Sugar Tech最新文献

Sugar beet—Beta vulgaris L. is the second largest sugar-producing crops, after sugarcane, accounting around 40% of total global sugar output in world. The largest areas are in Europe. It is grown for sugar and many different products. In recent times, more and more people are talking about the importance of sugar beet, as a fodder plant, but also as a plant for biofuel production. Sugar beet yield and quality are determined by genotype and environment. In this study, the state and analysis of the production of the sugar beet crop and influence of factors during the crop growth is studied. The main factor influencing the crop yield and bioethanol yield is the weather variability, then climate change. Irrigation in semi-arid countries, fertilizer and crop management have great importance on the yield. The objective of the current study was thus to analyze the components productivity of sugar beet, in the world and in Serbia, and to show the influence of meteorological conditions and of cultivation technology on the success of production. World sugar production in the 2021/2022 market year had a surplus of 10 million tons and was higher by 3%, due to increased production in India, the EU and Thailand. Higher consumption of this culture is expected in the coming period. Biggest drivers of this growth are India, China, the Philippines and the European Union. In Serbia, in 2022 sugar beet was sown on 39,411 ha. Compared to the ten-year average, this is 26% less. The average yield of sugar beet in the world for the five-year period amounted to 59,151 ha and varied from 60,766 ha, in 2022, to 57,104 ha, in 2018. In Serbia the average yield was 51,285 t/ha, and varied from 48,005 t/ha in 2022, to 54,193 t/ha in 2019. In Serbia, increasing of areas under sugar beet and increasing of yield is predicted. It can be concluded that sugar beet is a very important farming plant both in the world and in Serbia.

Sugarcane is an important industrial crop and an excellent feedstock for bio-energy as an alternate to fossil energy source. Early generation hybrids were developed from the introgression of commercial varieties with wild grass (Saccharum spontaneum) and wild relative (Erianthus spp.) and the resultant hybrids produced higher cane fibre and harvestable biomass than commercial varieties under cultivation. The present study consists of 57 early generation hybrids (31 BMC and 26 BM) derived from interspecific and intergeneric hybridization of commercial sugarcane varieties with Saccharum complex (Saccharum officinarum, S. spontaneum, S. robustum, S. barberi and S. sinense) and Erianthus arundinaceus evaluated in randomized block design (RBD) trials over two consecutive seasons, and significant differences were observed for juice quality, cane parameters, fibre and biomass traits. Significant positive correlation was observed for fresh and dry biomass yield with number of shoots at 120 days and number of millable canes at 360 days. Fibre per cent had shown highly significant positive correlation with dry biomass per cent and dry biomass yield (t/ha). The PCA analysis has revealed that PC1 and PC2 were responsible for 70.33% and 67.99% of variance, respectively, while PC2 and PC3 were responsible for 41.25% and 46.96% of the variance, respectively. Cluster analysis revealed that four hybrids (BMC 6, BMC 17, BMC 25, and BMC 27) of BMC group and six hybrids (BM 5, BM 6, BM 11, BM 12, BM 14, and BM 16) of BM groups were numerically superior for fresh biomass yield (> 240 t/ha) and higher fibre per cent (> 20%) than the energy cane standards SBIEC 11001 and SBIEC 11003, respectively. These clones need further validation before could be exploited for cogeneration and as a parents for development of energy canes through hybridization.

This study presents an overview of the latest genome editing techniques applied to sugar crops such as sugarcane, sugar beet, and sweet sorghum, providing perceptions on the potential of CRISPR/Cas tools to improve traits such as tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses and increase yield. These innovations aim to enhance sugar crops' sustainability and economic viability, ensuring their continued relevance in the context of renewable energy and climate change mitigation. It also discusses the importance of the model plant Setaria viridis in genome editing approaches, providing valuable insights for crop improvement. Additionally, the review highlights the crucial role of genome editing in providing technological solutions for the sugar sector.

