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Le temps de la psychothérapie des psychotiques est-il révolu ? 对精神病患者进行心理治疗的时代已经过去了吗?
IF 0.6 4区 医学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2023.04.012
Nicolas Zdanowicz, Carole Jassogne

Objectives

During the sixties, the important development of psychotherapies gave rise to great expectations for the treatment of psychoses. Are those days over or are there still publications that support the place and effectiveness of psychoanalytically-inspired psychotherapies?

Material and methods

Bibliographical research was carried out focusing on the 15-year period from 2005 to 2020 using Pubmed, Scopus, Psycart, and Cairninfo, and with the keywords: psychodynamics and psychosis or schizophrenia, psychoanalysis and schizophrenia or psychosis, Articles dealing only with theoretical issues related to psychoses or schizophrenia were excluded.

Results

By excluding meta-analyses, all of which have moreover shown at best a discrete effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapies, we retained 63 articles, 26 of which with the word psychoanalysis. This observation alone is indicative of the lack of publications addressing these themes with fewer than 5 publications per year at the international level! As far as effectiveness studies are concerned, the results are even rarer: We found 11 studies among the 63 selected articles. Only two of these studies used a control group and standardized scales. The need for standardization has resulted in the creation of a simplified form of psychotherapy, “Supportive Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy”.

Conclusion

The pressure to demonstrate efficiency rather than effectiveness has prevailed over psychoanalytic psychotherapies in the treatment of psychoses. However, that is probably not the only reason. The complexity of the theory of psychoses and the lack of synthesis works render its transmission difficult. If we do not want all the theoretical advances that have been made to be lost, we must ensure that the teaching of these theories be more specific and synthetic. Similarly, we need to launch longer-term studies so that a sufficient duration of treatment allows for a real evaluation of the efficiency of these therapies.

目的六十年代,心理疗法的重要发展使人们对精神病的治疗寄予厚望。材料与方法我们使用 Pubmed、Scopus、Psycart 和 Cairninfo 对 2005 年至 2020 年这 15 年间的文献进行了研究,关键词为:精神动力学与精神病或精神分裂症、精神分析与精神分裂症或精神病。结果 通过排除荟萃分析,我们保留了 63 篇文章,其中 26 篇带有精神分析的字眼。仅这一点就足以说明,在国际范围内,每年只有不到 5 篇文章论述这些主题!就有效性研究而言,结果更为罕见:我们在所选的 63 篇文章中发现了 11 项研究。其中只有两项研究使用了对照组和标准化量表。结论在治疗精神病的过程中,精神分析心理疗法面临着证明效率而非疗效的压力。然而,这可能并不是唯一的原因。精神病理论的复杂性和综合著作的缺乏使其难以传播。如果我们不想让已经取得的所有理论进展付诸东流,就必须确保这些理论的教学更加具体和综合。同样,我们需要开展更长期的研究,以便有足够长的治疗时间来真正评估这些疗法的效率。
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引用次数: 0
La longue marche du remboursement des psychothérapies par l’assurance maladie en France 法国医疗保险系统报销心理治疗费用的漫长之路
IF 0.6 4区 医学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2023.12.001
Vivianne Kovess-Masfety , Lucia Romo , Anne Dezetter

Objectives

To outline the procedure for obtaining reimbursement by the French National Health system for psychotherapy provided by private practitioners.

Method

By conducting a review of scientific literature, reports, plans, and governmental decisions.

Results

Some twenty years have passed since a recommendation was included in the “plan of action for the development of psychiatry and the promotion of mental health”, which was drafted in 2003. The contribution of epidemiology applied to psychotherapeutic practices in France, and comparisons with neighboring countries, highlighted the quantitative importance of the role of psychiatrists (they provide more than half of all psychotherapeutic interventions) in the implementation of the plan of action, including in the least endowed areas of the country. The 2010 decree on the use of the title of psychotherapist was an essential preliminary step, since, previously, no requisite training was required for that title, which involved substantial risk. Henceforth, fundamental and clinical knowledge have been imposed with mandatory limits of duration. Subsequently, the publication of high expenditures on mental health by the French National Health Program coupled with the establishment of the reimbursement for psychotherapy in the United Kingdom, resulted in a promising French medico-economic study as well asan experiment in four departments involving patients between the ages of 18 and 60 who were suffering from mild and moderate anxious and depressive disorders. The diagnoses were based on PHQ9 and GAD7 being applied by the general practitioner, excluding the most severe cases, which allowed them to provide their patients with an evaluation session by an office-based psychologist followed by 10 sessions of “supportive therapy”. In the case of no improvement, an evaluation by a psychiatrist was required before providing 10 additional “structured therapy” sessions. After a two-year evaluation period, the process was determined to be beneficial for patients, general practitioners, and the psychologists who were involved. This led to the establishment, in 2022, of an on-line platform labeled “Mon Parcours Psy” (My Psychiatric Path) which facilitates the payment for 8 sessions per year of psychotherapy treatment for minor disorders for patients as young as 3 years of age., Parental authorization is required for minors.

Discussion

The prescription of psychotherapy by general practitioners for mild or moderate disorders and the price of services provided by psychologists have been the object of criticism by the members of this profession: both the quantity of prescriptions and the tariffs for such services were deemed to be too low.

