Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2023.05.002
Tottyeapalayam Palanisamy Sathishkumar, P. Navaneethakrishnan, Subbaraya Velumani Shivaram, Sridhar Santhosh Kanna, L. Rajeshkumar, G. Rajeshkumar
Lightweight materials are continuously required for various parts of automobile and aerospace applications. In this connection, natural fibers are widely used to develop polymer composites due to their being biodegradable and lightweight. The demand for natural fiber for developing the lightweight polymer composite is needed for new fibers. The present work extracts and characterizes the bio-fiber from the Pithecellobium dulce (PDs) plant. The Pithecellobium dulce fiber (PDF) has a cellulose content of 63.45 wt.%, hemicellulose content of 14.56 wt.%, lignin content of 8.45 wt.%, wax content of 0.37 wt.%, moisture content of 11.71 wt.%, and ash content of 4.85 wt.%. The physical density and crystallinity index of PDF was 1097 kg/m3 and 9.7 %. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus properties were identified as 317–1608 MPa and 8.41– 69.61 GPa. The thermal stability of PDF showed at higher temperatures of 339.1°C. This revealed higher cellulose content leading to the higher bonding of cellulose structure. The properties of PDFs can be used to make green polymer composites.
{"title":"Characterization of New Cellulose Fiber Extracted from Pithecellobium dulce Tree","authors":"Tottyeapalayam Palanisamy Sathishkumar, P. Navaneethakrishnan, Subbaraya Velumani Shivaram, Sridhar Santhosh Kanna, L. Rajeshkumar, G. Rajeshkumar","doi":"10.14416/j.asep.2023.05.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14416/j.asep.2023.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"Lightweight materials are continuously required for various parts of automobile and aerospace applications. In this connection, natural fibers are widely used to develop polymer composites due to their being biodegradable and lightweight. The demand for natural fiber for developing the lightweight polymer composite is needed for new fibers. The present work extracts and characterizes the bio-fiber from the Pithecellobium dulce (PDs) plant. The Pithecellobium dulce fiber (PDF) has a cellulose content of 63.45 wt.%, hemicellulose content of 14.56 wt.%, lignin content of 8.45 wt.%, wax content of 0.37 wt.%, moisture content of 11.71 wt.%, and ash content of 4.85 wt.%. The physical density and crystallinity index of PDF was 1097 kg/m3 and 9.7 %. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus properties were identified as 317–1608 MPa and 8.41– 69.61 GPa. The thermal stability of PDF showed at higher temperatures of 339.1°C. This revealed higher cellulose content leading to the higher bonding of cellulose structure. The properties of PDFs can be used to make green polymer composites.","PeriodicalId":8097,"journal":{"name":"Applied Science and Engineering Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44963740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2023.05.001
Usaraphan Pithanthanakul, V. Rungsardthong, Yulong Ding
The distribution and adhesion of microcapsules on fabric surfaces are crucial factors for the production of long-lasting fragrance textiles. The objective of this research was to study the adhesion property of a softener containing microencapsulated fragrances on fabrics. Pink fruity fragrance (PF), and white floral fragrance (WF) were encapsulated with poly (methyl methacrylate) or PMMA, using the micro-suspension photopolymerization method, to form PF-PMMA, and WF-PMMA microcapsules, respectively. The particle sizes and zeta potential of the capsules were determined. The PF-PMMA and WF-PMMA were added to the fabric softener before being applied to three types of fabrics, cotton, TK (polyester), and TC (a mixture of cotton and TK). Surface morphologies of the fabrics treated with the softener were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Interactions between the microcapsules and the fabrics were studied using a contract angle measurement device, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, and Raman microscope. The average size of PF-PMMA was 484.8 ± 4.0 nm, smaller than that of WF-PMMA (664.6 ± 2.9 nm). Cotton was found to be hydrophilic with a rough surface due to cellulose fibers, while TK surface was smooth and hydrophobic. The different fiber structures and surface properties of the fabrics gave rise to different adhesion behavior, evidenced by the contract angle and Raman microscopic data. After 60 days of storage, the microencapsulated fragrances were found to remain on the cotton surfaces, but that on the TC and the TK surfaces disappeared. The results illustrated the interaction between the fabric surface and the microcapsules encapsulated with fragrances, which affected their adhesion. The knowledge obtained can be applied to the development of household products with long-lasting fragrances.
