Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103333
Xiaodong Li (李晓东) , Mengyun Chen (陈梦云) , Mingyong Lai (赖铭勇) , Gaoxiong Zeng (曾高雄) , Lingzhan Xue (薛凌展) , Chenhui Zhong (钟晨辉) , Feng Han (韩枫) , Xiaofei Leng (冷晓飞) , Yaning Yang (杨亚宁) , Shaojun Pang (逄少军)
The temperate-water kelp Undaria pinnatifida (wakame) was successfully farmed in subtropical coastal waters of Fujian, China using clonal sporophyte seedlings. The clonal sporophytes acclimated effectively to subtropical conditions, achieving mean frond lengths of 190.7 ± 18.4 cm and fresh weights of 353.4 ± 58.5 g per individual sporophyte in early March. Cluster-clipping cultivation method yielded 10.20 ± 0.43 kg m⁻¹ cultivation rope, surpassing the traditional northern cultivation counterpart Liaoning province (8.63 ± 0.27 kg m⁻¹) by 19 % and demonstrating 101 % greater biomass than individual-clipping method (5.07 ± 0.25 kg m⁻¹). The subtropical-grown Undaria blades had higher protein content (2.08 ± 0.06 %) and umami-associated amino acid levels (glutamate: 2.46 ± 0.07 g kg⁻¹; aspartate: 1.97 ± 0.06 g kg⁻¹) than blades grown in Liaoning. The success of this subtropical cultivation trial shows the feasibility of expanding the cultivation further down to the southern province to meet the uprising market demands.
{"title":"Culture of the kelp Undaria pinnatifida in subtropical waters using clonal seedlings: A pilot study in China","authors":"Xiaodong Li (李晓东) , Mengyun Chen (陈梦云) , Mingyong Lai (赖铭勇) , Gaoxiong Zeng (曾高雄) , Lingzhan Xue (薛凌展) , Chenhui Zhong (钟晨辉) , Feng Han (韩枫) , Xiaofei Leng (冷晓飞) , Yaning Yang (杨亚宁) , Shaojun Pang (逄少军)","doi":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The temperate-water kelp <em>Undaria pinnatifida</em> (wakame) was successfully farmed in subtropical coastal waters of Fujian, China using clonal sporophyte seedlings. The clonal sporophytes acclimated effectively to subtropical conditions, achieving mean frond lengths of 190.7 ± 18.4 cm and fresh weights of 353.4 ± 58.5 g per individual sporophyte in early March. Cluster-clipping cultivation method yielded 10.20 ± 0.43 kg m⁻¹ cultivation rope, surpassing the traditional northern cultivation counterpart Liaoning province (8.63 ± 0.27 kg m⁻¹) by 19 % and demonstrating 101 % greater biomass than individual-clipping method (5.07 ± 0.25 kg m⁻¹). The subtropical-grown <em>Undaria</em> blades had higher protein content (2.08 ± 0.06 %) and umami-associated amino acid levels (glutamate: 2.46 ± 0.07 g kg⁻¹; aspartate: 1.97 ± 0.06 g kg⁻¹) than blades grown in Liaoning. The success of this subtropical cultivation trial shows the feasibility of expanding the cultivation further down to the southern province to meet the uprising market demands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8103,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Reports","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 103333"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103320
Amir Parviz Salati , Saeed Keyvanshokooh , Mahdi Naderi , Hamid Mohammadiazarm , Adel Kassim Jassim , Seyed Hadi Seyedalhosseini
Biofloc technology has emerged as a sustainable aquaculture strategy that improves water quality and enhances nutrient recycling, offering the possibility of reducing commercial feed inputs without compromising fish performance. Stocking density and feeding rate are two key factors shaping both microbial dynamics in biofloc systems and the physiological responses of cultured fish. This study evaluated the combined effects of these factors on Cyprinus carpio. Juvenile fish (21.55 ± 1.79 g) were reared for 60 days under five treatments: a clear-water control (10 kg m⁻³; fed 3 % of body weight per day) and four biofloc groups representing two stocking densities—low density (10 kg m⁻³) and high density (20 kg m⁻³)—each fed either 3 % or 2.1 % of body weight per day (LD-3 %, LD-2.1 %, HD-3 %, HD-2.1 %). The 2.1 % feeding rate represented a 30 % reduction in commercial feed input. Water quality remained within acceptable ranges across biofloc treatments. Fish fed 2.1 % of body weight per day exhibited improved feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios without reductions in growth or survival. The LD-2.1 % group showed the most favorable physiological responses, including higher digestive enzyme activities (protease, lipase), elevated glutathione peroxidase activity, enhanced immune status (lysozyme and alternative complement activity), and lower hepatic malondialdehyde concentrations. Prior to acute crowding stress, fish fed 2.1 % displayed lower baseline cortisol and glucose levels and recovered more rapidly after stress exposure. Overall, reducing the feeding rate by 30 % under biofloc conditions improved feed efficiency and physiological robustness, and this feeding reduction remained feasible even at higher stocking density.
