Nominally pure silica or amorphous SiO2 is an important material in modern electronics, as well as other fields of science. Normally, it has been utilized for its insulation properties, for example, in metal-oxide-semiconductor devices. However, it also can be considered as a wide bandgap semiconductor possessing very large electrical resistivity. The conductivity of various silica films has been studied since the mid-nineteenth century, usually assuming the presence of ionic conductivity. However, in the sense of a wide bandgap semiconductor, the temperature dependence of the resistivity, which ranges over more than four orders of magnitude, can be accurately explained by normal semiconductor behavior under the presumed presence of a deep electron trap/donor residing ∼2.3 eV below the conduction band edge. That is, the conductance is determined by electron motion and not by ions. Experiments have studied the transport of injected electrons (and holes) which are consistent with this viewpoint.
{"title":"Physical and electrical properties of silica","authors":"D. K. Ferry, D. L. Rode","doi":"10.1063/5.0233576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0233576","url":null,"abstract":"Nominally pure silica or amorphous SiO2 is an important material in modern electronics, as well as other fields of science. Normally, it has been utilized for its insulation properties, for example, in metal-oxide-semiconductor devices. However, it also can be considered as a wide bandgap semiconductor possessing very large electrical resistivity. The conductivity of various silica films has been studied since the mid-nineteenth century, usually assuming the presence of ionic conductivity. However, in the sense of a wide bandgap semiconductor, the temperature dependence of the resistivity, which ranges over more than four orders of magnitude, can be accurately explained by normal semiconductor behavior under the presumed presence of a deep electron trap/donor residing ∼2.3 eV below the conduction band edge. That is, the conductance is determined by electron motion and not by ions. Experiments have studied the transport of injected electrons (and holes) which are consistent with this viewpoint.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142986091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Preeyanghaa Mani, Sulakshana Shenoy, Prince J. J. Sagayaraj, Nithish Agamendran, Sanguk Son, Neppolian Bernaurdshaw, Hyoung-il Kim, Karthikeyan Sekar
Scaling up photocatalytic systems for large-scale hydrogen generation holds transformative potential for sustainable energy but faces significant technical and economic challenges in transitioning from lab-scale experiments to industrial applications. This review delves into recent innovations that drive progress in this field, including advanced materials developed for improved efficiency and stability, as well as innovative reactor designs that optimize light capture and reactant flow. It also examines practical strategies for the integration of these systems with renewable energy sources, focusing on their scalability and cost-effectiveness. Key challenges addressed include mass transport limitations, reactant utilization, and catalyst longevity, accompanied by emerging solutions that aim to overcome these hurdles. The review comprehensively explores the intersection of technological advancements and economic feasibility, emphasizing environmental and economic considerations necessary for the practical implementation of photocatalytic hydrogen production. Emphasizing the most recent developments and strategic approaches, this review outlines a pathway for advancing large-scale sustainable hydrogen generation technologies.
{"title":"Scaling up of photocatalytic systems for large-scale hydrogen generation","authors":"Preeyanghaa Mani, Sulakshana Shenoy, Prince J. J. Sagayaraj, Nithish Agamendran, Sanguk Son, Neppolian Bernaurdshaw, Hyoung-il Kim, Karthikeyan Sekar","doi":"10.1063/5.0223598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0223598","url":null,"abstract":"Scaling up photocatalytic systems for large-scale hydrogen generation holds transformative potential for sustainable energy but faces significant technical and economic challenges in transitioning from lab-scale experiments to industrial applications. This review delves into recent innovations that drive progress in this field, including advanced materials developed for improved efficiency and stability, as well as innovative reactor designs that optimize light capture and reactant flow. It also examines practical strategies for the integration of these systems with renewable energy sources, focusing on their scalability and cost-effectiveness. Key challenges addressed include mass transport limitations, reactant utilization, and catalyst longevity, accompanied by emerging solutions that aim to overcome these hurdles. The review comprehensively explores the intersection of technological advancements and economic feasibility, emphasizing environmental and economic considerations necessary for the practical implementation of photocatalytic hydrogen production. Emphasizing the most recent developments and strategic approaches, this review outlines a pathway for advancing large-scale sustainable hydrogen generation technologies.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142961204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems resonators have been regarded as powerful tools for precision mass detection, and their abilities to measure these in a liquid environment open various opportunities for biosensing, chemical analysis, and environmental monitoring. Apart from overcoming issues of fluidic damping and electrical interfaces, there is a great challenge of bringing microanalytes to these devices with the required precision and scaling for high throughput sensing. Herein, we address the above challenges by proposing a self-excited localized acoustic manipulation methodology based on a piezoelectric micromechanical diaphragm resonator (PMDR). Such a PMDR integrates acoustofluidics and mass sensing functions in tandem on a single device. Particle enrichment is realized within tens of seconds and the limit of detection is enhanced by mitigating common issues such as low capture rate and non-uniform distribution. The developed PMDR is versatile in its applicability to a range of particle sizes and densities for both acoustofluidic actuation and in situ mass sensing. This work addresses long-term technical challenges of inaccurate and inefficient measurement of liquid phase resonance mass sensing with great application potentials in biochemical detection and environmental monitoring.
