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Pediatric Allergic Diseases, Food Allergy, and Oral Tolerance. 儿童过敏性疾病,食物过敏和口腔耐受。
IF 11.3 1区 生物学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2020-10-06 Epub Date: 2020-07-07 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125346
Kirsty Logan, George Du Toit, Mattia Giovannini, Victor Turcanu, Gideon Lack

Pediatric allergic disease is a significant health concern worldwide, and the prevalence of childhood eczema, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy continues to increase. Evidence to support specific interventions for the prevention of eczema, asthma, and allergic rhinitis is limited, and no consensus on prevention strategies has been reached. Randomized controlled trials investigating the prevention of food allergy via oral tolerance induction and the early introduction of allergenic foods have been successful in reducing peanut and egg allergy prevalence. Infant weaning guidelines in the United Sates were recently amended to actively encourage the introduction of peanut for prevention of peanut allergy.

儿童过敏性疾病是世界范围内一个重要的健康问题,儿童湿疹、哮喘、过敏性鼻炎和食物过敏的患病率持续增加。支持预防湿疹、哮喘和变应性鼻炎的具体干预措施的证据有限,并且尚未就预防策略达成共识。研究通过口服耐受性诱导和早期引入致敏食物预防食物过敏的随机对照试验已经成功地降低了花生和鸡蛋过敏的患病率。美国最近修订了婴儿断奶指南,积极鼓励引入花生以预防花生过敏。
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引用次数: 12
Combinatorial Control of Plant Specialized Metabolism: Mechanisms, Functions, and Consequences. 植物特殊代谢的组合控制:机制、功能和后果。
IF 11.3 1区 生物学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2020-10-06 Epub Date: 2020-06-19 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-011620-031429
Elia Lacchini, Alain Goossens

Plants constantly perceive internal and external cues, many of which they need to address to safeguard their proper development and survival. They respond to these cues by selective activation of specific metabolic pathways involving a plethora of molecular players that act and interact in complex networks. In this review, we illustrate and discuss the complexity in the combinatorial control of plant specialized metabolism. We hereby go beyond the intuitive concept of combinatorial control as exerted by modular-acting complexes of transcription factors that govern expression of specialized metabolism genes. To extend this discussion, we also consider all known hierarchical levels of regulation of plant specialized metabolism and their interfaces by referring to reported regulatory concepts from the plant field. Finally, we speculate on possible yet-to-be-discovered regulatory principles of plant specialized metabolism that are inspired by knowledge from other kingdoms of life and areas of biological research.

植物不断地感知内部和外部的信号,它们需要处理其中的许多信号来保护它们的正常发育和生存。它们通过选择性激活特定的代谢途径来响应这些线索,这些代谢途径涉及在复杂网络中起作用和相互作用的大量分子参与者。在这篇综述中,我们阐述和讨论了植物特化代谢组合控制的复杂性。因此,我们超越了直观的组合控制概念,即由控制特化代谢基因表达的转录因子的模块作用复合物施加的组合控制。为了扩展这一讨论,我们还考虑了所有已知的植物特化代谢调节的等级水平及其接口,参考了来自植物领域的已报道的调节概念。最后,我们推测可能尚未发现的植物特化代谢的调节原理,这些原理受到来自其他生命王国和生物学研究领域的知识的启发。
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引用次数: 26
Structural Biology of RNA Polymerase II Transcription: 20 Years On. RNA聚合酶II转录的结构生物学:20年的研究进展。
IF 11.3 1区 生物学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2020-10-06 Epub Date: 2020-08-21 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-042020-021954
Sara Osman, Patrick Cramer

Gene transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is the first step in the expression of the eukaryotic genome and a focal point for cellular regulation during development, differentiation, and responses to the environment. Two decades after the determination of the structure of Pol II, the mechanisms of transcription have been elucidated with studies of Pol II complexes with nucleic acids and associated proteins. Here we provide an overview of the nearly 200 available Pol II complex structures and summarize how these structures have elucidated promoter-dependent transcription initiation, promoter-proximal pausing and release of Pol II into active elongation, and the mechanisms that Pol II uses to navigate obstacles such as nucleosomes and DNA lesions. We predict that future studies will focus on how Pol II transcription is interconnected with chromatin transitions, RNA processing, and DNA repair.

RNA聚合酶II (Pol II)的基因转录是真核生物基因组表达的第一步,也是细胞发育、分化和对环境反应过程中调控的焦点。在确定了Pol II的结构20年后,通过研究Pol II与核酸和相关蛋白的复合物,已经阐明了其转录机制。在这里,我们概述了近200种可用的Pol II复合物结构,并总结了这些结构如何阐明启动子依赖的转录起始、启动子近端暂停和Pol II释放到活性延伸,以及Pol II用于导航核小体和DNA损伤等障碍的机制。我们预测未来的研究将集中在Pol II转录如何与染色质转变,RNA加工和DNA修复相互关联。
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引用次数: 63
The Lineage Before Time: Circadian and Nonclassical Clock Influences on Development. 时间之前的血统:昼夜节律和非经典时钟对发育的影响》(The Lineage Before Time: Circadian and Nonclassical Clock Influences on Development)。
IF 11.4 1区 生物学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-10-06 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125454
Joseph Lewis Bedont, Daniel Maxim Iascone, Amita Sehgal