{"title":"Interactive effects of stocking density and feeding rate in a biofloc system on growth, immune response, antioxidant status, and stress resilience of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)","authors":"Amir Parviz Salati , Saeed Keyvanshokooh , Mahdi Naderi , Hamid Mohammadiazarm , Adel Kassim Jassim , Seyed Hadi Seyedalhosseini","doi":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biofloc technology has emerged as a sustainable aquaculture strategy that improves water quality and enhances nutrient recycling, offering the possibility of reducing commercial feed inputs without compromising fish performance. Stocking density and feeding rate are two key factors shaping both microbial dynamics in biofloc systems and the physiological responses of cultured fish. This study evaluated the combined effects of these factors on <em>Cyprinus carpio</em>. Juvenile fish (21.55 ± 1.79 g) were reared for 60 days under five treatments: a clear-water control (10 kg m⁻³; fed 3 % of body weight per day) and four biofloc groups representing two stocking densities—low density (10 kg m⁻³) and high density (20 kg m⁻³)—each fed either 3 % or 2.1 % of body weight per day (LD-3 %, LD-2.1 %, HD-3 %, HD-2.1 %). The 2.1 % feeding rate represented a 30 % reduction in commercial feed input. Water quality remained within acceptable ranges across biofloc treatments. Fish fed 2.1 % of body weight per day exhibited improved feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios without reductions in growth or survival. The LD-2.1 % group showed the most favorable physiological responses, including higher digestive enzyme activities (protease, lipase), elevated glutathione peroxidase activity, enhanced immune status (lysozyme and alternative complement activity), and lower hepatic malondialdehyde concentrations. Prior to acute crowding stress, fish fed 2.1 % displayed lower baseline cortisol and glucose levels and recovered more rapidly after stress exposure. Overall, reducing the feeding rate by 30 % under biofloc conditions improved feed efficiency and physiological robustness, and this feeding reduction remained feasible even at higher stocking density.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8103,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Reports","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 103320"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103348
Jiarui Cui , Zhanxin Wang , Jia Sun , Yuying Wu , Faye Zhang , Yue-hong Li
Salinity stress is a significant hazard to aquatic creatures' survival and growth. Lentinan (LNT) is an active chemical obtained from the seeds of high-quality shiitake mushrooms with pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-virus, and immune system modulation. However, the physiological control of LNT on carbonate alkalinity stress in Carassius auratus, as well as the metabolites formed in response to endogenous chemicals, remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the mitigating effect of mushroom polysaccharides on NaHCO3-induced kidney injury in Carassius auratus by observing the effect of LNT on the kidney tissues of Carassius auratus, detecting apoptosis of kidney tissues, and analyzing the changes in the metabolism of kidney tissues of Carassius auratus by using non-targeted metabolomics methods. Study findings revealed that adding LNT greatly increased the growth performance of Carassius auratus, relieved the inhibitory impact of NaHCO3 on Carassius auratus growth, and decreased kidney tissue cell apoptosis. 175 differential metabolites were identified in the NaHCO3 group (GP group), of which 105 were up-regulated and 75 were down-regulated. The levels of the hazardous metabolites 15-OxoEDE and 4-Nitrophenol were dramatically elevated. In contrast, a total of 68 differential metabolites were identified in the LNT+NaHCO3 group (LN group), of which 31 were up-regulated and 37 were down-regulated. The levels of toxic metabolites were dramatically reduced, whereas the beneficial metabolites Octanoylcarnitine and Glu-Glu were significantly raised. The findings revealed that NaHCO3 exposure caused substantial changes in the composition of fish intestinal microbiota, whereas LNT reduced the toxicity of NaHCO3 to fish intestinal microbiota. Overall, our results emphasize that LNT can be used as effective additives against carbonate stress in aquaculture, and provide a new strategy for aquatic organism health management in saline environments by regulating the gut microbiota of Carassius auratus and host metabolic interactions.