Conclusions

Making psychotherapy provided by psychologists available to the public at large, thanks to the introduction of a system to cover the costs involved by the

结果自 2003 年起草的 "发展精神病学和促进心理健康行动计划 "中纳入一项建议以来,二十年过去了。流行病学对法国心理治疗实践的贡献,以及与邻国的比较,凸显了精神科医生(他们提供了一半以上的心理治疗干预)在实施行动计划中的重要作用,包括在国家最落后地区。2010 年颁布的关于使用心理治疗师职称的法令是一项重要的初步措施,因为在此之前,该职称不需要进行必要的培训,这涉及巨大的风险。从那时起,基础知识和临床知识都有了强制性的时间限制。随后,法国国家健康计划公布了在心理健康方面的高额支出,加上英国建立了心理治疗报销制度,因此法国开展了一项前景光明的医学经济研究,并在四个省进行了一项实验,涉及年龄在 18 岁至 60 岁之间、患有轻度和中度焦虑症和抑郁症的患者。诊断依据是全科医生采用的 PHQ9 和 GAD7,排除了最严重的病例,这使他们能够为病人提供由办公室心理学家进行的评估,然后进行 10 次 "支持性治疗"。如果情况没有改善,则需要由精神病医生进行评估,然后再提供 10 次 "结构化治疗"。经过两年的评估,确定该过程对患者、全科医生和参与其中的心理学家都有益。因此,2022 年建立了一个名为 "我的精神治疗之路"(Mon Parcours Psy)的在线平台,为 3 岁以下的轻微失调患者提供每年 8 次心理治疗的付费服务、讨论普通医生为轻度或中度失调症患者开具的心理治疗处方以及心理医生提供的服务价格一直是该行业成员批评的对象:处方数量和服务价格都被认为过低。结论由于引入了法国国家医疗保险支付相关费用的制度,心理学家提供的心理治疗得以向广大公众开放,这是向前迈出的重要一步,原因有以下几点:它改善了心理学家与普通医生之间的关系;它减少了精神药物的使用,而精神药物往往是解决此类病人的唯一办法;它将有可能减轻公共精神病治疗系统的压力,使其能够重新关注最严重的病人。然而,其实施情况和结果仍有待评估。
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引用次数: 0
L’interdisciplinarité pour des soins holistiques en hôpital psychiatrique : pourquoi et comment relever ce défi ? 精神病院的跨学科整体护理:我们为何要迎接这一挑战?
IF 0.6 4区 医学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2023.09.013
Patricia Kirkove , Pierre Oswald

There is considerable confusion between the terms multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity. Multidisciplinarity suggests a juxtaposition of knowledge. The various specialists in their disciplines complement each other and intervene alongside each other around a common subject. This produces points of view, which are superimposed, without bringing out any real added value. Interdisciplinarity requires interaction and interrelation. The pooling of knowledge requires a greater intertwining of disciplines, minimizing the differences between them while preserving their specificities and their foundations. A specialist's robust monodisciplinary expertise enriches the other members of the team, allowing for a more global, more systemic approach. Refusing to approach complex problems through the categorial prism of individual disciplines, transdisciplinarity seeks to integrate disciplines to go between, through and beyond disciplines by completely dissolving traditional boundaries. One of the particularities of complex holistic care, such as that in psychiatry, is that it cannot be managed effectively by a single person or a single discipline. Hyperspecialization results in a segmentation of the human being by no longer taking into account the entirety of the person treated. By analyzing and harmonizing the links between the different disciplines, interdisciplinarity sheds light on complex situations and enriches the responses offered. It improves quality, offers a global approach to the patient by mobilizing knowledge from different disciplines and by defragmenting and decompartmentalizing their knowledge. Interdisciplinarity is not self-evident and it cannot be likened to a simple mode of coordination where complementarity is valued. To meet this challenge, communication, coordination and clarification of roles by the team leader, whose leadership is recognized and valued, are essential. The medical literature recognizes a real added value of interdisciplinary approaches in complex medical situations. Eventually, it may be necessary to go a step further. Nevertheless, transdisciplinarity is of such complexity and requires such maturity of the teams, that we do not support it as the first step toward implementing a patient holistic approach. By way of conclusion, we propose the metaphors that Choi and Pak developed. Multidisciplinarity is in a way a mathematical equation of the “2 + 2 = 4” type or, more daringly, a “salad bowl”, juxtaposition and addition of ingredients or skills. Interdisciplinarity is likened to an equation of the “2 + 2 = 5” type or a “melting pot”, which postulates that the result, due to an effective and harmonious interaction, is greater than the sum of the parts. Finally, they compare transdisciplinarity using a “2 + 2 = yellow” equation with the culinary metaphor of the “cake” hi

