Jehyeok Ryu, Victor Krivenkov, Adam Olejniczak, Alexey Y. Nikitin, Yury Rakovich
Metal-halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) have emerged as leading candidates for next-generation quantum emitters (QEs), offering a unique combination of high photoluminescence quantum yield, tunable emission, short radiative lifetimes, and record-high single-photon purity under ambient conditions. These properties, together with low-cost and scalable solution-phase fabrication, position PNCs as attractive alternatives to traditional epitaxial and colloidal quantum dots. In this review, we outline the physical parameters that define quantum emission in PNCs, compare their performance to other established and emerging QEs, and assess the key figures of merit, including photostability, single-photon purity, and photon indistinguishability, required for practical quantum applications. We discuss underlying mechanisms affecting PNC emission behavior and highlight recent advances in improving their quantum emitting properties through synthetic and photonic engineering approaches. While challenges related to environmental stability and photon indistinguishability remain, emerging strategies, such as surface passivation, metal-ion doping, and coupling with electromagnetic nano- and microcavities, are steadily closing the gap between PNCs and ideal quantum light sources.
{"title":"Perovskite nanocrystals as emerging single-photon emitters: Progress, challenges, and opportunities","authors":"Jehyeok Ryu, Victor Krivenkov, Adam Olejniczak, Alexey Y. Nikitin, Yury Rakovich","doi":"10.1063/5.0282667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0282667","url":null,"abstract":"Metal-halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) have emerged as leading candidates for next-generation quantum emitters (QEs), offering a unique combination of high photoluminescence quantum yield, tunable emission, short radiative lifetimes, and record-high single-photon purity under ambient conditions. These properties, together with low-cost and scalable solution-phase fabrication, position PNCs as attractive alternatives to traditional epitaxial and colloidal quantum dots. In this review, we outline the physical parameters that define quantum emission in PNCs, compare their performance to other established and emerging QEs, and assess the key figures of merit, including photostability, single-photon purity, and photon indistinguishability, required for practical quantum applications. We discuss underlying mechanisms affecting PNC emission behavior and highlight recent advances in improving their quantum emitting properties through synthetic and photonic engineering approaches. While challenges related to environmental stability and photon indistinguishability remain, emerging strategies, such as surface passivation, metal-ion doping, and coupling with electromagnetic nano- and microcavities, are steadily closing the gap between PNCs and ideal quantum light sources.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145728672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuzeng Zhao, Jiajia Shao, Jingwen Zhang, Xin Guo, Bobo Sun, Zhong Lin Wang, Shuge Dai
Metal–semiconductor sliding tribovoltaic nanogenerators (MS-TVNGs) represent a promising energy harvesting technology that converts mechanical energy into direct current through dynamic Schottky junction. Although p–n junction-based TVNGs have been investigated in prior studies, metal–semiconductor configurations still lack a complete theoretical foundation. Herin, a comprehensive theoretical model is developed for MS-TVNGs, demonstrating their mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion mechanism due to tribovoltaic effect. The proposed framework unifies semiconductor and circuit principles, which elucidates that synergistic tribovoltaic-contact effects at the interface create electron–hole pairs that are swept by the built-in field to generate current unaffected by sliding direction. Additionally, theoretical results reveal that wide-bandgap semiconductors yield higher voltages, whereas increased doping and generation rates boost current, establishing clear design principles for maximizing power density. COMSOL multi-physics simulations incorporating semiconductor transport, circuit coupling, and moving mesh enable performance optimization through material selection, geometry design, and mechanical excitation. This work provides fundamental principles and practical guidelines for the development of high-efficiency tribovoltaic energy harvesting systems.