{"title":"Surface and Adhesion Properties of a Softener Containing Fragrances Microencapsulated with Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) on Cotton, Polyester, and a Mixture of Cotton and Polyester Fabrics","authors":"Usaraphan Pithanthanakul, V. Rungsardthong, Yulong Ding","doi":"10.14416/j.asep.2023.05.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14416/j.asep.2023.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"The distribution and adhesion of microcapsules on fabric surfaces are crucial factors for the production of long-lasting fragrance textiles. The objective of this research was to study the adhesion property of a softener containing microencapsulated fragrances on fabrics. Pink fruity fragrance (PF), and white floral fragrance (WF) were encapsulated with poly (methyl methacrylate) or PMMA, using the micro-suspension photopolymerization method, to form PF-PMMA, and WF-PMMA microcapsules, respectively. The particle sizes and zeta potential of the capsules were determined. The PF-PMMA and WF-PMMA were added to the fabric softener before being applied to three types of fabrics, cotton, TK (polyester), and TC (a mixture of cotton and TK). Surface morphologies of the fabrics treated with the softener were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Interactions between the microcapsules and the fabrics were studied using a contract angle measurement device, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, and Raman microscope. The average size of PF-PMMA was 484.8 ± 4.0 nm, smaller than that of WF-PMMA (664.6 ± 2.9 nm). Cotton was found to be hydrophilic with a rough surface due to cellulose fibers, while TK surface was smooth and hydrophobic. The different fiber structures and surface properties of the fabrics gave rise to different adhesion behavior, evidenced by the contract angle and Raman microscopic data. After 60 days of storage, the microencapsulated fragrances were found to remain on the cotton surfaces, but that on the TC and the TK surfaces disappeared. The results illustrated the interaction between the fabric surface and the microcapsules encapsulated with fragrances, which affected their adhesion. The knowledge obtained can be applied to the development of household products with long-lasting fragrances.","PeriodicalId":8097,"journal":{"name":"Applied Science and Engineering Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43942382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-24DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2023.04.004
Prathumrat Nuyang, Kittisak Sangsana, Channarong Monteanthong, K. Nuilek
Aluminum scraps are derived from industrial waste in the machining process called turning and are rarely reused. Recycling this wasted aluminum is particularly appealing. The Aluminum powder is made from this industrial waste. This article uses a metallurgical technique to prepare and use scrap recycled aluminum. In this study, the goal was to improve the properties of aluminum scraps by adding graphite powder. This study is based on a powder metallurgical process, where aluminum scraps from the machining processes are converted into fine powder (~60 μm) using a ball mill process. The powder is then mixed into a composite of aluminum powder (Al) and graphite powder (GP) using a high-speed mixing method. The GP added to the Al has a particle matter ratio of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 percent by weight. The composite powder is then compressed into a test specimen and sent for sintering. The study aims to look at the mechanical and electrical properties after the introduction of graphite powder. In ideal circumstances, the study showed an increase in ultimate tensile strength (UTS), young’s modulus (E), hardness, and electrical conductivity of composite in comparison with pure aluminum, with a UTS value of 140.32 MPa up from 131.05 MPa, an E value of 49.78 GPa up from 41.48 GPa and a hardness value of 91.88 HV up from 64.69 HV.