多学科性、跨学科性和跨学科性这三个术语之间存在着相当大的混淆。多学科性意味着知识的并置。不同学科的专家围绕一个共同的主题,相互补充,相互介入。这样产生的观点是叠加的,没有带来任何真正的附加值。跨学科需要互动和相互关联。知识的汇集需要学科间更大程度的交织,尽量减少学科间的差异,同时保留学科的特性和基础。专家强大的单学科专业知识可以充实团队的其他成员,使他们能够采取更全面、更系统的方法。跨学科性拒绝通过单个学科的分类棱镜来处理复杂的问题,而是寻求通过彻底消除传统的学科界限来整合各学科,在各学科之间、通过各学科并超越各学科。复杂的整体护理(如精神病学)的一个特点是,单个人或单个学科无法对其进行有效管理。过度专业化的结果是不再考虑接受治疗者的整体情况,从而导致人的分割。通过分析和协调不同学科之间的联系,跨学科性揭示了复杂的情况并丰富了所提供的应对措施。它通过调动不同学科的知识,对其知识进行细分和分解,从而提高质量,为病人提供全面的治疗方法。跨学科性并不是不言而喻的,也不能将其比作一种简单的协调模式,在这种模式下,互补性受到重视。为了应对这一挑战,团队领导者的沟通、协调和角色明确至关重要,他们的领导作用得到了认可和重视。医学文献承认,在复杂的医疗情况下,跨学科方法确实具有附加值。最终,可能有必要更进一步。然而,跨学科的复杂性和对团队成熟度的要求都很高,因此我们不支持将其作为实施患者综合治疗方法的第一步。最后,我们提出 Choi 和 Pak 提出的比喻。多学科性在某种程度上是一个 "2 + 2 = 4 "的数学公式,或者更大胆地说,是一个 "沙拉碗",是各种成分或技能的并列和相加。跨学科则被比作 "2 + 2 = 5 "式的等式或 "大熔炉",它假定由于有效和谐的互动,结果大于各部分的总和。最后,他们用 "2 + 2 = 黄色 "等式与突出整合的 "蛋糕 "烹饪比喻来比较跨学科性。
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引用次数: 0
Le soin psychique. Entre l’impasse de son actualité et les enjeux de son avenir, une tentative de définitions 心理护理。在其现实的僵局和未来的利害关系之间,尝试对其进行定义
IF 0.6 4区 医学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2024.01.014
Charles Gheorghiev
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引用次数: 0
Soins et réparation. Les liaisons dangereuses ? 保养和维修。危险联络?
IF 0.6 4区 医学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2024.01.010
Carole Damiani

Today, care and support systems for victims of violent events are composed, from the very beginning of the emergency, of medico-psychological caregivers and legal experts. Although closely intertwined, psychological care and reparation fall into two different fields: the clinical and the legal. Some terms have clearly differentiated meanings while others, using similar terms, cover very different realities. Furthermore, the use of the expressions “victim”, “trauma” and “reparation” following a violent event has become so wide spread that they have lost all specificity. We therefore feel it is fundamental to define these terms in each of their respective fields. Secondly, we will attempt to differentiate between care and reparation, so as not to maintain the confusion between what lies in the legal realm or in the psychological reality. Legal experts and psychotherapists can only improve their practices if each maintains their respective place while liaising, establishing the necessary continuity between what unites people and what makes them different, distinctions that at times become blurred, or that come dangerously close?

如今,暴力事件受害者的护理和支持系统从紧急情况一开始就由医疗心理护理人员和法律专家组成。心理护理和赔偿虽然密切相关,但却分属两个不同的领域:临床和法律。有些术语具有明确的不同含义,而有些术语则使用类似的术语,涵盖了非常不同的现实情况。此外,在暴力事件发生后,"受害者"、"创伤 "和 "赔偿 "等词语的使用已变得如此广泛,以至于完全失去了其特殊性。因此,我们认为必须在各自的领域对这些术语进行定义。其次,我们将尝试区分关爱和赔偿,以免继续混淆法律领域和心理现实。法律专家和心理治疗师只有保持各自的位置,同时相互联系,在人们的共同点和不同点之间建立必要的连续性,才能改进他们的实践。
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引用次数: 0
Transidentité et dépsychiatrisation : enjeux éthiques. Enquête nationale auprès des psychiatres en formation 跨身份和去精神病化:伦理问题。全国受训精神科医生调查
IF 0.6 4区 医学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2023.11.009
Eloïse Maakaron , Bérengère Saliba-Serre , Nicole Cano , Pierre Le Coz , Thierry Merrot

Objectives

This article focuses on the ethical issues surrounding gender-affirming care for transgender people (i.e. A person whose gender does not correspond to their sex assigned at birth), particularly the respect of the rights of transgender patients to autonomy during psychiatric evaluations. This topic gives leave to a deeper investigation into the principles of non-maleficence when diagnosing gender dysphoria and into the principles of justice when providing essential medical care for transgender people in France.

Materials and methods

Firstly, a review of the literature was carried out in order to explore the historicity of sex, its definition and variations, and the concept of gender identity. To establish the latter's relationship to psychiatry, the evolution of gender dysphoria through psychiatric classifications and guidelines was reviewed, as well as the role of the psychiatrist in the process of gender-affirming treatment. A reflection was also carried out concerning the ethical issues of the medical care of trans people, through the autonomy of choice, beneficence and non-maleficence of access to the hormonal-surgical transition, and the societal issues involved in the evolution of the consideration of gender. A study was conducted via a websurvey and a questionnaire was sent to psychiatric residents completing their studies in France. A total of 70 respondents were included. The questionnaire asked residents to give their opinion on transgender people's right to autonomy (and how to respect them) during psychiatric assessments and psychological inputs.