{"title":"Metabolomics analysis of shiitake Lentinan to alleviate sodium bicarbonate-induced renal injury in Carassius auratus and its effect on gut microbial community","authors":"Jiarui Cui , Zhanxin Wang , Jia Sun , Yuying Wu , Faye Zhang , Yue-hong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salinity stress is a significant hazard to aquatic creatures' survival and growth. Lentinan (LNT) is an active chemical obtained from the seeds of high-quality shiitake mushrooms with pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-virus, and immune system modulation. However, the physiological control of LNT on carbonate alkalinity stress in <em>Carassius auratus</em>, as well as the metabolites formed in response to endogenous chemicals, remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the mitigating effect of mushroom polysaccharides on NaHCO<sub>3</sub>-induced kidney injury in <em>Carassius auratus</em> by observing the effect of LNT on the kidney tissues of <em>Carassius auratu</em>s, detecting apoptosis of kidney tissues, and analyzing the changes in the metabolism of kidney tissues of <em>Carassius auratus</em> by using non-targeted metabolomics methods. Study findings revealed that adding LNT greatly increased the growth performance of <em>Carassius auratus</em>, relieved the inhibitory impact of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> on <em>Carassius auratus</em> growth, and decreased kidney tissue cell apoptosis. 175 differential metabolites were identified in the NaHCO<sub>3</sub> group (GP group), of which 105 were up-regulated and 75 were down-regulated. The levels of the hazardous metabolites 15-OxoEDE and 4-Nitrophenol were dramatically elevated. In contrast, a total of 68 differential metabolites were identified in the LNT+NaHCO<sub>3</sub> group (LN group), of which 31 were up-regulated and 37 were down-regulated. The levels of toxic metabolites were dramatically reduced, whereas the beneficial metabolites Octanoylcarnitine and Glu-Glu were significantly raised. The findings revealed that NaHCO<sub>3</sub> exposure caused substantial changes in the composition of fish intestinal microbiota, whereas LNT reduced the toxicity of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> to fish intestinal microbiota. Overall, our results emphasize that LNT can be used as effective additives against carbonate stress in aquaculture, and provide a new strategy for aquatic organism health management in saline environments by regulating the gut microbiota of <em>Carassius auratus</em> and host metabolic interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8103,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Reports","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 103348"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103344
Wei Yang , Ngoc Tuan Tran , Xing-Han Chen , Yuan-Yuan Si , Xue-Min Zhang , Rui-Wen Xu , Hua-Pu Chen , Yue-Ling Zhang , Guang-Li Li , Sheng-Kang Li
Immune priming (IP) has been demonstrated to initiate more robust immune responses and protect invertebrates against recurrent infections, suggesting a potential strategy to prevent infectious diseases. In mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) aquaculture, Vibrio spp. are representative pathogens that cause high mortality and heavy economic losses. To establish a priming-based method for controlling vibriosis, the survival and humoral responses of mud crabs primarily exposed to formalin-killed Vibrio parahemolyticus (IP) and secondarily challenged with live bacteria (lethal challenge, LC) were examined in this study. The IP-stimulated crabs showed a significant improvement in cumulative survival. The antibacterial activity of hemolymph serum was enhanced in the early stages of IP and LC. The mRNA expressions of antimicrobial peptides and components in the TLR2-Myd88-Pelle-Dorsal cascade were significantly increased. IP evoked a faster and stronger response in the melanization cascade regulated by the prophenoloxidase system. The melanin level and phenoloxidase activity were elevated after LC, and the expression of certain related genes exhibited a greater and longer-lasting upregulation. IP also triggered a higher production of oxygen-derived free radicals and then activated the antioxidant enzyme system. The activity and expression of catalase and peroxidase were markedly increased in the primed crabs during early infection stage. The presented results suggest the effective protection of IP immunization against reinfections in mud crab, and the improved survival is largely attributable to an early-strengthened humoral immunity. These findings also provide a new understanding of the mechanisms of IP and contribute to creating a system approach for disease control management in crustacean aquaculture.