{"title":"The universal model for metal–semiconductor tribovoltaic nanogenerators","authors":"Yuzeng Zhao, Jiajia Shao, Jingwen Zhang, Xin Guo, Bobo Sun, Zhong Lin Wang, Shuge Dai","doi":"10.1063/5.0301293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0301293","url":null,"abstract":"Metal–semiconductor sliding tribovoltaic nanogenerators (MS-TVNGs) represent a promising energy harvesting technology that converts mechanical energy into direct current through dynamic Schottky junction. Although p–n junction-based TVNGs have been investigated in prior studies, metal–semiconductor configurations still lack a complete theoretical foundation. Herin, a comprehensive theoretical model is developed for MS-TVNGs, demonstrating their mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion mechanism due to tribovoltaic effect. The proposed framework unifies semiconductor and circuit principles, which elucidates that synergistic tribovoltaic-contact effects at the interface create electron–hole pairs that are swept by the built-in field to generate current unaffected by sliding direction. Additionally, theoretical results reveal that wide-bandgap semiconductors yield higher voltages, whereas increased doping and generation rates boost current, establishing clear design principles for maximizing power density. COMSOL multi-physics simulations incorporating semiconductor transport, circuit coupling, and moving mesh enable performance optimization through material selection, geometry design, and mechanical excitation. This work provides fundamental principles and practical guidelines for the development of high-efficiency tribovoltaic energy harvesting systems.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145728674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alejandro V. Silhanek, Lu Jiang, Cun Xue, Benoît Vanderheyden
Defects in superconducting systems are ubiquitous and nearly unavoidable. They can vary in nature, geometry, and size, ranging from microscopic-size defects such as dislocations, grain boundaries, twin planes, and oxygen vacancies, to macroscopic-size defects such as segregations, indentations, contamination, cracks, and voids. Irrespective of their type, defects perturb the flow of electric current, forcing it to deviate from its path. In the best-case scenario, the associated perturbation can be damped within a distance of the order of the size of the defect if the rigidity of the superconducting state, characterized by the creep exponent n, is low. In most cases, however, this perturbation spans macroscopic distances covering the entire superconducting sample and thus dramatically influences the response of the system. In this work, we review the current state of theoretical understanding and experimental evidence on the modification of magnetic flux patterns in superconductors by border defects, including the influence of their geometry, temperature, and applied magnetic field. We scrutinize and contrast the picture emerging from a continuous media standpoint, i.e., ignoring the granularity imposed by the vortex quantization, with that provided by a phenomenological approach dictated by the vortex dynamics. In addition, we discuss the influence of border indentations on the nucleation of thermomagnetic instabilities. Assessing the impact of surface and border defects is of utmost importance for all superconducting technologies, including resonators, single-photon detectors, radio frequency cavities and accelerators, cables, metamaterials, diodes, and many others.
{"title":"Impact of border defects on the magnetic flux penetration in superconducting films","authors":"Alejandro V. Silhanek, Lu Jiang, Cun Xue, Benoît Vanderheyden","doi":"10.1063/5.0282694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0282694","url":null,"abstract":"Defects in superconducting systems are ubiquitous and nearly unavoidable. They can vary in nature, geometry, and size, ranging from microscopic-size defects such as dislocations, grain boundaries, twin planes, and oxygen vacancies, to macroscopic-size defects such as segregations, indentations, contamination, cracks, and voids. Irrespective of their type, defects perturb the flow of electric current, forcing it to deviate from its path. In the best-case scenario, the associated perturbation can be damped within a distance of the order of the size of the defect if the rigidity of the superconducting state, characterized by the creep exponent n, is low. In most cases, however, this perturbation spans macroscopic distances covering the entire superconducting sample and thus dramatically influences the response of the system. In this work, we review the current state of theoretical understanding and experimental evidence on the modification of magnetic flux patterns in superconductors by border defects, including the influence of their geometry, temperature, and applied magnetic field. We scrutinize and contrast the picture emerging from a continuous media standpoint, i.e., ignoring the granularity imposed by the vortex quantization, with that provided by a phenomenological approach dictated by the vortex dynamics. In addition, we discuss the influence of border indentations on the nucleation of thermomagnetic instabilities. Assessing the impact of surface and border defects is of utmost importance for all superconducting technologies, including resonators, single-photon detectors, radio frequency cavities and accelerators, cables, metamaterials, diodes, and many others.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145728675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The controllable growth of large-sized and high-quality semiconductor single crystals is an important guarantee for the realization of high-performance electronic and optoelectronic devices. Herein, we synthesized layered BiOI transparent single crystals through a tellurium-assisted chemical vapor transport strategy. Systematic investigation reveals that tellurium acts as a critical transport agent, directly modulating the crystallization dynamics and enabling the growth of high-quality 1-cm single crystals with precise size control. The layered BiOI crystals demonstrate excellent broadband (254–940 nm) photoresponse performance, achieving a remarkable responsivity of 123.7 A·W−1 and specific detectivity of 7.2 × 1013 Jones. Notably, the implementation of gate voltage regulation allows dynamic control of carrier transport mechanisms, achieving efficient regulation of the photoresponse of the device. This unique gate-tunable characteristic enables dual-mode operation in image recognition systems, simultaneously supporting both high-sensitivity detection and programmable contrast enhancement. The combination of scalable crystal growth and multifunctional optoelectronic properties positions BiOI as a promising candidate for next-generation intelligent photodetection technologies.