Diverse factors including metabolism, chromatin remodeling, and mitotic kinetics influence development at the cellular level. These factors are well known to interact with the circadian transcriptional-translational feedback loop (TTFL) after its emergence. What is only recently becoming clear, however, is how metabolism, mitosis, and epigenetics may become organized in a coordinated cyclical precursor signaling module in pluripotent cells prior to the onset of TTFL cycling. We propose that both the precursor module and the TTFL module constrain cellular identity when they are active during development, and that the emergence of these modules themselves is a key lineage marker. Here we review the component pathways underlying these ideas; how proliferation, specification, and differentiation decisions in both developmental and adult stem cell populations are or are not regulated by the classical TTFL; and emerging evidence that we propose implies a primordial clock that precedes the classical TTFL and influences early developmental decisions.

新陈代谢、染色质重塑和有丝分裂动力学等多种因素在细胞水平上影响着发育。众所周知,这些因素在昼夜节律转录-翻译反馈环(TTFL)出现后会相互作用。然而,最近才逐渐清楚的是,在TTFL循环开始之前,多能细胞中的新陈代谢、有丝分裂和表观遗传学是如何在一个协调的循环前体信号模块中组织起来的。我们提出,前体模块和 TTFL 模块在发育过程中活跃时会制约细胞特性,而这些模块本身的出现是一个关键的品系标志。在此,我们回顾了这些观点的组成途径;发育和成体干细胞群的增殖、规格化和分化决定是如何受或不受经典TTFL调控的;以及我们提出的暗示原始时钟先于经典TTFL并影响早期发育决定的新证据。
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引用次数: 0
Synthetic Developmental Biology: Understanding Through Reconstitution. 合成发育生物学:通过重组来理解。
IF 11.3 1区 生物学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2020-10-06 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-020620-090650
Gavin Schlissel, Pulin Li

Reconstitution is an experimental strategy that seeks to recapitulate biological events outside their natural contexts using a reduced set of components. Classically, biochemical reconstitution has been extensively applied to identify the minimal set of molecules sufficient for recreating the basic chemistry of life. By analogy, reconstitution approaches to developmental biology recapitulate aspects of developmental events outside an embryo, with the goal of revealing the basic genetic circuits or physical cues sufficient for recreating developmental decisions. The rapidly growing repertoire of genetic, molecular, microscopic, and bioengineering tools is expanding the complexity and precision of reconstitution experiments. We review the emerging field of synthetic developmental biology, with a focus on the ways in which reconstitution strategies and new biological tools have enhanced our modern understanding of fundamental questions in developmental biology.

重构是一种实验策略,旨在利用一组减少的成分重现自然环境之外的生物事件。从经典角度讲,生化重构已被广泛应用于确定足以重现生命基本化学过程的最小分子集。与此类似,发育生物学的重组方法也是重现胚胎外发育事件的各个方面,目的是揭示足以重现发育决定的基本遗传回路或物理线索。基因、分子、显微镜和生物工程工具的迅速发展,扩大了重组实验的复杂性和精确性。我们回顾了新兴的合成发育生物学领域,重点关注重组策略和新的生物工具如何增进我们对发育生物学基本问题的现代理解。
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引用次数: 0
The Source and Dynamics of Adult Hematopoiesis: Insights from Lineage Tracing. 成人造血的来源和动态:来自血统追踪的见解。
IF 11.3 1区 生物学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2020-10-06 Epub Date: 2020-06-24 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-020520-114601
Joseph N Pucella, Samik Upadhaya, Boris Reizis

The generation of all blood cell lineages (hematopoiesis) is sustained throughout the entire life span of adult mammals. Studies using cell transplantation identified the self-renewing, multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) as the source of hematopoiesis in adoptive hosts and delineated a hierarchy of HSC-derived progenitors that ultimately yield mature blood cells. However, much less is known about adult hematopoiesis as it occurs in native hosts, i.e., without transplantation. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of native hematopoiesis, focusing in particular on the application of genetic lineage tracing in mice. The emerging evidence has established HSCs as the major source of native hematopoiesis, helped to define the kinetics of HSC differentiation, and begun exploring native hematopoiesis in stress conditions such as aging and inflammation. Major outstanding questions about native hematopoiesis still remain, such as its clonal composition, the nature of lineage commitment, and the dynamics of the process in humans.