{"title":"Primed humoral immune responses confer an increased early resistance to Vibrio parahemolyticus reinfection in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain)","authors":"Wei Yang , Ngoc Tuan Tran , Xing-Han Chen , Yuan-Yuan Si , Xue-Min Zhang , Rui-Wen Xu , Hua-Pu Chen , Yue-Ling Zhang , Guang-Li Li , Sheng-Kang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immune priming (IP) has been demonstrated to initiate more robust immune responses and protect invertebrates against recurrent infections, suggesting a potential strategy to prevent infectious diseases. In mud crab (<em>Scylla paramamosain</em>) aquaculture, <em>Vibrio</em> spp. are representative pathogens that cause high mortality and heavy economic losses. To establish a priming-based method for controlling vibriosis, the survival and humoral responses of mud crabs primarily exposed to formalin-killed <em>Vibrio parahemolyticus</em> (IP) and secondarily challenged with live bacteria (lethal challenge, LC) were examined in this study. The IP-stimulated crabs showed a significant improvement in cumulative survival. The antibacterial activity of hemolymph serum was enhanced in the early stages of IP and LC. The mRNA expressions of antimicrobial peptides and components in the TLR2-Myd88-Pelle-Dorsal cascade were significantly increased. IP evoked a faster and stronger response in the melanization cascade regulated by the prophenoloxidase system. The melanin level and phenoloxidase activity were elevated after LC, and the expression of certain related genes exhibited a greater and longer-lasting upregulation. IP also triggered a higher production of oxygen-derived free radicals and then activated the antioxidant enzyme system. The activity and expression of catalase and peroxidase were markedly increased in the primed crabs during early infection stage. The presented results suggest the effective protection of IP immunization against reinfections in mud crab, and the improved survival is largely attributable to an early-strengthened humoral immunity. These findings also provide a new understanding of the mechanisms of IP and contribute to creating a system approach for disease control management in crustacean aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8103,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Reports","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 103344"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103325
Jianan Xu , Jiachen Zhou , Yining Chen , Ye Zhang , Huifeng Dang , Houyong Fan , Yueping Zheng , Dan Xu
Recent advancements in the full-cycle artificial breeding of Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) larvae under recirculating aquaculture systems have underscored the dietary transition period as a critical challenge, characterized by intestinal dysbiosis and bacterial enteritis. A three-month longitudinal metagenomic study was conducted to explore how blended feeding (Tubifex tubifex + commercial feed) affects gut microbiota dynamics and host health. The results across eight rearing cohorts demonstrated that the mid-transition phase (Month 2) is a key period for microbial restructuring. The blended diet group (experimental group, EG) exhibited higher operational taxonomic unit (OTU) recruitment rates and greater α-diversity compared to the commercial feed-only group (control group, CG). The CG exhibited a predominance of Pseudomonadota at the phylum level, with notable abundances of Aeromonas and Citrobacter at the genus level. These taxa demonstrated an enhanced potential for pathogenicity, supported by functional predictions indicating capabilities associated with biofilm formation, flagellar assembly, and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Although prolonged T. tubifex supplementation enhanced metabolic capacity, it failed to reduce the virulence of opportunistic pathogens. Furthermore, the dietary transition process was associated with a gradual weakening of the "resistance by host-dependent nutrient acquisition" mechanism. Despite observing minimal variations in antibiotic levels and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) across different developmental stages and feeding strategies, the emergence of multi-drug resistance patterns remains a concern. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing feeding strategy for Chinese sturgeon larvae during the dietary transition period and emphasizes the importance of routine non-invasive monitoring of pathogens, contributing to the conservation of this endangered species.
{"title":"Impact of Tubifex tubifex supplementation on gut microbiota and health in Chinese sturgeon larvae during dietary transition","authors":"Jianan Xu , Jiachen Zhou , Yining Chen , Ye Zhang , Huifeng Dang , Houyong Fan , Yueping Zheng , Dan Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advancements in the full-cycle artificial breeding of Chinese sturgeon (<em>Acipenser sinensis</em>) larvae under recirculating aquaculture systems have underscored the dietary transition period as a critical challenge, characterized by intestinal dysbiosis and bacterial enteritis. A three-month longitudinal metagenomic study was conducted to explore how blended feeding (<em>Tubifex tubifex</em> + commercial feed) affects gut microbiota dynamics and host health. The results across eight rearing cohorts demonstrated that the mid-transition phase (Month 2) is a key period for microbial restructuring. The blended diet group (experimental group, EG) exhibited higher operational taxonomic unit (OTU) recruitment rates and greater α-diversity compared to the commercial feed-only group (control group, CG). The CG exhibited a predominance of Pseudomonadota at the phylum level, with notable abundances of <em>Aeromonas</em> and <em>Citrobacter</em> at the genus level. These taxa demonstrated an enhanced potential for pathogenicity, supported by functional predictions indicating capabilities associated with biofilm formation, flagellar assembly, and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Although prolonged <em>T. tubifex</em> supplementation enhanced metabolic capacity, it failed to reduce the virulence of opportunistic pathogens. Furthermore, the dietary transition process was associated with a gradual weakening of the \"resistance by host-dependent nutrient acquisition\" mechanism. Despite observing minimal variations in antibiotic levels and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) across different developmental stages and feeding strategies, the emergence of multi-drug resistance patterns remains a concern. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing feeding strategy for Chinese sturgeon larvae during the dietary transition period and emphasizes the importance of routine non-invasive monitoring of pathogens, contributing to the conservation of this endangered species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8103,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Reports","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 103325"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103314
Ashley N. Morgan , Susan B. Fogelson , Paul S. Wills , Tracy J. Mincer , Annie Page
Agricultural and industrial advancements have led to the increased use and unintended environmental release of many chemicals including organochlorine pesticides, phthalates derived from plastics, and heavy metals. These toxicants are considered ubiquitous in the environment and pose a risk to non-target plants and animals. Supplementation of cultured fish with prebiotics, probiotics, and combinations of both (synbiotics) has been proposed to ameliorate the negative effects of environmental toxicants through direct toxicant binding, enhanced excretion, and other physiological mechanisms. This study evaluates the effect of β-glucan and Pediococcus acidilactici synbiotic supplementation on toxicant loads in 30 Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) cultured in recirculating aquaculture systems. Transcriptomic tools were used to determine differential gene expression between supplemented and control Florida pompano to clarify potential protective mechanisms of supplementation against these toxicants. Toxicant loads did not differ between control and supplemented pompano, and toxicant burdens were below accepted maximum residue limits for most analytes. Differential gene expression analysis revealed a downregulation of superoxide dismutase type 1 (SOD1) in supplemented Florida pompano suggesting a reduction in oxidative stress through pathways upstream of antioxidant defenses. This study adds to the current research on pre- and probiotic supplementation in aquaculture by combining novel insight on toxicant loads as primary endpoints and transcriptomic analysis to clarify mechanisms of protective activity.