{"title":"Investigate the Possibility of Improving the Properties of Aluminum Scrap Powder by adding Graphite Powder","authors":"Prathumrat Nuyang, Kittisak Sangsana, Channarong Monteanthong, K. Nuilek","doi":"10.14416/j.asep.2023.04.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14416/j.asep.2023.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminum scraps are derived from industrial waste in the machining process called turning and are rarely reused. Recycling this wasted aluminum is particularly appealing. The Aluminum powder is made from this industrial waste. This article uses a metallurgical technique to prepare and use scrap recycled aluminum. In this study, the goal was to improve the properties of aluminum scraps by adding graphite powder. This study is based on a powder metallurgical process, where aluminum scraps from the machining processes are converted into fine powder (~60 μm) using a ball mill process. The powder is then mixed into a composite of aluminum powder (Al) and graphite powder (GP) using a high-speed mixing method. The GP added to the Al has a particle matter ratio of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 percent by weight. The composite powder is then compressed into a test specimen and sent for sintering. The study aims to look at the mechanical and electrical properties after the introduction of graphite powder. In ideal circumstances, the study showed an increase in ultimate tensile strength (UTS), young’s modulus (E), hardness, and electrical conductivity of composite in comparison with pure aluminum, with a UTS value of 140.32 MPa up from 131.05 MPa, an E value of 49.78 GPa up from 41.48 GPa and a hardness value of 91.88 HV up from 64.69 HV.","PeriodicalId":8097,"journal":{"name":"Applied Science and Engineering Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43855178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-07DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2023.04.003
Alhatem Satta Seham Ismail, A. As’arry, S. M. Sapuan, J. Tarique
Improvements are required in any industry to maximize productivity by reducing faults in any method and removing overall waste produced within the manufacturing facility. This study examines the problems faced by some leading companies in the plastic manufacturing industry, such as Motorola, General Electric, and Zamil Plastic and how to solve them. In this study, the key difficulty in this plastic manufacturing industry was black dots, which can be seen in injection molding operations. When compared to other faults, the injection molding technique result shows that black dot defects are the main reason for rejects in May, making up almost 41% of all rejects. Because, Defectives Per Million Opportunities (DPMO) of products in Plastic Remote Controls (PRC) result in numerous wastes, statistical quality control (SQC) methods, such as the Pareto chart, cause-effect diagram, and control chart were utilized to examine the data. Also, this study shows that the time necessary for tool changeover was extremely long, resulting in a significant wait for manufacturing because multiple dies and molds were required for production (types of plastic fuel tanks). The novelty of this research is that it clarifies when the company uses six sigma and the DMAIC method to rapidly discover the problem in the products and find a suitable solution to save time, effort, and cost. Run charts and the layout of mold storage are used to solve the problem and ensure that the process is truly improved by reducing the time it takes to change over for tools and dies.
任何行业都需要改进，以通过减少任何方法中的故障和消除制造设施中产生的总体浪费来最大限度地提高生产率。本研究考察了一些塑料制造行业的领先公司所面临的问题，如摩托罗拉、通用电气和扎米尔塑料，以及如何解决这些问题。在本研究中，该塑料制造行业的关键难点是在注塑操作中可以看到的黑点。与其他缺陷相比，注塑工艺结果显示，黑点缺陷是5月份不合格品的主要原因，几乎占所有不合格品的41%。由于塑料遥控器(PRC)产品的百万分率(defect Per Million Opportunities, DPMO)导致了大量的浪费，因此采用了统计质量控制(statistical quality control, SQC)方法，如帕累托图、因果图、控制图等对数据进行检验。此外，这项研究表明，更换工具所需的时间非常长，导致制造等待时间很长，因为生产需要多个模具和模具(塑料油箱的类型)。本研究的新颖之处在于，它阐明了公司何时使用六西格玛和DMAIC方法来快速发现产品中的问题，并找到合适的解决方案，以节省时间，精力和成本。使用运行图和模具存储布局来解决问题，并确保通过减少更换工具和模具所需的时间来真正改进工艺。