{"title":"Integrated functions of microfluidics and gravimetric sensing enabled by piezoelectric driven microstructures","authors":"Jingui Qian, Yue Wang, Yuhang Xue, Habiba Begum, Yong-Qing Fu, Joshua E.-Y. Lee","doi":"10.1063/5.0225891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0225891","url":null,"abstract":"Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems resonators have been regarded as powerful tools for precision mass detection, and their abilities to measure these in a liquid environment open various opportunities for biosensing, chemical analysis, and environmental monitoring. Apart from overcoming issues of fluidic damping and electrical interfaces, there is a great challenge of bringing microanalytes to these devices with the required precision and scaling for high throughput sensing. Herein, we address the above challenges by proposing a self-excited localized acoustic manipulation methodology based on a piezoelectric micromechanical diaphragm resonator (PMDR). Such a PMDR integrates acoustofluidics and mass sensing functions in tandem on a single device. Particle enrichment is realized within tens of seconds and the limit of detection is enhanced by mitigating common issues such as low capture rate and non-uniform distribution. The developed PMDR is versatile in its applicability to a range of particle sizes and densities for both acoustofluidic actuation and in situ mass sensing. This work addresses long-term technical challenges of inaccurate and inefficient measurement of liquid phase resonance mass sensing with great application potentials in biochemical detection and environmental monitoring.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142924652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhitao Lin, Xianguang Yang, Junda He, Ning Dong, Baojun Li
The omnipresence of polarized light on the surface of the earth, a result of atmospheric scattering, underscores the significance of detecting this light and extracting valuable information regarding the phase and polarization angle. In recent years, there has been a surge in research on polarization-sensitive photodetectors that utilize anisotropic two-dimensional (2D) materials. The essence of these 2D polarization-sensitive photodetectors is rooted in the anisotropic characteristics that arise from the asymmetric crystal lattice of the 2D materials in question. This anisotropy is manifested in both optical and electrical behaviors due to the asymmetrical nature of the crystal structure. This article systematically categorizes anisotropic 2D materials and offers an insightful overview of their crystal structures. It also introduces various optical and electrical characterization techniques designed to elucidate the anisotropic properties of these materials. The focus of the article then shifts to detailing the current state of research in the realm of anisotropic 2D material-based polarization-sensitive photodetectors. It provides a comprehensive description of the working principles behind polarization-sensitive photodetectors with different structural designs, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms that enable their polarization sensitivity. In conclusion, the article summarizes the findings of this review, highlighting the advancements and challenges in the field. Additionally, this review proposes several forward-looking recommendations to guide the future trajectory of research and development in the domain of 2D material-based polarization-sensitive photodetectors.