Red beet is a significant crop, particularly in sugar production. This study aimed to develop a molecular identification system and cis-element amplified polymorphism (CEAP) fingerprints for red beet to address the issues related to the proliferation of counterfeit seeds and to enhance the understanding of the genetic relationships among red beet germplasm resources. By developing these tools, this study aimed to facilitate the identification of distinct red beet germplasm resources, ensure product integrity, and safeguard the intellectual property rights of new varieties. This study amplified 32 red beet varieties (lines) using polymerase chain reaction with 17 CEAP primers. The amplified products were then analyzed using 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. The electrophoretic test results indicated that the mean values of genetic diversity indices such as Na, Ne, I, He, Nm, and polymorphism information content for each primer were 6.5882, 3.8766, 1.4836, 0.7088, 0.2532, and 0.6649, respectively. The genetic distances among the varieties (lines) ranged between 0.129 and 0.404. The UPGMA cluster analysis revealed that the 32 red beet varieties (lines) could be divided into six groups. The fingerprints of the red beet varieties (lines) were generated using three key primers: GATAA6, TGAC28, and AAAG25. The findings of this study provided a theoretical basis for identifying, protecting, and tracing different red beet varieties, as well as advancing innovation in germplasm and associated intellectual property rights.

The fractionation of Zn and its adsorption at soil matrix are crucial for careful management to attain the sustainability in Western Indo-Gangetic Plain region. To fulfil the objectives, the soil at the three depths (15, 30 and 45 cm) was collected from the farmers field in 2021–2022 from five different cropping systems (sugarcane–ratoon–wheat, sugarcane–ratoon–wheat–rice, sugarcane–mustard–ratoon–rice, sugarcane–cucumber–ratoon, and sugarcane–ratoon–potato) which are practicing the same cropping sequence since from 12 years and a reference soil which remains uncultivated from last 50 years. The soil was sandy loam to sandy clay loam in texture with BD 1.33 gm/cc and 22% water holding capacity. The pH and EC revealed neutral-to-moderate alkaline, low-to-medium organic carbon (0.59 mg/kg), medium-to-high Olsen’s phosphorous (30.14 mg/kg) and low to sufficient DTPA-Zn (1.82 mg/kg). Sugarcane–ratoon–wheat among cropping system revealed highest total (86.94 mg/kg), residual (67.95 mg/kg) and sequentially extractable Zn (19 mg/kg) fractions which implies that Zn is retained and released for longer duration. The retention of Zn at the soil matrix was further clarified by sorption mechanism which invoked maximum %Zn sorption occurred at S₁ (49.17%). The sorption phenomena of Zn on soils are spontaneous (ΔG is negative) and are physically adsorbed (E < 8 kJ/mol). Monolayered-Zn sorption depicted from Langmuir Isotherm constants (Q_o = 8.67 µg/gm, K_L = 0.25 ml/µg) occurs at silt (r² = 0.813*) and calcium carbonate surface (r² = 0.943*) of top soil, while at subsurface multilayered sorption from Freundlich isotherm constant (K_F = 3.07 µg/gm, n = 6.27 gm/ml) is pH-dependent (r² = 0.910*) and occurs at clay surface (r² = 0.812*).

Fulgoraecia melanoleuca (Fletcher) is an important ecto-parasitoid of Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker) nymphs and adults. The study aimed to standardize the augmentative releases of F. melanoleuca life stages (eggs and cocoons) for eco-friendly management of P. perpusilla in sugarcane crop. The releases of F. melanoleuca cocoons (2000, 4000, and 6000 cocoons ha⁻¹) and eggs (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 million eggs ha⁻¹) were compared with chemical control (chlorpyriphos 20 EC @1500 ml ha⁻¹) and untreated control. Two releases were carried out at monthly interval during 1st week of August and 1st week of September. The pyrilla population decreased progressively with increase in released cocoons (2000, 4000, and 6000 ha⁻¹) and eggs (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 million ha⁻¹). The augmentative releases play a noteworthy role in increasing the parasitoid count (egg masses, cocoons and adults) in the released plots. Overall, the parasitism (nymph + adult) increased with increase in doses and it was significantly higher when parasitoids were released at higher doses, i.e. 0.6 million eggs ha⁻¹ (52.80%) and 6000 cocoons ha⁻¹ (50.60%). However, chlorpyriphos 20 EC (1500 ml ha⁻¹) was found to be highly detrimental to the parasitoid as no parasitism was observed in insecticide-sprayed plots. In conclusion, two releases of F. melanoleuca parasitoid (0.6 million eggs ha⁻¹ or 6000 cocoons ha⁻¹) at monthly interval (1st week of August and 1st week of September) proved better due to higher parasitism rate, increase in parasitoid population, and reduction in pyrilla population and also rendered higher cane yield and better juice quality. The findings will help in the eco-friendly management of P. perpusilla in sugarcane.