所有血细胞谱系(造血)的产生贯穿于成年哺乳动物的整个生命周期。使用细胞移植的研究确定了自我更新的多能造血干细胞(hsc)作为过继宿主造血的来源,并描绘了最终产生成熟血细胞的hsc衍生祖细胞的等级。然而,由于成人造血发生在原生宿主体内,即不需要移植,因此对成人造血知之甚少。在这里,我们回顾了我们对天然造血的理解的最新进展,特别关注遗传谱系追踪在小鼠中的应用。新出现的证据表明,造血干细胞是天然造血的主要来源,有助于确定造血干细胞分化的动力学,并开始探索衰老和炎症等应激条件下的天然造血。关于天然造血的主要悬而未决的问题仍然存在,例如它的克隆组成,谱系承诺的性质,以及人类造血过程的动力学。
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引用次数: 27
Integrating Chemistry and Mechanics: The Forces Driving Axon Growth. 整合化学和力学:驱动轴突生长的力量。
IF 11.3 1区 生物学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2020-10-06 Epub Date: 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125157
Kristian Franze

The brain is our most complex organ. During development, neurons extend axons, which may grow over long distances along well-defined pathways to connect to distant targets. Our current understanding of axon pathfinding is largely based on chemical signaling by attractive and repulsive guidance cues. These cues instruct motile growth cones, the leading tips of growing axons, where to turn and where to stop. However, it is not chemical signals that cause motion-motion is driven by forces. Yet our current understanding of the mechanical regulation of axon growth is very limited. In this review, I discuss the origin of the cellular forces controlling axon growth and pathfinding, and how mechanical signals encountered by growing axons may be integrated with chemical signals. This mechanochemical cross talk is an important but often overlooked aspect of cell motility that has major implications for many physiological and pathological processes involving neuronal growth.

大脑是我们最复杂的器官。在发育过程中,神经元延伸轴突,轴突可以沿着明确的路径生长很长一段距离,连接到远处的目标。我们目前对轴突寻路的理解主要是基于吸引和排斥引导线索的化学信号。这些信号指示活动的生长锥,即轴突生长的尖端,在哪里转弯,在哪里停止。然而,不是化学信号引起运动——运动是由力驱动的。然而,我们目前对轴突生长的机械调节的理解非常有限。在这篇综述中,我讨论了控制轴突生长和寻路的细胞力的起源,以及生长轴突遇到的机械信号如何与化学信号相结合。这种机械化学串扰是细胞运动的一个重要但经常被忽视的方面,它对涉及神经元生长的许多生理和病理过程具有重要影响。
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引用次数: 44
Scaling of Subcellular Structures. 亚细胞结构的缩放。
IF 11.3 1区 生物学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2020-10-06 Epub Date: 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-020520-113246
Wallace F Marshall

As cells grow, the size and number of their internal organelles increase in order to keep up with increased metabolic requirements. Abnormal size of organelles is a hallmark of cancer and an important aspect of diagnosis in cytopathology. Most organelles vary in either size or number, or both, as a function of cell size, but the mechanisms that create this variation remain unclear. In some cases, organelle size appears to scale with cell size through processes of relative growth, but in others the size may be set by either active measurement systems or genetic programs that instruct organelle biosynthetic activities to create organelles of a size appropriate to a given cell type.

随着细胞的生长,其内部细胞器的大小和数量会增加,以满足不断增加的代谢需求。细胞器大小异常是癌症的一个标志,也是细胞病理学诊断的一个重要方面。大多数细胞器的大小或数量不同,或者两者都不同,这是细胞大小的函数,但产生这种变化的机制尚不清楚。在某些情况下,细胞器的大小似乎通过相对生长过程与细胞大小成比例,但在另一些情况下,大小可以通过主动测量系统或遗传程序设置,这些程序指示细胞器生物合成活动,以创建适合给定细胞类型的大小的细胞器。
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引用次数: 21
Shaping Organs: Shared Structural Principles Across Kingdoms. 塑造器官:跨王国共享的结构原则。
IF 11.3 1区 生物学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2020-10-06 Epub Date: 2020-07-06 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-012820-103850
O Hamant, T E Saunders

Development encapsulates the morphogenesis of an organism from a single fertilized cell to a functional adult. A critical part of development is the specification of organ forms. Beyond the molecular control of morphogenesis, shape in essence entails structural constraints and thus mechanics. Revisiting recent results in biophysics and development, and comparing animal and plant model systems, we derive key overarching principles behind the formation of organs across kingdoms. In particular, we highlight how growing organs are active rather than passive systems and how such behavior plays a role in shaping the organ. We discuss the importance of considering different scales in understanding how organs form. Such an integrative view of organ development generates new questions while calling for more cross-fertilization between scientific fields and model system communities.

发育囊括了有机体从单个受精卵到功能性成体的形态发生过程。发育的一个关键部分是器官形式的规范。除了形态发生的分子控制之外,形状在本质上还需要结构约束和力学约束。回顾生物物理学和发育方面的最新成果,并比较动物和植物模型系统,我们得出了跨王国器官形成背后的关键总体原则。特别是,我们强调生长器官是如何主动而不是被动的系统,以及这种行为如何在塑造器官中发挥作用。我们讨论了在理解器官形成过程中考虑不同尺度的重要性。这种器官发育的综合观点产生了新的问题,同时呼吁在科学领域和模型系统社区之间进行更多的交叉施肥。
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引用次数: 24
Foreword. 前言。
IF 11.3 1区 生物学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2020-10-06 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cb-36-082620-100001
Ruth Lehmann
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Annual review of cell and developmental biology
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