Results

The answers from the residents indicate that they are mainly in favor of upholding transgender people's right to autonomy, with an emphasis on their capacity and their right to self-determination. Conversely, 15% of the respondents viewed transgender identities as a mental disorder and were more in favor of a medicalized model of treating gender dysphoria. A psychiatric assessment prior to receiving gender-affirming care was still perceived as necessary in order to eliminate differential diagnoses and to evaluate the capacity for informed consent, however, this may be perceived as excessive pathologization for transgender people. On the other hand, this feeling of pathologization is perceived as diminished if this consultation is performed by a psychologist. These answers suggest the necessity of carrying out a comparison with the feelings of the concerned individuals, for a more ethical management of transidentity.

Conclusion

The issue of meeting the demands of the transgender population is still being debated. It is legitimate to ask whether we can, under cover of their freedom of choice, let the persons concerned make the decision without having first undergone a medical evaluation, and whether the individual's autonomy must take precedence over potential irreversible negative outco

本文重点探讨了与变性人(即性别与其出生时所分配的性别不符的人)的性别确认护理相关的伦理问题,尤其是在精神评估过程中尊重变性人自主权的问题。首先,我们对文献进行了回顾,以探讨性别的历史性、其定义和变化,以及性别认同的概念。为了确定性别认同与精神病学的关系,我们回顾了性别焦虑症在精神病学分类和指南中的演变过程,以及精神病学家在性别认同治疗过程中的作用。此外,还对变性人医疗护理的伦理问题进行了反思,包括选择的自主性、接受荷尔蒙-手术过渡的受益性和非渎职性,以及性别考虑演变过程中涉及的社会问题。我们通过网络调查进行了一项研究,并向在法国完成学业的精神科住院医师发出了一份调查问卷。共有 70 名受访者参与了调查。调查问卷要求住院医师就变性人在精神评估和心理投入过程中的自主权(以及如何尊重他们)发表意见。结果住院医师的回答表明,他们主要支持维护变性人的自主权,重点是他们的能力和自决权。相反,15% 的受访者认为变性人身份是一种精神障碍,更赞成以医学模式来治疗性别障碍。受访者仍然认为,在接受性别确认护理之前,有必要进行精神病学评估,以消除鉴别诊断,并评估知情同意的能力,然而,这可能会被认为是对变性人的过度病理化。另一方面,如果由心理学家进行咨询,这种病态化的感觉就会减弱。这些答案表明,有必要与相关个人的感受进行比较,以便对变性进行更合乎道德的管理。我们有理由提出这样的问题:我们是否可以在变性人自由选择的幌子下,让他们在没有经过医疗评估的情况下做出决定;个人的自主权是否必须优先于潜在的不可逆转的负面结果。通过这项研究,被抽样调查的精神科住院医师似乎感觉到,那些寻求变性治疗的人有一种病态化的感觉,而这种病态化的感觉是在开始性别确认治疗之前向精神科医生咨询所引起的。另一方面,如果咨询是由心理学家进行的,这种病态化的感觉就不那么重要了。这一假设显然应得到相关人员的确认。
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引用次数: 0
Place du pédopsychiatre auprès de l’enfant négligé 儿童精神科医生在被忽视儿童护理中的作用
IF 0.6 4区 医学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2024.01.011
Jokthan Guivarch

Neglect is the most common form of child abuse. It can also have the most serious impact on a child's development, with an increased and accompanying risk of the emergence of psychiatric disorders from adolescence to adulthood. Child neglect is under-recognized today, due to a lack of training for professionals, the orientation of child psychiatry, and difficulties in understanding what this vague concept refers to. After proposing definitions of neglect, its characteristics, and its effects, we present the possible actions of the child psychiatrist in the ecosystem of the neglected child. Neglect is neither a legal nor a medical term. It is, however, used by doctors and social workers, with a loose definition as the absence of appropriate care for a child's development. Neglect is multifactorial. The French consensus approach to the basic needs of the child has highlighted a meta-need for security, emphasizing attachment and the particular qualities of the caregiver. In light of this report, we understand that affective or emotional neglect is the most problematic form of neglect. The effects of neglect are early, depending on the child's age. They can manifest as developmental delays, sleep disorders, tonus disorders in infants, intellectual disorders, and various internalized and externalized disorders in adolescence. Mortality and morbidity are increased in cases of neglect, and developmental sequelae have been described. Neglect has a greater impact on development than physical abuse. The child psychiatrist can take three types of action to treat the neglected child. Firstly, he or she must identify neglect and alert the appropriate instances so as to protect the child. Identification involves being aware of indicators of neglect and a particular clinical pattern that varies according to age, requiring the exploration of the different lines of development. Three clinical patterns seem to be linked to extreme neglect: anaclitic depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, particularly complex developmental trauma, and attachment disorders. When faced with symptoms suggestive of neglect, the child psychiatrist should try to rule out a sensory or neurodevelopmental cause, sometimes seeking the advice of a specialist. He or she will observe the child's behavior alone and with his or her parents, as well as parent-child relationships, and will consider the child outside the family microsystem in an ecosystemic approach. The child psychiatrist can use available standardized tools that explore the various dimensions of neglect. This multi-consultation assessment should not delay the child psychiatrist's initial actions, given the narrow developmental windows. In particular, the child psychiatrist may be required to report the child's situation to the administrative and judicial authorities. The care provided to the neglected child will then take place within the child's own ecosystem. Interventions must be early, participative and in partner