{"title":"Gate-tunable dual-mode BiOI photodetector for precise object identification","authors":"Shuo Liu, Xinyun Zhou, Wanglong Wu, Junda Yang, Ruiying Ma, Le Yuan, Lingjie Zhao, Mianzeng Zhong","doi":"10.1063/5.0289445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0289445","url":null,"abstract":"The controllable growth of large-sized and high-quality semiconductor single crystals is an important guarantee for the realization of high-performance electronic and optoelectronic devices. Herein, we synthesized layered BiOI transparent single crystals through a tellurium-assisted chemical vapor transport strategy. Systematic investigation reveals that tellurium acts as a critical transport agent, directly modulating the crystallization dynamics and enabling the growth of high-quality 1-cm single crystals with precise size control. The layered BiOI crystals demonstrate excellent broadband (254–940 nm) photoresponse performance, achieving a remarkable responsivity of 123.7 A·W−1 and specific detectivity of 7.2 × 1013 Jones. Notably, the implementation of gate voltage regulation allows dynamic control of carrier transport mechanisms, achieving efficient regulation of the photoresponse of the device. This unique gate-tunable characteristic enables dual-mode operation in image recognition systems, simultaneously supporting both high-sensitivity detection and programmable contrast enhancement. The combination of scalable crystal growth and multifunctional optoelectronic properties positions BiOI as a promising candidate for next-generation intelligent photodetection technologies.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hamta Majd, Farooq I. Azam, Rhea Gazelidis, Anthony Harker, Angelo Delbusso, Mohan Edirisinghe
This study introduces the design and development of a core-sheath pressurized spinning method for producing hollow fibers on a larger scale than conventional methods. Multiple experimental designs were analyzed to determine the optimal hollow fiber structure. Polycaprolactone was used for the sheath layer, with four different core materials (empty, gas, ethanol, and oil) tested at rotational speeds of 2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 rpm. Pressures of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 MPa were applied bilaterally and unilaterally to the vessel's core and sheath. A high-speed camera was used to observe the jetting behavior of the polymer solutions. Optimal operating parameters for each approach were found to be: empty core (sheath: 0–0.3—core: 0 MPa, at a rotational speed of 6000–8000 rpm), gas core (sheath: 0—core: 0.1–0.3 MPa, at a rotational speed of 4000–8000 rpm), ethanol core (sheath and core: 0–0.2 MPa, at a rotational speed of 4000–8000 rpm), and oil core (sheath and core: 0–0.1 MPa, at a rotational speed of 4000–6000 rpm). Surface morphology and size distribution were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy and a computed tomography scan, which confirmed the hollow structure. This design development offers a mean production of more than 30 times higher than coaxial electrospinning, achieving rates of 74.4, 62.4, 52.8, and 33.6 g h−1 for empty, gas, ethanol, and oil cores, respectively. The results show that this new design of core-sheath pressurized spinning can be successfully applied to large-scale production of hollow fibers, opening the path for new biomedical applications.