{"title":"Improvement of Plastic Manufacturing Processes by Six Sigma and DMAIC Methods","authors":"Alhatem Satta Seham Ismail, A. As’arry, S. M. Sapuan, J. Tarique","doi":"10.14416/j.asep.2023.04.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14416/j.asep.2023.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"Improvements are required in any industry to maximize productivity by reducing faults in any method and removing overall waste produced within the manufacturing facility. This study examines the problems faced by some leading companies in the plastic manufacturing industry, such as Motorola, General Electric, and Zamil Plastic and how to solve them. In this study, the key difficulty in this plastic manufacturing industry was black dots, which can be seen in injection molding operations. When compared to other faults, the injection molding technique result shows that black dot defects are the main reason for rejects in May, making up almost 41% of all rejects. Because, Defectives Per Million Opportunities (DPMO) of products in Plastic Remote Controls (PRC) result in numerous wastes, statistical quality control (SQC) methods, such as the Pareto chart, cause-effect diagram, and control chart were utilized to examine the data. Also, this study shows that the time necessary for tool changeover was extremely long, resulting in a significant wait for manufacturing because multiple dies and molds were required for production (types of plastic fuel tanks). The novelty of this research is that it clarifies when the company uses six sigma and the DMAIC method to rapidly discover the problem in the products and find a suitable solution to save time, effort, and cost. Run charts and the layout of mold storage are used to solve the problem and ensure that the process is truly improved by reducing the time it takes to change over for tools and dies.","PeriodicalId":8097,"journal":{"name":"Applied Science and Engineering Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44026855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-05DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2023.04.002
Linh Tran Khanh Vu, Anh Thuy Kim Nguyen, N. Le
Bacterial cellulose (BC) materials were used for lipase immobilization to improve enzyme activity and stability. BC films produced by Komagataeibacter xylinus were first acetylated in an acetic anhydride/iodine system to convert their OH groups to more hydrophobic acetyl groups. Activity yield (44.4%) and maximum specific activity (12.44 μmol mg–1 min–1) were achieved when 400 mg of BC was acetylated in 20 mL of acetic anhydride containing 0.275 mM of iodine. Studies on the catalytic activity of lipase also show that the immobilization of lipase on acetylated BC (ABC) films significantly enhanced its tolerance to temperature and pH. Immobilized lipases retained 89% and 56% of their catalytic activities after being incubated at 60 °C and 80 °C for 1 h, respectively; while those of free lipases significantly decreased to 24% (60 °C) and only 11% (80 °C). Immobilized lipases incubated at pH 5.0 and pH 10.0 for 24 h also retained high catalytic activities (70% and 82%, respectively), considerably higher than those of free lipases (19% - pH 5.0 and 63% - pH 10.0). Tolerance to organic solvents, such as n-hexane, acetone, ethanol, isopropanol of ABC-immobilized lipase was also improved. The immobilization of lipase on ABC films significantly improved its reusability and storage stability: ABC-immobilized lipase still could be reused for 30 cycles with residual activities of more than 90%, and still retained 95% of its early activity after 15-day storage at 4 °C. This implies that ABC-immobilized lipase is potentially applied in food, medicine, biodiesel and detergent industries.