忽视是最常见的虐待儿童形式。它也会对儿童的成长造成最严重的影响,从青春期到成年期,出现精神障碍的风险会随之增加。由于缺乏对专业人员的培训、儿童精神病学的定位以及难以理解这一模糊概念的内涵,忽视儿童现象如今仍未得到充分认识。在提出忽视的定义、特征及其影响之后,我们将介绍儿童精神科医生在被忽视儿童生态系统中可能采取的行动。忽视既不是一个法律术语,也不是一个医学术语。然而,医生和社会工作者却在使用这个词,其宽泛的定义是缺乏对儿童成长的适当照顾。忽视是多因素造成的。法国对儿童基本需求的共识方法强调了对安全的元需求,强调了依恋和照料者的特殊品质。根据这份报告,我们认识到情感或情绪上的忽视是最成问题的忽视形式。忽视的影响很早,取决于儿童的年龄。它们可以表现为婴儿的发育迟缓、睡眠障碍、音调失调、智力障碍以及青春期的各种内化和外化障碍。被忽视儿童的死亡率和发病率都会升高,发育后遗症也有描述。与身体虐待相比,忽视对发育的影响更大。儿童精神科医生可以采取三种措施来治疗被忽视的儿童。首先,他或她必须识别忽视,并在适当情况下发出警报,以保护儿童。识别工作包括了解被忽视的迹象和因年龄而异的特殊临床模式,这就需要探索不同的发展脉络。有三种临床模式似乎与极端忽视有关:无症状抑郁症、创伤后应激障碍(尤其是复杂的发育创伤)和依恋障碍。当遇到暗示被忽视的症状时,儿童精神科医生应尽量排除感官或神经发育方面的原因,有时会寻求专家的建议。他(她)会观察儿童单独和与父母的行为,以及亲子关系,并以生态系统的方法考虑儿童在家庭微观系统之外的情况。儿童精神科医生可以使用现有的标准化工具来探讨忽视的各个方面。鉴于发育窗口期较窄,这种多方会诊评估不应延误儿童精神科医生的初步行动。特别是,儿童精神科医生可能需要向行政和司法当局报告儿童的情况。然后,对被忽视儿童的照顾将在儿童自身的生态系统中进行。干预必须是早期的、参与性的,并与社会服务机构、教育工作者和安置地点的工作人员合作进行。照料将设法弥补忽视对儿童发展造成的负面影响,以纠正儿童的发展轨迹。照顾必须考虑到儿童的心理病理学。心理治疗(其框架需要调整)将帮助儿童对自己的历史承担起责任。儿童精神科医生还可以参与帮助高危儿童的创新举措,如流动小组。训练有素的儿童精神科医生需要采取的最后一项行动是预防性行动。重要的是,儿童精神科医生要了解并接受培训,以应对忽视及其影响。今天被忽视的儿童,明天就会成为精神失常最严重的成年人。
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引用次数: 0
« Il est urgent de contrer le développement de la médecine intégrative et de sauver la vraie médecine ». Analyse critique de dix arguments rationalistes sceptiques "抵制整合医学的发展,拯救真正的医学迫在眉睫"。对十个怀疑理性主义论点的批判性分析
IF 0.6 4区 医学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2023.07.003
Fabrice Berna , Laurent Lecardeur , Laurence Verneuil , Julien Nizard , Renaud Evrard

Context

The debate about unconventional healthcare practices and their possible integration into conventional medical care presents an inexhaustible subject of polemics and controversy, particularly in France. In this debate, some prefer to openly deny its complexity in favor of simplistic rhetoric: these are the pro- and anti-unconventional medicine activists. Their radical rhetoric provides an ideal realm of discussion in which to analyze the cognitive shortcuts and other reasoning biases they employ. An initial analysis of the arguments put forth by the antis reveals an asymmetry in the use of the critical thinking they claim: the latter is applied to so-called “pseudo-medicine” and very little to their “rationalist” arguments.

Method

In this article, we have chosen to compensate for this shortcoming by providing a critical analysis of the 10 most common “rationalist sceptic” arguments used by opponents of complementary medical practices put forth in the press and media. Given the caricatural nature of certain skeptical positions, we have chosen to use satire and caricature ourselves for didactic purposes. Each of the 10 arguments is presented as follows: 1) a summary of the radical assertion being defended, followed by 2) the partial arguments or rhetorical strategy put forward to justify it, and 3) the counterarguments which are more or less deliberately kept silent.

Results

We present a short caricatural summary of this argument: “Breaking news in the field of health care! Wired therapies are attempting to invade real medicine! We, rationalist physicians and defenders of true medicine, are concerned about the development of integrative medicine in France. We are sending this 10-point skeptical rationalist argument to the entire medical community and health professionals in order to put a stop to the development of integrative medicine and protect real medicine from heretics. We challenge every health care professional to take a stand; scientific medicine represents Good, because the Truth is on our side and the evidence guides our steps. If there were any evidence in favor of complementary and integrative medicine, we would be aware of it. In fact, these proponents are nothing more than charlatans whose claims are groundless. Let's be serious and proud to be Cartesian, because our country still stands up to all these would-be crooks. This proposal is based on the values of critical thinking, which aims to fight against misinformation in medicine and more generally in science. We have endeavored, as much as possible, to anticipate the objections that might be raised against our arguments.” We then analyze each argument separately.