{"title":"Making hollow fibers using pressurized spinning","authors":"Hamta Majd, Farooq I. Azam, Rhea Gazelidis, Anthony Harker, Angelo Delbusso, Mohan Edirisinghe","doi":"10.1063/5.0244921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0244921","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces the design and development of a core-sheath pressurized spinning method for producing hollow fibers on a larger scale than conventional methods. Multiple experimental designs were analyzed to determine the optimal hollow fiber structure. Polycaprolactone was used for the sheath layer, with four different core materials (empty, gas, ethanol, and oil) tested at rotational speeds of 2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 rpm. Pressures of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 MPa were applied bilaterally and unilaterally to the vessel's core and sheath. A high-speed camera was used to observe the jetting behavior of the polymer solutions. Optimal operating parameters for each approach were found to be: empty core (sheath: 0–0.3—core: 0 MPa, at a rotational speed of 6000–8000 rpm), gas core (sheath: 0—core: 0.1–0.3 MPa, at a rotational speed of 4000–8000 rpm), ethanol core (sheath and core: 0–0.2 MPa, at a rotational speed of 4000–8000 rpm), and oil core (sheath and core: 0–0.1 MPa, at a rotational speed of 4000–6000 rpm). Surface morphology and size distribution were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy and a computed tomography scan, which confirmed the hollow structure. This design development offers a mean production of more than 30 times higher than coaxial electrospinning, achieving rates of 74.4, 62.4, 52.8, and 33.6 g h−1 for empty, gas, ethanol, and oil cores, respectively. The results show that this new design of core-sheath pressurized spinning can be successfully applied to large-scale production of hollow fibers, opening the path for new biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lei Chen, Ting Lu, Xiao-Lei Shi, Wei-Di Liu, Meng Li, Siqi Huo, Pingan Song, John Bell, Zhi-Gang Chen, Min Hong
Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) are essential for space exploration, providing reliable, long-term power in environments where solar energy is impractical. This review examines the evolution of RTGs, from the early Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) program (1961) to the latest Multi-Mission RTG (MMRTG) and the enhanced MMRTG (eMMRTG) systems. Additionally, it also explores segmentation techniques aimed at optimizing thermoelectric (TE) performance in next-generation RTGs and discusses the potential of miniature RTGs for terrestrial applications. A key focus of this review is the selection of isotopic fuel and advancements in TE materials and devices. Plutonium-238 (Pu-238) remains the primary isotope used in RTGs due to its high power density and long half-life. The development of TE materials has progressed from well-established compounds such as PbTe, (AgSbTe2)0.15(GeTe)0.85 (TAGS), and SiGe—used in existing RTGs—to emerging materials including skutterudites (SKD), Mg3Sb2-Mg3Bi2 alloys, and half-Heusler (HH) compounds. This review also highlights strategies for enhancing thermoelectric performance and improving device fabrication. Despite their proven reliability, RTGs continue to face the challenge of low energy conversion efficiency. This limitation has driven ongoing research into advanced TE materials and technologies, with the goal of improving performance for both space and terrestrial applications.
{"title":"Radioisotope thermoelectric generators: Evolution, materials, and future prospects","authors":"Lei Chen, Ting Lu, Xiao-Lei Shi, Wei-Di Liu, Meng Li, Siqi Huo, Pingan Song, John Bell, Zhi-Gang Chen, Min Hong","doi":"10.1063/5.0267852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0267852","url":null,"abstract":"Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) are essential for space exploration, providing reliable, long-term power in environments where solar energy is impractical. This review examines the evolution of RTGs, from the early Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) program (1961) to the latest Multi-Mission RTG (MMRTG) and the enhanced MMRTG (eMMRTG) systems. Additionally, it also explores segmentation techniques aimed at optimizing thermoelectric (TE) performance in next-generation RTGs and discusses the potential of miniature RTGs for terrestrial applications. A key focus of this review is the selection of isotopic fuel and advancements in TE materials and devices. Plutonium-238 (Pu-238) remains the primary isotope used in RTGs due to its high power density and long half-life. The development of TE materials has progressed from well-established compounds such as PbTe, (AgSbTe2)0.15(GeTe)0.85 (TAGS), and SiGe—used in existing RTGs—to emerging materials including skutterudites (SKD), Mg3Sb2-Mg3Bi2 alloys, and half-Heusler (HH) compounds. This review also highlights strategies for enhancing thermoelectric performance and improving device fabrication. Despite their proven reliability, RTGs continue to face the challenge of low energy conversion efficiency. This limitation has driven ongoing research into advanced TE materials and technologies, with the goal of improving performance for both space and terrestrial applications.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Do Wan Kim, Seokho Kim, Jinho Choi, Jaehyun Lee, Yongmin Baek, Kyusang Lee, Dong Hyuk Park, Jongchan Kim
As the demand for high bandwidth and long-distance data transmission escalates in modern computing, optical interconnects via waveguides have attracted significant attention. While conventional inorganic materials-based waveguide necessitates complex components such as grating couplers and optical amplifiers, organic semiconductor-based waveguides offer simplified systems with unique functionalities stemming from their inherent radiative properties that facilitate efficient light–matter interactions, such as exciton–polariton formation and Förster resonance energy transfer. These interactions enable active light modulation, encompassing intensity control, wavelength shift, exciton–polariton lasing, and nonlinear optical effects. Moreover, their optical properties and structural geometries can be precisely tuned through molecular design and controlled synthesis techniques. As a result, organic waveguides have been explored for a range of applications including optical-logic operations, bio-chemical sensing, and advanced photonic integration systems. In this review, we delineate the fundamental principles of organic semiconductor waveguides, as well as their fabrication and potential impact on various photonic applications.