{"title":"Organochlorine pesticides, phthalate esters, and heavy metals in aquacultured Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) with and without β-glucan and Pediococcus acidilactici synbiotic supplementation: A transcriptomic approach","authors":"Ashley N. Morgan , Susan B. Fogelson , Paul S. Wills , Tracy J. Mincer , Annie Page","doi":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agricultural and industrial advancements have led to the increased use and unintended environmental release of many chemicals including organochlorine pesticides, phthalates derived from plastics, and heavy metals. These toxicants are considered ubiquitous in the environment and pose a risk to non-target plants and animals. Supplementation of cultured fish with prebiotics, probiotics, and combinations of both (synbiotics) has been proposed to ameliorate the negative effects of environmental toxicants through direct toxicant binding, enhanced excretion, and other physiological mechanisms. This study evaluates the effect of β-glucan and <em>Pediococcus acidilactici</em> synbiotic supplementation on toxicant loads in 30 Florida pompano (<em>Trachinotus carolinus</em>) cultured in recirculating aquaculture systems. Transcriptomic tools were used to determine differential gene expression between supplemented and control Florida pompano to clarify potential protective mechanisms of supplementation against these toxicants. Toxicant loads did not differ between control and supplemented pompano, and toxicant burdens were below accepted maximum residue limits for most analytes. Differential gene expression analysis revealed a downregulation of superoxide dismutase type 1 (<em>SOD1</em>) in supplemented Florida pompano suggesting a reduction in oxidative stress through pathways upstream of antioxidant defenses. This study adds to the current research on pre- and probiotic supplementation in aquaculture by combining novel insight on toxicant loads as primary endpoints and transcriptomic analysis to clarify mechanisms of protective activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8103,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Reports","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 103314"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103321
Yangyang Liu , Manxia Cao , Jianmin Zhang , Xuan Wang , Ming Jiang , Feng Huang , Lixue Dong , Di Peng , Ke Cheng , Hua Wen , Juan Tian
A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary creatine supplementation on growth and enterohepatic health in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) under high-starch-induced stress. Juvenile fish (12.00 ± 0.30 g) were distributed into 18 tanks (30 fish/tank) across six dietary groups in triplicate. Diets were isolipidic and isocaloric: a positive control (PC) with 10 % corn starch and 40 % fish meal; a high-starch diet (HSD) with 15 % corn starch and 36 % fish meal; and the HSD supplemented with 0.5 %, 1.0 %, 1.5 %, or 2.0 % creatine (Cr0.5, Cr1.0, Cr1.5, Cr2.0). Results showed that the HSD impaired feed utilization, growth, antioxidant capacity, immunity, liver metabolism, and intestinal barrier function. Compared to the HSD group, the Cr1.0 group significantly improved weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio (P < 0.05), achieving performance comparable to the PC group (P > 0.05). Furthermore, Cr1.0 supplementation enhanced intestinal morphology, upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO1, Claudin 4, Claudin 1) and the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2, and increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria. Concurrently, it significantly downregulated the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway genes (GRP78, PERK, IRE1, ATF6, eIF2α, Chopα; P < 0.05). In the liver, creatine upregulated anti-inflammatory factors (Nrf2, TGFβ1, IL10), glycolytic genes (PK, PFKL2, GK), the β-oxidation gene CPT1, the anti-apoptotic gene Bag, and the glucose transporter Glut2 (P < 0.05), while downregulating pro-inflammatory factor TNF-α, gluconeogenesis gene PEPCK, lipogenesis genes (ACC1, FASN), and the pro-apoptotic gene Bad (P < 0.05). Optimal creatine supplementation (0.92–0.96 %) based on growth and feed utilization effectively repaired intestinal barriers, regulated gut microbiota, alleviated oxidative stress and inflammation, and maintained glucose-lipid metabolism homeostasis in the liver of HSD-fed largemouth bass.