Discussion

In the last part of our article, we analyze in greater detail the main cognitive biases used in the 10 arguments cited, drawing on the tools of metacognition: confirmation bias, framing bias and overconfidence bias

背景关于非常规医疗实践及其与常规医疗结合的可能性的辩论是一个争论不休的话题,尤其是在法国。在这场争论中,有些人宁愿公开否认其复杂性,也不愿使用简单化的言辞,这些人就是支持和反对非常规医疗的激进分子。他们的激进言辞为我们提供了一个理想的讨论领域,我们可以在此分析他们使用的认知捷径和其他推理偏差。对反传统医学者提出的论点进行初步分析后发现,他们所宣称的批判性思维在使用上并不对称:后者主要用于所谓的 "伪医学",而很少用于他们的 "理性主义 "论点。鉴于某些怀疑论立场的漫画性质,我们选择使用讽刺和漫画来达到说教的目的。这 10 个论点分别介绍如下:1)被辩护的激进论断的摘要,2)为证明其合理性而提出的部分论据或修辞策略,3)或多或少刻意保持沉默的反驳:"医疗保健领域的爆炸性新闻!有线疗法正试图入侵真正的医学!我们,理性主义医生和真正医学的捍卫者,关注综合医学在法国的发展。为了阻止综合医学的发展,保护真正的医学免受异端邪说的侵袭,我们向整个医学界和卫生专业人士发出了这10点怀疑理性论证。我们向每一位医护人员发出挑战,请他们表明立场;科学医学代表着善,因为真理站在我们这一边,证据指引着我们前进的脚步。如果有任何证据支持补充医学和整合医学,我们一定会注意到。事实上,这些支持者不过是江湖骗子,他们的主张毫无根据。让我们严肃起来,为自己是笛卡尔人而感到自豪,因为我们的国家仍然站在所有这些骗子面前。本提案基于批判性思维的价值观,旨在与医学乃至科学领域的错误信息作斗争。我们已经尽可能地预测了可能会对我们的论点提出的反对意见"。讨论在文章的最后一部分,我们利用元认知工具更详细地分析了所引用的 10 个论点中使用的主要认知偏差:确认偏差、框架偏差和过度自信偏差。我们讨论了我们工作的局限性,我们并不声称我们的工作没有偏见,我们也欢迎有建设性的、论据充分的批评。我们明确指出,尽管我们的研究表面上看似有误导性,但我们的研究绝不是对挑战传统医学的另类医疗实践的呼吁,也不是对传统医学的攻击,更不是对科学怀疑论的抨击。在这种有争议的辩论中,不带相对主义的质疑和自我疏远确实是最好的盟友。不确定性应成为科学知识过程的一个组成部分,通过克服尖锐的实证主义和激进的科学相对主义,在无知和确定知识之间的二元对立和过于简单化的对立中,不确定性不再是可以想象的。
{"title":"« Il est urgent de contrer le développement de la médecine intégrative et de sauver la vraie médecine ». Analyse critique de dix arguments rationalistes sceptiques","authors":"Fabrice Berna ,&nbsp;Laurent Lecardeur ,&nbsp;Laurence Verneuil ,&nbsp;Julien Nizard ,&nbsp;Renaud Evrard","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2023.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2023.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><p>The debate about unconventional healthcare practices and their possible integration into conventional medical care presents an inexhaustible subject of polemics and controversy, particularly in France. In this debate, some prefer to openly deny its complexity in favor of simplistic rhetoric: these are the pro- and anti-unconventional medicine activists. Their radical rhetoric provides an ideal realm of discussion in which to analyze the cognitive shortcuts and other reasoning biases they employ. An initial analysis of the arguments put forth by the antis reveals an asymmetry in the use of the critical thinking they claim: the latter is applied to so-called “pseudo-medicine” and very little to their “rationalist” arguments.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>In this article, we have chosen to compensate for this shortcoming by providing a critical analysis of the 10 most common “rationalist sceptic” arguments used by opponents of complementary medical practices put forth in the press and media. Given the caricatural nature of certain skeptical positions, we have chosen to use satire and caricature ourselves for didactic purposes. Each of the 10 arguments is presented as follows: 1) a summary of the radical assertion being defended, followed by 2) the partial arguments or rhetorical strategy put forward to justify it, and 3) the counterarguments which are more or less deliberately kept silent.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We present a short caricatural summary of this argument: “Breaking news in the field of health care! Wired therapies are attempting to invade real medicine! We, rationalist physicians and defenders of true medicine, are concerned about the development of integrative medicine in France. We are sending this 10-point skeptical rationalist argument to the entire medical community and health professionals in order to put a stop to the development of integrative medicine and protect real medicine from heretics. We challenge every health care professional to take a stand; scientific medicine represents Good, because the Truth is on our side and the evidence guides our steps. If there were any evidence in favor of complementary and integrative medicine, we would be aware of it. In fact, these proponents are nothing more than charlatans whose claims are groundless. Let's be serious and proud to be Cartesian, because our country still stands up to all these would-be crooks. This proposal is based on the values of critical thinking, which aims to fight against misinformation in medicine and more generally in science. We have endeavored, as much as possible, to anticipate the objections that might be raised against our arguments.” We then analyze each argument separately.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>In the last part of our article, we analyze in greater detail the main cognitive biases used in the 10 arguments cited, drawing on the tools of metacognition: confirmation bias, framing bias and overconfidence bias","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83340485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dimensions auto-curatives et pré-engagement thérapeutique du « développement personnel » 对 "个人发展 "的自我验证层面和治疗前承诺
IF 0.6 4区 医学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2023.04.017
Louis Ledeuil , Renaud Evrard