{"title":"Organic active waveguides","authors":"Do Wan Kim, Seokho Kim, Jinho Choi, Jaehyun Lee, Yongmin Baek, Kyusang Lee, Dong Hyuk Park, Jongchan Kim","doi":"10.1063/5.0276463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0276463","url":null,"abstract":"As the demand for high bandwidth and long-distance data transmission escalates in modern computing, optical interconnects via waveguides have attracted significant attention. While conventional inorganic materials-based waveguide necessitates complex components such as grating couplers and optical amplifiers, organic semiconductor-based waveguides offer simplified systems with unique functionalities stemming from their inherent radiative properties that facilitate efficient light–matter interactions, such as exciton–polariton formation and Förster resonance energy transfer. These interactions enable active light modulation, encompassing intensity control, wavelength shift, exciton–polariton lasing, and nonlinear optical effects. Moreover, their optical properties and structural geometries can be precisely tuned through molecular design and controlled synthesis techniques. As a result, organic waveguides have been explored for a range of applications including optical-logic operations, bio-chemical sensing, and advanced photonic integration systems. In this review, we delineate the fundamental principles of organic semiconductor waveguides, as well as their fabrication and potential impact on various photonic applications.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145593413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stimulating cortical neurons through multisensory inputs or deep brain neurons via invasive electrodes has been found to alleviate the pathology and behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The activation of neuronal firing helps to initiate the neuronal repair process and improve memory and synaptic growth. In this study, we report an optical noninvasive method, termed individual-neuron optical brain stimulation (iOBS), to stimulate individual neurons in the cortex using a tightly focused femtosecond laser that transiently scans in a microdomain of each targeted neuron for a flash by two-photon excitation of the intrinsic flavin there. The stimulation activates intense Ca2+ activities of neurons at layer 5/6 in the brain cortex. We demonstrate that iOBS works effectively in the AD mouse model. By performing iOBS in ∼60 randomly selected individual neurons in the visual cortex for a single time, the behavioral symptoms of AD mice are significantly alleviated via the initiation of the neuronal repair process. This method provides a direct and noninvasive method of brain stimulation with promising potential for AD treatment.