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is an important commercial crop, which provides 40% of the world’s ethanol and around 80% of the world’s sugar. The identification of stable clones for economic traits is very important for sugarcane improvement under changing climatic conditions. A set of 120 clones along with four standards were evaluated for yield and quality traits during 3 years 2021–22, 2022–23, and 2023–24 in an augmented block design. There was a significant genotype, environment, and genotype × environment interaction (GEI) for cane yield and quality traits. The genotypes Co 1148, CoPb 9181, CoLk 94,184, and CoP 2061 performed best for yield traits, while CoJ 85, CoJ 88, and BO 110 performed best for quality traits, according to the PCA analysis. The genotypes were divided into four clusters by the agglomerative cluster analysis. AMMI analysis pinpointed a set of nine common genotypes, i.e., CoPb 9181, Co 1148, CoPant 03220, BO 91, CoPant 90,223, CoBln 9105, CoH 128, CoH 119, and CoH 160 that expressed higher main effects for both cane yield and CCS yield. Similarly, BO 101, BO 147, CoP 2061 expressed higher main effects for cane yield, whereas, CoSe 95,436, BO 110, CoH 160, CoPant 84,212 expressed higher main effects for the CCS yield. GGE analyzed E1 and E2 as a mega-environment for cane yield and E1 and E3 for CCS yield. Co 1148 and CoPb 9181 were reliable and high performing genotypes for both CCS yield and cane yield. Thus, PCA, AMMI, and GGE analysis unraveled that the genotype Co 1148 (G20) and CoPb 9181 (G58) were stable, high yielding, and superior compared to other test genotypes and check varieties for cane yield and CCS yield. This could be potential genetic resources for high cane and CCS yield and serve as an excellent donor in active breeding programs to develop improved sugarcane varieties with high cane and CCS yield.

The armyworm, Spodoptera litura Fabricius, 1775 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is a serious and emerging insect pest of sugar beet in India, resulting in significant yield losses. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the CLUSTAL W and neighbour joining technique, and a neighbour joining haplotype network was formed using PopArt to assess the relationships between S. litura haplotypes. The evolutionary divergence of different strains of Indian-origin S. litura was calculated using the p-distance method in MEGA 11. Neutrality indices, including Tajima’s D, Fu, and Li’s F, was calculated to test the hypothesis of selective neutrality using DnaSPv6. Larval identification relied on the morphological characteristics, while the molecular characterization utilized the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene with universal primers (LCO1490 and HCO2198). A DNA fragment of approximately 700 bp from mitochondrial COI revealed two different strains (OP420870 and OP117231) infesting sugar beet crops under Indian subtropical conditions. The amplified barcode sequences exhibited variations in both strains, with genetic divergence ranging from 0.0 to 0.79. The strains OP420870 and OP117231 displayed maximum divergence at 0.74 and 0.73, respectively. Interpopulation nucleotide differences (Kxy) and the average number of nucleotide substitutions per site between populations (Dxy) in different states of India were calculated at 336.42 and 0.61, respectively. The pairwise Fst value was 0.63, with an Nm value of 0.15. One of the identified strains of S. litura in this study was also found to be a haplotype. This study provides valuable insights into the genetic characterization of S. litura infesting sugar beet crops in Indian subtropical conditions, contributing to the understanding of its population structure and diversity. The findings enhance our knowledge of S. litura infestations and can aid in the development of effective strategies for pest management and crop protection in sugar beet.

Food and allied industries mainly contribute to the country’s GDP. Among the food industries, the sugar industry plays a pivotal role in producing food and energy products. The present study aimed to assess carbon footprint based on a gate-to-gate life cycle assessment approach and identify the hotspots of greenhouse gas emissions to promote carbon neutrality. The estimated carbon footprint for the selected sugar industry was 199.4 tonnes of CO₂ eq per tonne of sugar produced, to which electricity was a significant contributor. The milling process is the most critical contributor (40.1%) to embodied energy, cost, and electricity consumption in the sugar process, followed by cane fibrizers (21%) and Juice heaters (12.1%) stages. The embodied energy consumption for the sugar product is 49,052,795.75 MJ/tonne, and the total greenhouse gas emissions per tonne of sugar produced is 10,452,103. Based on the assessment, short and long-term goals are suggested to reduce the carbon footprint and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in the sugar industry.