{"title":"Structural and optoelectronic characterization of anisotropic two-dimensional materials and applications in polarization-sensitive photodetectors","authors":"Zhitao Lin, Xianguang Yang, Junda He, Ning Dong, Baojun Li","doi":"10.1063/5.0226193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0226193","url":null,"abstract":"The omnipresence of polarized light on the surface of the earth, a result of atmospheric scattering, underscores the significance of detecting this light and extracting valuable information regarding the phase and polarization angle. In recent years, there has been a surge in research on polarization-sensitive photodetectors that utilize anisotropic two-dimensional (2D) materials. The essence of these 2D polarization-sensitive photodetectors is rooted in the anisotropic characteristics that arise from the asymmetric crystal lattice of the 2D materials in question. This anisotropy is manifested in both optical and electrical behaviors due to the asymmetrical nature of the crystal structure. This article systematically categorizes anisotropic 2D materials and offers an insightful overview of their crystal structures. It also introduces various optical and electrical characterization techniques designed to elucidate the anisotropic properties of these materials. The focus of the article then shifts to detailing the current state of research in the realm of anisotropic 2D material-based polarization-sensitive photodetectors. It provides a comprehensive description of the working principles behind polarization-sensitive photodetectors with different structural designs, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms that enable their polarization sensitivity. In conclusion, the article summarizes the findings of this review, highlighting the advancements and challenges in the field. Additionally, this review proposes several forward-looking recommendations to guide the future trajectory of research and development in the domain of 2D material-based polarization-sensitive photodetectors.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142917339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeong-Hwan Park, Markus Pristovsek, Dong-Pyo Han, Bumjoon Kim, Soo Min Lee, Drew Hanser, Pritesh Parikh, Wentao Cai, Jong-In Shim, Dong-Seon Lee, Tae-Yeon Seong, Hiroshi Amano
Herein, we investigate micro-light-emitting diodes (μLEDs) ranging in size from 160 × 160 to 10 × 10 μm2 and report that the differences in the behavior of InGaN-based blue (∼460 nm) and red (∼600 nm) μLEDs are related to carrier localization. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) of blue μLEDs decreases with size regardless of sidewall conditions, whereas that of red μLEDs is insignificant due to carrier localization. Atomic probe tomography examination of 30%, 15%, and 7.5% indium-concentrated InGaN layers used in red μLEDs shows that higher indium concentrations result in greater indium fluctuations, which promote carrier localization and thus shorten the diffusion length of carriers. Finally, by observing the peak wavelength of electroluminescence and the current density at peak EQE for both blue and red μLEDs, we find that radiative recombination rate in μLEDs is likely to be chip size dependent.
{"title":"InGaN-based blue and red micro-LEDs: Impact of carrier localization","authors":"Jeong-Hwan Park, Markus Pristovsek, Dong-Pyo Han, Bumjoon Kim, Soo Min Lee, Drew Hanser, Pritesh Parikh, Wentao Cai, Jong-In Shim, Dong-Seon Lee, Tae-Yeon Seong, Hiroshi Amano","doi":"10.1063/5.0195261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0195261","url":null,"abstract":"Herein, we investigate micro-light-emitting diodes (μLEDs) ranging in size from 160 × 160 to 10 × 10 μm2 and report that the differences in the behavior of InGaN-based blue (∼460 nm) and red (∼600 nm) μLEDs are related to carrier localization. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) of blue μLEDs decreases with size regardless of sidewall conditions, whereas that of red μLEDs is insignificant due to carrier localization. Atomic probe tomography examination of 30%, 15%, and 7.5% indium-concentrated InGaN layers used in red μLEDs shows that higher indium concentrations result in greater indium fluctuations, which promote carrier localization and thus shorten the diffusion length of carriers. Finally, by observing the peak wavelength of electroluminescence and the current density at peak EQE for both blue and red μLEDs, we find that radiative recombination rate in μLEDs is likely to be chip size dependent.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142879730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lemma Teshome Tufa, Birhanu Bayissa Gicha, Cheru Fekadu Molla, Huu-Quang Nguyen, Van Tan Tran, Njemuwa Nwaji, Xiaojun Hu, Hongxia Chen, Jaebeom Lee
Plasmon-enhanced photo/electrocatalysis using hetero-nanostructures has emerged as a promising approach for boosting the efficiency and selectivity of photo/electrocatalytic reactions. Plasmonic nanostructures (PNSs), with their unique properties including localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), play a vital role in enhancing photo/electrocatalytic activities. By leveraging LSPR, PNSs can concentrate incident light, facilitate charge separation, and induce surface reactions, leading to improved catalytic performance. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the current state of knowledge in this field. We discuss the rational design and synthesis of hetero-nanostructures, focusing on the optimization of composition, size, shape, and interface properties. Furthermore, we explore various combinations of plasmonic sources with semiconductors of diverse morphologies to achieve enhanced photocatalytic activity. The reviewed research encompasses applications in water splitting, removal of organic pollutants, CO2 reduction, and energy conversion. We also address the challenges that need to be overcome, including optimization of materials, reproducibility, stability, band alignment, and understanding plasmon–material interactions in hetero-nanostructures. The review of future perspectives includes the integration of multiple functionalities, the exploration of novel plasmonic materials, and the translation of plasmon-enhanced photo/electrocatalysis into practical applications. The combination of plasmonics and nanotechnology can be used to advance green technologies and address pressing global issues.
