"Grain morphological characterization and protein content of sixty-eight local rice (Oryza sativa L) cultivars from Cameroon","authors":"Marlyn Njimeni Tchuisse, E. Ngonkeu, D. Malaa, H. Tekeu, T. Mballa, J. H. Y. Galani, Akindeh M. Nji, T. Boudjeko","doi":"10.5897/ajps2019.1921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajps2019.1921","url":null,"abstract":"Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated in Cameroon is appreciated by consumers for its nutritive quality and good taste. Diversity of 68 local rice cultivars was investigated via grain morphology and protein content characterization. The size and shape of grains were determined and used with yield parameters to classify the cultivars and perform Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Total protein content and glutelin content of eight selected cultivars (CMRGNd, CMRGDn, CMRGTi, CMRTBa, CMRDWb, CMRDTc3, CMRDTx5 and CMRDTx6) were evaluated by Bradford assay and correlation analysis of all the parameters studied was performed. Long size grains (42) were predominant over extra-long (16), medium (9) and short (1) grains. Slender shaped grains (36) were distinguished as well as medium (28) and bold (4) grains. The 68 cultivars were grouped into four clusters independent of their origins. PCA revealed three principal components accounting for 74.4% of total variation. Highest total protein content was observed in CMRGNd (14.3%) and highest glutelin content in CMRGDn (10.1 mgEqvBSA/g DW). Pearson correlation of the different variables revealed no significant correlation between total protein and glutelin contents with the agro-morphological parameters evaluated in this study. This suggests that none of these parameters could be descriptor for protein content. Positive correlation between grain length and yield (r = 0.7) suggests grain length as yield descriptor. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Rice, diversity, grain morphology, protein, glutelin.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75972643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dendrobium primulinum Lindl. (D. Primulinum L.) is one of the important epiphytic orchid species for horticultural and commercial use. It is listed as a rare and critically endangered species of orchid. The present study is intended to conserve the orchid species through the micropropagation technique. The in vitro seed germination and seedling growth was carried out by taking a mature pod of D. Primulinum L. in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media, and the MS media supplemented with a varied concentration (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 mg/L) of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and a fixed concentration (0.5 mg/L) of α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Sequential phases of seed germination, protocorm formation, and seedling development in the presence of growth regulators were determined in the study. The significance of hormonal effects was determined by using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA, p≤0.05). The seed germination started after two weeks of culture in the media supplemented with BAP. The maximum seedling growth was obtained in the media supplemented with 1.5 mg/L of BAP. Although the hormone-free basal medium revealed an ideal condition for seed germination and spherules formation, the presence of an appropriate concentration of growth regulators such as 0.5 mg/L NAA or a combined 0.5 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L NAA expressed a synergistic effect to enhance the protocorm formation and seedling development. Key words: In vitro, Dendrobium primulinum, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA).
{"title":"In vitro seed germination and seedling growth of the orchid Dendrobium primulinum Lindl.","authors":"Hira Adhikari, B. Pant","doi":"10.5897/ajps2019.1923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajps2019.1923","url":null,"abstract":"Dendrobium primulinum Lindl. (D. Primulinum L.) is one of the important epiphytic orchid species for horticultural and commercial use. It is listed as a rare and critically endangered species of orchid. The present study is intended to conserve the orchid species through the micropropagation technique. The in vitro seed germination and seedling growth was carried out by taking a mature pod of D. Primulinum L. in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media, and the MS media supplemented with a varied concentration (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 mg/L) of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and a fixed concentration (0.5 mg/L) of α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Sequential phases of seed germination, protocorm formation, and seedling development in the presence of growth regulators were determined in the study. The significance of hormonal effects was determined by using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA, p≤0.05). The seed germination started after two weeks of culture in the media supplemented with BAP. The maximum seedling growth was obtained in the media supplemented with 1.5 mg/L of BAP. Although the hormone-free basal medium revealed an ideal condition for seed germination and spherules formation, the presence of an appropriate concentration of growth regulators such as 0.5 mg/L NAA or a combined 0.5 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L NAA expressed a synergistic effect to enhance the protocorm formation and seedling development. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: In vitro, Dendrobium primulinum, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA).","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82890802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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