{"title":"Activity and Stability of Lipases Immobilized onto Acetylated Bacterial Cellulose","authors":"Linh Tran Khanh Vu, Anh Thuy Kim Nguyen, N. Le","doi":"10.14416/j.asep.2023.04.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14416/j.asep.2023.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial cellulose (BC) materials were used for lipase immobilization to improve enzyme activity and stability. BC films produced by Komagataeibacter xylinus were first acetylated in an acetic anhydride/iodine system to convert their OH groups to more hydrophobic acetyl groups. Activity yield (44.4%) and maximum specific activity (12.44 μmol mg–1 min–1) were achieved when 400 mg of BC was acetylated in 20 mL of acetic anhydride containing 0.275 mM of iodine. Studies on the catalytic activity of lipase also show that the immobilization of lipase on acetylated BC (ABC) films significantly enhanced its tolerance to temperature and pH. Immobilized lipases retained 89% and 56% of their catalytic activities after being incubated at 60 °C and 80 °C for 1 h, respectively; while those of free lipases significantly decreased to 24% (60 °C) and only 11% (80 °C). Immobilized lipases incubated at pH 5.0 and pH 10.0 for 24 h also retained high catalytic activities (70% and 82%, respectively), considerably higher than those of free lipases (19% - pH 5.0 and 63% - pH 10.0). Tolerance to organic solvents, such as n-hexane, acetone, ethanol, isopropanol of ABC-immobilized lipase was also improved. The immobilization of lipase on ABC films significantly improved its reusability and storage stability: ABC-immobilized lipase still could be reused for 30 cycles with residual activities of more than 90%, and still retained 95% of its early activity after 15-day storage at 4 °C. This implies that ABC-immobilized lipase is potentially applied in food, medicine, biodiesel and detergent industries.","PeriodicalId":8097,"journal":{"name":"Applied Science and Engineering Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43430747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Red holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) is a commonly grown herb crop with diverse cultivars/accessions that contain highly ranked bioactive substances for medicinal potentialities. In this study, bioactive constituents and eugenol synthase 1 (EGS1) were characterized in Thai red holy basil. The compositions of the bioactive distilled from dried and fresh leaves and dried flower spikes were determined using headspace–solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography. Furthermore, a full-length of putative EGS1 was cloned from Thai red holy basil leaf tissue. The open reading frame of EGS1 contained 945 bp and encoded a 314-amino acid sequence. Phylogenetic analysis clearly distinguished two homology classes of EGS. EGS1 of red holy basil was closely related to that of white holy basil and lemon basil. Additionally, EGS1 expression in leaf tissue at the flowering stage was further assessed in ten local red holy basil accessions. EGS1 transcript levels were high, especially in aroma-rich accessions. EGS1 was expressed at higher levels in leaves than in flower spikes. Our study characterizes red holy basil in terms of both biochemical and gene information. This information can be used for further studies focusing on gene editing to increase the production of high-quality Thai red holy basil for the food and pharmacological industries.
{"title":"Bioactive Constituent and Eugenol Synthase 1 Gene of Thai Red Holy Basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.)","authors":"Siriporn Sripinyowanich, Wiboonwan Soipetch, Pariya Maneeprasert, Noppamart Lokkamlue, Siriluck lamtham, C. Mongkolsiriwatana","doi":"10.14416/j.asep.2023.04.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14416/j.asep.2023.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"Red holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) is a commonly grown herb crop with diverse cultivars/accessions that contain highly ranked bioactive substances for medicinal potentialities. In this study, bioactive constituents and eugenol synthase 1 (EGS1) were characterized in Thai red holy basil. The compositions of the bioactive distilled from dried and fresh leaves and dried flower spikes were determined using headspace–solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography. Furthermore, a full-length of putative EGS1 was cloned from Thai red holy basil leaf tissue. The open reading frame of EGS1 contained 945 bp and encoded a 314-amino acid sequence. Phylogenetic analysis clearly distinguished two homology classes of EGS. EGS1 of red holy basil was closely related to that of white holy basil and lemon basil. Additionally, EGS1 expression in leaf tissue at the flowering stage was further assessed in ten local red holy basil accessions. EGS1 transcript levels were high, especially in aroma-rich accessions. EGS1 was expressed at higher levels in leaves than in flower spikes. Our study characterizes red holy basil in terms of both biochemical and gene information. This information can be used for further studies focusing on gene editing to increase the production of high-quality Thai red holy basil for the food and pharmacological industries.","PeriodicalId":8097,"journal":{"name":"Applied Science and Engineering Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44304226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-28DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2023.03.005
J. Ramaswamy, Nandeesha Hosanagara Lokesha, D. Swamy
Fretting occurs when there is tangentially low-amplitude vibrational motion (range tens of nanometres to tens of micrometers) between nominally stationary contact surfaces. This is a common occurrence as most machines are exposed to vibration both in transit and in operation. Contacts that appear to have no relative movement, such as press-fit, can actually slide on a scale of 1 μm with alternating pendulum loads. It is very difficult to eliminate such movements and the resulting friction. Fretting wear and frictional fatigue occur on almost every machine and otherwise cause a total failure of robust components. Studies have shown that, in contrast to other forms of wear, the frequency of machine fit problems has not diminished in the last few decades. Experiments were conducted on a fretting wear testing machine of amplitude range 10–200 μm, frequency range 4–120 Hz and surface roughness were recorded for both polished and unpolished condition. The correlation was made between changing parameters and variation in surface roughness. Friction fatigue is an important but almost unknown factor when load-bearing components are damaged at very low loads. Therefore, we will conduct an experimental study of fretting and its control parameters. For unpolished specimen, the variation of amplitude with respect to the coefficient of friction (COF) increases to 0.5, then it becomes linear. For semi-polished specimen, it increases to COF 0.45 and then it starts decreasing. For a fully polished specimen, there is no change in COF to 75 μm and then it starts increasing. According to the experimental data, for all specimens’ COF constantly decrease with increasing the load.