Objective

“Self-help” refers to a heterogeneous collection of syncretic knowledge, delivered in the form of books, videos or training courses. This content is sought after by many people whose obvious objective is the quest for an authentic self, in a society where identity supports are wavering. In addition to being a critical consideration, our study aims to better understand the motivations of those who invest in this knowledge and who feed their preferences for these non-conventional approaches.

Method

Within the framework of a literature review in the form of clinical anthropology, three clinical vignettes are presented, based on clinical research interviews conducted with volunteers engaged in a personal development process.

Results

One of the participants is involved in a practice that includes two mentors; another pursues only a reflective approach nourished by his readings; and the last one supplements his readings with psychological consultations. All of them pursue a desire for inner transformation in connection with a questioning of identity.

Discussion

Reading such works can promote forms of symbolization mediated by reading. The first vignette provides a clinical illustration of the concept of “apérité” developed by Nicolas Marquis. It demonstrates that the possibility for the subject to identify himself with the contents of the self-help book, which allows him to develop new representations, linked to his personal life history, thereby helping him to move towards a clearer representation of his internal world and the functioning of his identity. The second subject is more motivated by the hope of the existence of an ideal of life that he could implement with the help of the concrete application of certain key factors. He is trying to rebound from a complex family situation that has pushed him to break with his family. By adopting a self-help approach, he is attempting to find the support and backing that he did not have in his family environment. The identification with mentors constitutes a support comparable to a religious precept. The practice of mentoring embodies a real system of reference and support in the life of the third subject interviewed. Over time, this practice enabled him to establish a new relationship with his parents and to gradually emancipate himself. The mentor is often assigned to accompany the individual in the development of a mindset that favors his or her empowerment. This practice also underpins a path towards self-awareness, by inviting the subject to consciously reconnect with his internal world and the different sensations that run through it at various moments of daily life. From the perspective of the participants in the study, personal development stimulates a self-therapeutic work whose limits are exceeded by a gradual openness towards another, in a process of therapeutic pre-commitment.

Co

目标 "自助 "指的是以书籍、视频或培训课程形式提供的各种综合知识。这些内容受到许多人的追捧,而他们的目的显然是在一个身份支持摇摆不定的社会中寻求一个真实的自我。方法在临床人类学形式的文献综述框架内,根据对参与个人发展过程的志愿者进行的临床研究访谈,介绍了三个临床小故事。讨论 阅读此类作品可以促进以阅读为媒介的象征化形式。第一个小故事对尼古拉-马奎斯提出的 "apérité "概念进行了临床阐释。它表明,受试者有可能认同自助书籍的内容,这使他能够发展出与个人生活史相关联的新表征,从而帮助他更清晰地表征自己的内心世界和身份功能。第二位受试者的动机更多的是希望有一种生活理想,他可以通过具体运用某些关键因素来 实现这种理想。他试图从复杂的家庭状况中反弹,这种状况迫使他与家庭决裂。通过采取自助方式,他试图找到在家庭环境中没有的支持和后盾。对导师的认同构成了一种可与宗教戒律相媲美的支持。在第三位受访者的生活中,指导实践体现了一个真正的参照和支持系统。随着时间的推移,这种做法使他与父母建立了新的关系,并逐渐解放了自己。指导者通常被指派陪伴受访者形成一种有利于增强其能力的心态。这种做法也是通往自我意识之路的基础,它让参与者有意识地重新认识自己的内心世界,以及在日常生活的不同时刻所产生的不同感觉。从研究参与者的角度来看,个人发展激发了一种自我治疗工作,在治疗前承诺的过程中,逐渐向他人敞开心扉,从而超越了自我治疗工作的极限。
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引用次数: 0
L’implémentation des soins psychologiques de première ligne en Belgique : profil et satisfaction des psychologues et orthopédagogues de première ligne 比利时一线心理护理的实施:一线心理学家和矫形师的概况和满意度
IF 0.6 4区 医学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2023.05.008
Annabelle Kinard , Fabienne Glowacz , Ronny Bruffaerts , Leontien Jansen