{"title":"Creatine supplementation attenuates high-starch-induced hepatic metabolic dysregulation and intestinal barrier dysfunction in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","authors":"Yangyang Liu , Manxia Cao , Jianmin Zhang , Xuan Wang , Ming Jiang , Feng Huang , Lixue Dong , Di Peng , Ke Cheng , Hua Wen , Juan Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary creatine supplementation on growth and enterohepatic health in largemouth bass (<em>Micropterus salmoides</em>) under high-starch-induced stress. Juvenile fish (12.00 ± 0.30 g) were distributed into 18 tanks (30 fish/tank) across six dietary groups in triplicate. Diets were isolipidic and isocaloric: a positive control (PC) with 10 % corn starch and 40 % fish meal; a high-starch diet (HSD) with 15 % corn starch and 36 % fish meal; and the HSD supplemented with 0.5 %, 1.0 %, 1.5 %, or 2.0 % creatine (Cr0.5, Cr1.0, Cr1.5, Cr2.0). Results showed that the HSD impaired feed utilization, growth, antioxidant capacity, immunity, liver metabolism, and intestinal barrier function. Compared to the HSD group, the Cr1.0 group significantly improved weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio (<em>P</em> < 0.05), achieving performance comparable to the PC group (<em>P</em> > 0.05). Furthermore, Cr1.0 supplementation enhanced intestinal morphology, upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins (<em>ZO1, Claudin 4, Claudin 1</em>) and the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2, and increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria. Concurrently, it significantly downregulated the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway genes (<em>GRP78, PERK, IRE1, ATF6, eIF2α, Chopα</em>; <em>P</em> < 0.05). In the liver, creatine upregulated anti-inflammatory factors (<em>Nrf2</em>, <em>TGFβ1</em>, <em>IL10</em>), glycolytic genes (<em>PK</em>, <em>PFKL2</em>, <em>GK</em>), the β-oxidation gene <em>CPT1</em>, the anti-apoptotic gene <em>Bag</em>, and the glucose transporter <em>Glut2</em> (<em>P</em> < 0.05), while downregulating pro-inflammatory factor <em>TNF-α</em>, gluconeogenesis gene <em>PEPCK</em>, lipogenesis genes (<em>ACC1</em>, <em>FASN</em>), and the pro-apoptotic gene <em>Bad</em> (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Optimal creatine supplementation (0.92–0.96 %) based on growth and feed utilization effectively repaired intestinal barriers, regulated gut microbiota, alleviated oxidative stress and inflammation, and maintained glucose-lipid metabolism homeostasis in the liver of HSD-fed largemouth bass.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8103,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Reports","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 103321"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study investigated the effects of dietary replacement of fish meal (FM) with Cnidoscolus chayamansa leaf meal (CLM) on growth, carcass composition, coloration, total carotenoids, hematology, and histology in C. macrocephalus × C. gariepinus. The control diet with FM as the main protein source was replaced by CLM at 0, 90, 185, and 277 g/kg (CLM0 - CLM277). Triplicate groups of 20 fish were fed the experimental diets twice daily for 10 weeks. Results showed that dietary inclusion of CLM linearly and quadratically increased final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein productive value, with a linear effect observed for protein efficiency ratio. The CLM90 group exhibited higher growth compared to those in the other groups, while the CLM277 group showed no significant difference from the control group. However, dietary inclusion of CLM resulted in a slight linear increase in feed conversion ratio. CLM inclusion significantly increased 18:3n-3 and 22:6n-3 fatty acids by 3.71- and 1.36-fold in the CLM277 and CLM185 groups, respectively, versus the control group. Coloration significantly increased b* values (yellowness) in the dorsal, ventral, and muscle regions, as well as in L* values (luminosity) in the ventral region and muscle. Fish fed CLM277 also had higher total carotenoid content in the fin, liver, and serum. Hemoglobin, total protein, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol increased with increasing CLM levels, while globulin and red blood cell exhibited linear or quadratic effects. Histology showed a mild vacuolization and nuclei displacement in hepatocytes of the CLM185 group, with more pronounced effects in the CLM277 group. Our results indicate that dietary inclusion of CLM at 90 g/kg showed the highest growth performance, while dietary inclusion levels up to 277 g/kg were able to economically replace fish meal without compromising growth in hybrid catfish. However, some histological changes in hepatocytes were observed. Additionally, dietary inclusion of CLM also improved 18:3n-3 and 22:6n-3 fatty acid contents in the edible muscle, improved coloration and total carotenoid in hybrid catfish.