{"title":"Experimental Study and Analysis of Fretting Wear and its Influence on Functionality of Mechanical Components","authors":"J. Ramaswamy, Nandeesha Hosanagara Lokesha, D. Swamy","doi":"10.14416/j.asep.2023.03.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14416/j.asep.2023.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"Fretting occurs when there is tangentially low-amplitude vibrational motion (range tens of nanometres to tens of micrometers) between nominally stationary contact surfaces. This is a common occurrence as most machines are exposed to vibration both in transit and in operation. Contacts that appear to have no relative movement, such as press-fit, can actually slide on a scale of 1 μm with alternating pendulum loads. It is very difficult to eliminate such movements and the resulting friction. Fretting wear and frictional fatigue occur on almost every machine and otherwise cause a total failure of robust components. Studies have shown that, in contrast to other forms of wear, the frequency of machine fit problems has not diminished in the last few decades. Experiments were conducted on a fretting wear testing machine of amplitude range 10–200 μm, frequency range 4–120 Hz and surface roughness were recorded for both polished and unpolished condition. The correlation was made between changing parameters and variation in surface roughness. Friction fatigue is an important but almost unknown factor when load-bearing components are damaged at very low loads. Therefore, we will conduct an experimental study of fretting and its control parameters. For unpolished specimen, the variation of amplitude with respect to the coefficient of friction (COF) increases to 0.5, then it becomes linear. For semi-polished specimen, it increases to COF 0.45 and then it starts decreasing. For a fully polished specimen, there is no change in COF to 75 μm and then it starts increasing. According to the experimental data, for all specimens’ COF constantly decrease with increasing the load.","PeriodicalId":8097,"journal":{"name":"Applied Science and Engineering Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47145772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-21DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2023.03.004
Gurusigaamani Ayyanar Muthulingam, V. Parvathy
Multimodal medical image fusion (MIF) is the procedure of integrating different images in single into multiple imaging modalities for increasing the image quality by preserving a certain feature. Medical image combination covered a tremendous count of hot topic areas, involving pattern recognition, image processing, artificial intelligence (AI), computer vision (CV), and machine learning (ML). In addition, MIF was more commonly applied in clinical for physicians to understand the lesion by the combination of various modalities of medicinal image. This article introduces a novel bacterial foraging optimization-based multimodal medical image fusion approach (BFO-M3IFA). The presented BFO-M3IFA technique considered two distinct patterns of the images as the input of systems and the outcome will be the fused image. Primarily, the BFO-M3IFA technique exploits Weiner filtering (WF) technique as an image pre-processing step to get rid of the noise. Besides, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was applied for decomposing the image into distinct subbands. Afterward, the estimated coefficients of modality 1 and comprehensive coefficients of modality 2 are integrated and vice versa. At last, a fusion rule is generated to fuse the details of two image modalities and the optimal fusion rule parameter is chosen with utilize of BFO algorithm. The experimental validation of the BFO-M3IFA system was tested and outcomes ensured the improved performance of the BFO-M3IFA system on existing models.