Primary psychological care was implemented in Belgium between January and April 2019 as part of the “psy 107” mental health reform. This is part of a wider trend of strengthening primary care at the international level. Belgium, like the Netherlands (Derksen, 2009), Ireland (Corcoran et Byrne, 2017), Australia (37), England (Clark, 2018) and the United States (McDaniel, DeGruy, 2014; McGough et al., 2016), has moved towards a public health model based on a community approach to improve access to psychological care. However, the implementation of psychological treatment in primary care is still relatively recent and has been promoted by the work of clinical researchers who have reported the need to integrate mental health care into their practice (Kaitz et al., 2020). From this perspective, integration can take different forms; in fact, there is no standard model for integrated care but rather several models (Runyan, 2011; Seaton et al., 2021). In line with the “psy107” mental health reform, the federal authorities have implemented first-line psychological care in Belgium for patients aged 18 to 64 with reimbursement from the National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance (RIZIV). For the first time in history, 4 and up to 8 primary psychological sessions per year are reimbursed for mild to moderate symptoms of anxiety, depression or dependence on alcohol or sleeping pills. The implementation of these agreements resulted in the setting up of 20 adult mental health networks delimited on a territorial basis and later the creation of 11 networks dedicated to children and adolescents. In the context of the COVID-19 health crisis, this measure was extended on 2 April 2020 to include patients under 18 years of age and over 64 years of age, as well as the reimbursement of video-consultations. Each session costs the patient 4 or 11.20 euros, depending on whether or not they have an enhanced intervention.

Objectives

The research for this study was commissioned through a public procurement tender and led to the research project “Evaluation of Primary Care Psychology” (EPCAP) conducted by researchers from two universities. The research, which started in February 2020, has four components, focusing respectively on the epidemiological profile of the patients, the place of primary care psychologists and orthopedagogists (PPLs) in the health care network, the economic analysis of this measure, and the development of recommendations for the sustainability of this project. The purpose of this article is to present the profile of psychologists and orthopedagogists, their personal satisfaction, and the implementation of collaborative practices with general practitioners.

Methods

An online survey was distributed via network coordinators to all primary care psychologists and orthopedagogists who are engaged to provide this care in at least one adult network between September 2020 and January 2021. A cen

作为 "psy 107 "心理健康改革的一部分,比利时在 2019 年 1 月至 4 月期间实施了初级心理护理。这是国际上加强初级保健的大趋势的一部分。比利时与荷兰(Derksen,2009)、爱尔兰(Corcoran et Byrne,2017)、澳大利亚(37)、英格兰(Clark,2018)和美国(McDaniel,DeGruy,2014;McGough et al.,2016)一样,已转向基于社区方法的公共卫生模式,以改善心理护理的可及性。然而,在初级保健中实施心理治疗仍是相对较新的做法,并且是由临床研究人员的工作所推动的,他们报告称有必要将心理保健整合到他们的实践中(Kaitz 等人,2020 年)。从这个角度来看,整合可以采取不同的形式;事实上,整合护理并没有标准模式,而是有多种模式(Runyan,2011;Seaton 等人,2021)。根据 "psy107 "心理健康改革,联邦当局在比利时对 18 至 64 岁的患者实施了一线心理治疗,并由国家健康与残疾保险研究所(RIZIV)报销费用。对于轻度至中度的焦虑、抑郁症状或对酒精或安眠药的依赖,每年 4 次至最多 8 次的初级心理治疗可以报销,这在历史上还是第一次。这些协议的实施导致建立了 20 个按地区划分的成人心理健康网络,后来又建立了 11 个专门针对儿童和青少年的网络。在 COVID-19 健康危机的背景下,这项措施于 2020 年 4 月 2 日扩大到包括 18 岁以下和 64 岁以上的患者,以及视频会诊的报销。根据患者是否接受强化干预,每次诊疗费用为 4 或 11.20 欧元。目标本研究通过公共采购招标委托开展,由两所大学的研究人员实施 "初级保健心理学评估"(EPCAP)研究项目。该研究于 2020 年 2 月启动,由四个部分组成,分别侧重于患者的流行病学概况、初级保健心理学家和矫形外科医生(PPLs)在医疗保健网络中的地位、这一措施的经济分析,以及为这一项目的可持续性提出建议。本文旨在介绍心理学家和矫形学家的概况、他们的个人满意度以及与全科医生合作实践的实施情况。方法通过网络协调员向所有初级保健心理学家和矫形学家发放在线调查问卷,这些心理学家和矫形学家在 2020 年 9 月至 2021 年 1 月期间至少在一个成人网络中参与提供这种保健服务。2020 年 9 月,根据 FPS 健康档案对总人口进行了普查。在 2020 年 9 月注册的 641 名一线心理护理从业人员中,最终样本包括 310 名心理学家和矫形学家,其中绝大多数(74.5%)为女性,男性占 25.5%。结果表明,这些专业人员致力于实现心理保健的民主化,并希望采用以社区为基础的方法,促进所有患者都能获得心理治疗。大多数公共保健人员对这项活动以及与全科医生的合作表示满意。更具体地说,研究结果强调了一个事实,即合作实践的实施是促进职业成就感的一个因素。结论在比利时和国际上实施这些新系统是在预防和早期心理保健方面迈出的重要一步。考虑到这些成果,2021 年 11 月 2 日通过了一项新协议,作为 psy107 改革的一部分,并在卫生危机的背景下加速实施。这项新协议目前正在各个网络中实施,并发生了重大变化。取消医疗处方是一个重要的变化,同时也提出了如何组织全科医生、初级保健医生以及更广泛的护理网络之间合作的问题。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Annales medico-psychologiques
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