{"title":"Dietary replacement of fish meal with chaya (Cnidoscolus chayamansa) meal improves growth, fillet fatty acid profile, and coloration in hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus × C. gariepinus)","authors":"Anurak Khieokhajonkhet , Prakaidao Khumphrem , Pollawat Panjasee , Niran Aeksiri , Kumrop Ratanasut , Shugo Watabe , Wilasinee Inyawilert , Wutiporn Phromkunthong","doi":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigated the effects of dietary replacement of fish meal (FM) with <em>Cnidoscolus chayamansa</em> leaf meal (CLM) on growth, carcass composition, coloration, total carotenoids, hematology, and histology in <em>C. macrocephalus</em> × <em>C. gariepinus</em>. The control diet with FM as the main protein source was replaced by CLM at 0, 90, 185, and 277 g/kg (CLM0 - CLM277). Triplicate groups of 20 fish were fed the experimental diets twice daily for 10 weeks. Results showed that dietary inclusion of CLM linearly and quadratically increased final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein productive value, with a linear effect observed for protein efficiency ratio. The CLM90 group exhibited higher growth compared to those in the other groups, while the CLM277 group showed no significant difference from the control group. However, dietary inclusion of CLM resulted in a slight linear increase in feed conversion ratio. CLM inclusion significantly increased 18:3n-3 and 22:6n-3 fatty acids by 3.71- and 1.36-fold in the CLM277 and CLM185 groups, respectively, versus the control group. Coloration significantly increased <em>b*</em> values (yellowness) in the dorsal, ventral, and muscle regions, as well as in <em>L*</em> values (luminosity) in the ventral region and muscle. Fish fed CLM277 also had higher total carotenoid content in the fin, liver, and serum. Hemoglobin, total protein, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol increased with increasing CLM levels, while globulin and red blood cell exhibited linear or quadratic effects. Histology showed a mild vacuolization and nuclei displacement in hepatocytes of the CLM185 group, with more pronounced effects in the CLM277 group. Our results indicate that dietary inclusion of CLM at 90 g/kg showed the highest growth performance, while dietary inclusion levels up to 277 g/kg were able to economically replace fish meal without compromising growth in hybrid catfish. However, some histological changes in hepatocytes were observed. Additionally, dietary inclusion of CLM also improved 18:3n-3 and 22:6n-3 fatty acid contents in the edible muscle, improved coloration and total carotenoid in hybrid catfish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8103,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Reports","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 103350"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2026.103362
Tao Cheng, Yumeng Zhang, Shuyan Chi, Shiwei Xie, Shuang Zhang, Beiping Tan, Junming Deng
Since grouper feed is relatively rich in fish meal, it is susceptible to excessive histamine accumulation. In order to examine the effects of histamine on intestinal inflammation, apoptosis, non-specific immunity, and intestinal microbiota in hybrid grouper, seven isoproteic (50 %) and isolipidic (11 %) diets were created with histamine concentrations of 0, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, and 960 mg/kg (actual levels: 72.33, 99.56, 138.60, 225.35, 404.12, 662.12, and 1245.38 mg/kg). After 8 weeks of cultivation, the levels of intestinal and serum complements 3 and 4, as well as lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase activities, gradually declined as the amount of dietary histamine increased. Furthermore, the intestinal inflammation factors (including NF-κB-inducing kinase, nuclear factor-κB inhibitor kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase B, interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase, ubiquitin-ligase enzyme, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase, and tumor necrosis factor α) also gradually increased. Additionally, as dietary histamine level increased, the intestinal microbiota in the 225.35 and 1245.38 mg/kg histamine groups exhibited a significant reduction in both diversity and abundance compared to the control group. At the genus level, these groups showed a significant increase in the pathogenic bacteria Ralstonia, Pseudomonas, and Prauserella, along with a marked decrease in the probiotic bacterium Cetobacterium. In conclusion, a dietary histamine level exceeding 404.12 mg/kg resulted in a reduction of intestinal immunocompetence, while levels exceeding 662.12 mg/kg led to an increase in the intestinal inflammatory response. Therefore, the histamine content in hybrid grouper feed should not exceed 404 mg/kg.