多模态医学图像融合(Multimodal medical image fusion, MIF)是将单一的不同图像融合成多种成像模式，从而在保留一定特征的基础上提高图像质量的过程。医学图像组合涵盖了大量的热点领域，包括模式识别、图像处理、人工智能(AI)、计算机视觉(CV)和机器学习(ML)。此外，MIF在临床中的应用也更为普遍，医生可以通过多种医学影像形态的结合来了解病变。介绍了一种基于细菌觅食优化的多模态医学图像融合方法(BFO-M3IFA)。所提出的BFO-M3IFA技术将图像的两种不同模式作为系统的输入，其结果将是融合图像。首先，BFO-M3IFA技术利用韦纳滤波(WF)技术作为图像预处理步骤来去除噪声。此外，采用离散小波变换(DWT)将图像分解成不同的子带。然后对模态1的估计系数和模态2的综合系数进行积分，反之亦然。最后，利用BFO算法生成融合规则来融合两种图像形态的细节，并选择最优的融合规则参数。对BFO-M3IFA系统进行了实验验证，结果保证了BFO-M3IFA系统在现有模型上的性能改进。
{"title":"A Novel Bacterial Foraging Optimization Based Multimodal Medical Image Fusion Approach","authors":"Gurusigaamani Ayyanar Muthulingam, V. Parvathy","doi":"10.14416/j.asep.2023.03.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14416/j.asep.2023.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"Multimodal medical image fusion (MIF) is the procedure of integrating different images in single into multiple imaging modalities for increasing the image quality by preserving a certain feature. Medical image combination covered a tremendous count of hot topic areas, involving pattern recognition, image processing, artificial intelligence (AI), computer vision (CV), and machine learning (ML). In addition, MIF was more commonly applied in clinical for physicians to understand the lesion by the combination of various modalities of medicinal image. This article introduces a novel bacterial foraging optimization-based multimodal medical image fusion approach (BFO-M3IFA). The presented BFO-M3IFA technique considered two distinct patterns of the images as the input of systems and the outcome will be the fused image. Primarily, the BFO-M3IFA technique exploits Weiner filtering (WF) technique as an image pre-processing step to get rid of the noise. Besides, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was applied for decomposing the image into distinct subbands. Afterward, the estimated coefficients of modality 1 and comprehensive coefficients of modality 2 are integrated and vice versa. At last, a fusion rule is generated to fuse the details of two image modalities and the optimal fusion rule parameter is chosen with utilize of BFO algorithm. The experimental validation of the BFO-M3IFA system was tested and outcomes ensured the improved performance of the BFO-M3IFA system on existing models.","PeriodicalId":8097,"journal":{"name":"Applied Science and Engineering Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48701725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-16DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2023.03.002
Patchara Kitjacharoenchai, Peerapol Sittivijan
The combined use of trucks and drones in last-mile delivery offers a more efficient and faster way to make deliveries from an operational standpoint. In this paper, we propose a new routing model that combines different vehicle fleets, including hybrid trucks, traditional trucks, and large drones, to deliver packages from a depot to different destinations cooperatively. This research will give us a better understanding of this drone logistics application, particularly in routing optimization. It can be further implemented to mitigate the impacts of natural disasters, mainly earthquakes, flooding, and landslides. This research aims to study the possibility of using drones to deliver relief supplies such as food, water, and medicine for humanitarian purposes during natural disaster periods to find the best possible route to directly reach the destination and minimize the flying time in the air. We develop a Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) formulation to solve the I-VRPD optimally on a simulated small-scale problem and conduct a case study in one of the most affected regions by natural disasters. The numerical analysis demonstrates an improvement in the delivery time using three experiments that include testing the model on a set of benchmark problems and a case study based on the real scenario. The results show that the delivery time of the proposed model with the integration of three types of vehicle fleets can outperform the operation performed by a single-vehicle fleet by a significant percentage.