{"title":"Individual-neuron optical brain stimulation (iOBS) alleviates behaviors in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model","authors":"Fei Chen, Haipeng Wang, Hao He","doi":"10.1063/5.0297319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0297319","url":null,"abstract":"Stimulating cortical neurons through multisensory inputs or deep brain neurons via invasive electrodes has been found to alleviate the pathology and behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The activation of neuronal firing helps to initiate the neuronal repair process and improve memory and synaptic growth. In this study, we report an optical noninvasive method, termed individual-neuron optical brain stimulation (iOBS), to stimulate individual neurons in the cortex using a tightly focused femtosecond laser that transiently scans in a microdomain of each targeted neuron for a flash by two-photon excitation of the intrinsic flavin there. The stimulation activates intense Ca2+ activities of neurons at layer 5/6 in the brain cortex. We demonstrate that iOBS works effectively in the AD mouse model. By performing iOBS in ∼60 randomly selected individual neurons in the visual cortex for a single time, the behavioral symptoms of AD mice are significantly alleviated via the initiation of the neuronal repair process. This method provides a direct and noninvasive method of brain stimulation with promising potential for AD treatment.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145582938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. M. Beltukov, A. V. Rodina, A. Alekseev, Al. L. Efros
Discontinuity of dielectric constants at the interface is a common feature of all nanostructures and semiconductor heterostructures. Near such interfaces, a charged particle creates a singular self-interaction potential which may be attributed to interaction with fictitious mirror charges. The singularity of this interaction at the interface presents an obstruction to a perturbative approach. In several limiting cases, this problem can be avoided by zeroing out the carrier wave function at the interface. In this paper, we have developed a non-perturbative theory, which gives a self-consistent description of carrier propagation through an interface with a dielectric discontinuity. It is based on conservation of the current density propagating through the interface, and it is formulated in terms of general boundary conditions (GBCs) for the wave function at the interface with a single phenomenological parameter W. For these GBCs, we find exact solutions of the Schrödinger equation near the interface and the carrier energy spectrum including resonances. Using these results, we describe the photo effect at the semiconductor/vacuum interface and the energy spectrum of quantum wells at the interface with the vacuum or a high-k dielectric. For a surface of liquid helium, we estimate the parameter W and match the resulting electron spectrum with the existing experimental data and theoretical analysis.
{"title":"Non-perturbative macroscopic theory of interfaces with discontinuous dielectric constant","authors":"Y. M. Beltukov, A. V. Rodina, A. Alekseev, Al. L. Efros","doi":"10.1063/5.0282177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0282177","url":null,"abstract":"Discontinuity of dielectric constants at the interface is a common feature of all nanostructures and semiconductor heterostructures. Near such interfaces, a charged particle creates a singular self-interaction potential which may be attributed to interaction with fictitious mirror charges. The singularity of this interaction at the interface presents an obstruction to a perturbative approach. In several limiting cases, this problem can be avoided by zeroing out the carrier wave function at the interface. In this paper, we have developed a non-perturbative theory, which gives a self-consistent description of carrier propagation through an interface with a dielectric discontinuity. It is based on conservation of the current density propagating through the interface, and it is formulated in terms of general boundary conditions (GBCs) for the wave function at the interface with a single phenomenological parameter W. For these GBCs, we find exact solutions of the Schrödinger equation near the interface and the carrier energy spectrum including resonances. Using these results, we describe the photo effect at the semiconductor/vacuum interface and the energy spectrum of quantum wells at the interface with the vacuum or a high-k dielectric. For a surface of liquid helium, we estimate the parameter W and match the resulting electron spectrum with the existing experimental data and theoretical analysis.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145582892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Linglong Zhang, Jian Kang, Xueqian Sun, Shunshun Yang, Yichun Cui, Han Yan, Rui Fang, Jiajie Pei, Jiong Yang, Haizeng Song, Ming Tian, Neng Wan, Hucheng Song, Fei Zhou, Youwen Liu, Yi Shi, Yuerui Lu
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) delivers energy from a donor to an acceptor through near-field dipole–dipole couplings. Engineering FRET is crucial for the development of high-performance polaritonic light sources, innovative optoelectronic logic computing circuits, and the exploration of exciton dynamics. However, direct manipulation of FRET in organic–inorganic heterostructures remains challenging due to factors such as bulk size, excessive disorders, uncontrollable packing modes of organic counterparts, and ultrafast charge transfers. Here, we modify FRET in heterostructures comprising WS2 (acceptor) and highly crystalline wetting-layer pentacene (WL PEN: donor). This non-conductive WL PEN effectively suppresses interlayer charge transfers. By utilizing an electrostatic gate, the maximum FRET enhancement factor (η) reaches ∼56.2, corresponding to a record exciton diffusion coefficient of ∼223.3 cm2/s. They are ascribed to enhanced excitonic absorption of WS2. Additionally, temperature significantly influences FRET, primarily due to changes in exciton population of pentacene at high momenta. Furthermore, we demonstrate a simple multimode optoelectronic logic gate (OELG) on this heterostructure by modulating FRET. Our findings facilitate the understanding of enhanced light–matter interactions and open a new avenue to design out-performing and multifunctional optoelectronic devices and new optoelectronic computing circuits.
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