{"title":"Effect of dietary histamine on intestinal flora and immune response in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀× E. lanceolatus♂)","authors":"Tao Cheng, Yumeng Zhang, Shuyan Chi, Shiwei Xie, Shuang Zhang, Beiping Tan, Junming Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2026.103362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2026.103362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since grouper feed is relatively rich in fish meal, it is susceptible to excessive histamine accumulation. In order to examine the effects of histamine on intestinal inflammation, apoptosis, non-specific immunity, and intestinal microbiota in hybrid grouper, seven isoproteic (50 %) and isolipidic (11 %) diets were created with histamine concentrations of 0, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, and 960 mg/kg (actual levels: 72.33, 99.56, 138.60, 225.35, 404.12, 662.12, and 1245.38 mg/kg). After 8 weeks of cultivation, the levels of intestinal and serum complements 3 and 4, as well as lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase activities, gradually declined as the amount of dietary histamine increased. Furthermore, the intestinal inflammation factors (including NF-κB-inducing kinase, nuclear factor-κB inhibitor kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase B, interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase, ubiquitin-ligase enzyme, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase, and tumor necrosis factor α) also gradually increased. Additionally, as dietary histamine level increased, the intestinal microbiota in the 225.35 and 1245.38 mg/kg histamine groups exhibited a significant reduction in both diversity and abundance compared to the control group. At the genus level, these groups showed a significant increase in the pathogenic bacteria <em>Ralstonia</em>, <em>Pseudomonas</em>, and <em>Prauserella</em>, along with a marked decrease in the probiotic bacterium <em>Cetobacterium</em>. In conclusion, a dietary histamine level exceeding 404.12 mg/kg resulted in a reduction of intestinal immunocompetence, while levels exceeding 662.12 mg/kg led to an increase in the intestinal inflammatory response. Therefore, the histamine content in hybrid grouper feed should not exceed 404 mg/kg.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8103,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Reports","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 103362"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103359
Yi-Jui Hsieh , Tai-Chun Huang , Feng-Jie Su , Hsiu-Hua Chang , Yung-Song Wang
The population of Tripneustes gratilla (the collector urchin) has declined significantly due to overfishing, prompting researchers to explore aquaculture as a potential solution. However, the effects of different light conditions on the breeding of T. gratilla remain largely unexplored. This study investigated the impact of LED lighting on the bacterial composition of sea urchin culture water and its intestinal microbiota under various lighting conditions. The initial size of the sea urchins used in the experiment was about 11 mm. The experiment was divided into three groups: full-spectrum, red- and blue-light, with three replicates in each group. The experiment lasted seven weeks, with a 12:12 LD cycle daily. After seven weeks, the sea urchins in the blue-light group had a higher survival rate (93.3 %), and the bacterial content in the culture water varied significantly among groups. The bacterial concentration in the water of the red-light group was notably higher, and its biofilm formation capacity was increased. Next-generation sequencing revealed distinct bacterial community compositions across different light conditions, with the red-light group showing lower bacterial diversity but greater total species richness. Sequencing of bacterial strains from the red-light group identified Vibrio mediterranei and V. hangzhouensis, both of which displayed significantly higher colony formation rates under red light. In conclusion, these findings suggest that a long-wavelength environment may promote bacterial growth and influence the composition of the sea urchin's intestinal flora. However, short-wavelength environments may enhance the diversity of the flora. Juvenile sea urchin farming is conducted indoors with indirect lighting. This study suggests that specific wavelengths of light can be used to optimize aquaculture conditions and enhance the efficiency of cultivation.
{"title":"Impact of spectral variations on the gut microbiota of Tripneustes gratilla (collector urchin)","authors":"Yi-Jui Hsieh , Tai-Chun Huang , Feng-Jie Su , Hsiu-Hua Chang , Yung-Song Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The population of <em>Tripneustes gratilla</em> (the collector urchin) has declined significantly due to overfishing, prompting researchers to explore aquaculture as a potential solution. However, the effects of different light conditions on the breeding of <em>T. gratilla</em> remain largely unexplored. This study investigated the impact of LED lighting on the bacterial composition of sea urchin culture water and its intestinal microbiota under various lighting conditions. The initial size of the sea urchins used in the experiment was about 11 mm. The experiment was divided into three groups: full-spectrum, red- and blue-light, with three replicates in each group. The experiment lasted seven weeks, with a 12:12 LD cycle daily. After seven weeks, the sea urchins in the blue-light group had a higher survival rate (93.3 %), and the bacterial content in the culture water varied significantly among groups. The bacterial concentration in the water of the red-light group was notably higher, and its biofilm formation capacity was increased. Next-generation sequencing revealed distinct bacterial community compositions across different light conditions, with the red-light group showing lower bacterial diversity but greater total species richness. Sequencing of bacterial strains from the red-light group identified <em>Vibrio mediterranei</em> and <em>V. hangzhouensis</em>, both of which displayed significantly higher colony formation rates under red light. In conclusion, these findings suggest that a long-wavelength environment may promote bacterial growth and influence the composition of the sea urchin's intestinal flora. However, short-wavelength environments may enhance the diversity of the flora. Juvenile sea urchin farming is conducted indoors with indirect lighting. This study suggests that specific wavelengths of light can be used to optimize aquaculture conditions and enhance the efficiency of cultivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8103,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Reports","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 103359"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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