{"title":"Integration of Three Vehicle Fleet Types for Delivering Relief Supplies During a Natural Disaster","authors":"Patchara Kitjacharoenchai, Peerapol Sittivijan","doi":"10.14416/j.asep.2023.03.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14416/j.asep.2023.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"The combined use of trucks and drones in last-mile delivery offers a more efficient and faster way to make deliveries from an operational standpoint. In this paper, we propose a new routing model that combines different vehicle fleets, including hybrid trucks, traditional trucks, and large drones, to deliver packages from a depot to different destinations cooperatively. This research will give us a better understanding of this drone logistics application, particularly in routing optimization. It can be further implemented to mitigate the impacts of natural disasters, mainly earthquakes, flooding, and landslides. This research aims to study the possibility of using drones to deliver relief supplies such as food, water, and medicine for humanitarian purposes during natural disaster periods to find the best possible route to directly reach the destination and minimize the flying time in the air. We develop a Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) formulation to solve the I-VRPD optimally on a simulated small-scale problem and conduct a case study in one of the most affected regions by natural disasters. The numerical analysis demonstrates an improvement in the delivery time using three experiments that include testing the model on a set of benchmark problems and a case study based on the real scenario. The results show that the delivery time of the proposed model with the integration of three types of vehicle fleets can outperform the operation performed by a single-vehicle fleet by a significant percentage.","PeriodicalId":8097,"journal":{"name":"Applied Science and Engineering Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43596087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-16DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2023.03.003
P. Thaisongkroh, S. Pullteap
In this study, a fiber-based refractometer (FOR) applied for biogas sensing has been investigated. Two types of fiber, single-mode (SMF) and multimode fiber (MMF) have been proposed as sensing elements. The research aims to investigate the spot and power attenuation of both fiber types in 4 main conditions; fiber cladding, de-cladding, compound coating, and biogas feeding. The experimental results showed that the spot diameters from both fiber types are constantly at 4 and 26 mm in any conditions. This causes the difference in core diameters and also the dispersion of light characteristics within the fibers. Moreover, when the sensing element has been modified by the following conditions, the results indicated that the output intensity has proportionally changed, according to the fiber modification and the concentration of biogas absorbed into the sensing element. Besides, the power attenuation from MMF is larger than SMF. This causes the length of fiber de-cladding and dispersion of light within the MMF can easily be induced by biogas feeding. Therefore, it can be concluded that the MMF is more suitable than SMF for employment as a sensing element of the fiber refractometer.
{"title":"Investigation of Fiber Optic-Based-Refractometer for Biogas Sensing","authors":"P. Thaisongkroh, S. Pullteap","doi":"10.14416/j.asep.2023.03.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14416/j.asep.2023.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a fiber-based refractometer (FOR) applied for biogas sensing has been investigated. Two types of fiber, single-mode (SMF) and multimode fiber (MMF) have been proposed as sensing elements. The research aims to investigate the spot and power attenuation of both fiber types in 4 main conditions; fiber cladding, de-cladding, compound coating, and biogas feeding. The experimental results showed that the spot diameters from both fiber types are constantly at 4 and 26 mm in any conditions. This causes the difference in core diameters and also the dispersion of light characteristics within the fibers. Moreover, when the sensing element has been modified by the following conditions, the results indicated that the output intensity has proportionally changed, according to the fiber modification and the concentration of biogas absorbed into the sensing element. Besides, the power attenuation from MMF is larger than SMF. This causes the length of fiber de-cladding and dispersion of light within the MMF can easily be induced by biogas feeding. Therefore, it can be concluded that the MMF is more suitable than SMF for employment as a sensing element of the fiber refractometer.","PeriodicalId":8097,"journal":{"name":"Applied Science and Engineering Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46143601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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