{"title":"Plasmon-enhanced photo/electrocatalysis: Harnessing hetero-nanostructures for sustainable energy and environmental applications","authors":"Lemma Teshome Tufa, Birhanu Bayissa Gicha, Cheru Fekadu Molla, Huu-Quang Nguyen, Van Tan Tran, Njemuwa Nwaji, Xiaojun Hu, Hongxia Chen, Jaebeom Lee","doi":"10.1063/5.0205461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0205461","url":null,"abstract":"Plasmon-enhanced photo/electrocatalysis using hetero-nanostructures has emerged as a promising approach for boosting the efficiency and selectivity of photo/electrocatalytic reactions. Plasmonic nanostructures (PNSs), with their unique properties including localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), play a vital role in enhancing photo/electrocatalytic activities. By leveraging LSPR, PNSs can concentrate incident light, facilitate charge separation, and induce surface reactions, leading to improved catalytic performance. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the current state of knowledge in this field. We discuss the rational design and synthesis of hetero-nanostructures, focusing on the optimization of composition, size, shape, and interface properties. Furthermore, we explore various combinations of plasmonic sources with semiconductors of diverse morphologies to achieve enhanced photocatalytic activity. The reviewed research encompasses applications in water splitting, removal of organic pollutants, CO2 reduction, and energy conversion. We also address the challenges that need to be overcome, including optimization of materials, reproducibility, stability, band alignment, and understanding plasmon–material interactions in hetero-nanostructures. The review of future perspectives includes the integration of multiple functionalities, the exploration of novel plasmonic materials, and the translation of plasmon-enhanced photo/electrocatalysis into practical applications. The combination of plasmonics and nanotechnology can be used to advance green technologies and address pressing global issues.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"149 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142879743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paul Nizet, Francesco Chiabrera, Nicolau López-Pintó, Nerea Alayo, Philipp Langner, Sergio Valencia, Arantxa Fraile Rodríguez, Federico Baiutti, Alevtina Smekhova, Alex Morata, Jordi Sort, Albert Tarancón
Switchability of materials properties by applying controlled stimuli such as voltage pulses is an emerging field of study with applicability in adaptive and programmable devices like neuromorphic transistors or non-emissive smart displays. One of the most exciting approaches to modulate materials performance is mobile ion/vacancy insertion for inducing changes in relevant electrical, optical, or magnetic properties, among others. Unveiling the interplay between changes in the concentration of mobile defects (like oxygen vacancies) and functional properties in relevant materials represents a step forward for underpinning the emerging oxide iontronics discipline. In this work, electrochemical oxide-ion solid-state pumping cells were fabricated for analog control of the oxygen stoichiometry in thin films of mixed ionic-electronic conductor La0.5Sr0.5FeO3-δ. We demonstrate over more than four orders of magnitude electronic conductivity control at 50 °C within the same crystallographic phase through precise and continuous voltage control of the oxygen stoichiometry. We show that behind the modification of the transport properties of the material lays a paramagnetic-to-antiferromagnetic transition. We exploit such magnetoelectric coupling to show control over the exchange interaction between La0.5Sr0.5FeO3-δ and a ferromagnetic Co layer deposited on top.
{"title":"Analog control of La0.5Sr0.5FeO3-δ electrical properties through oxygen deficiency induced magnetic transition","authors":"Paul Nizet, Francesco Chiabrera, Nicolau López-Pintó, Nerea Alayo, Philipp Langner, Sergio Valencia, Arantxa Fraile Rodríguez, Federico Baiutti, Alevtina Smekhova, Alex Morata, Jordi Sort, Albert Tarancón","doi":"10.1063/5.0234003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0234003","url":null,"abstract":"Switchability of materials properties by applying controlled stimuli such as voltage pulses is an emerging field of study with applicability in adaptive and programmable devices like neuromorphic transistors or non-emissive smart displays. One of the most exciting approaches to modulate materials performance is mobile ion/vacancy insertion for inducing changes in relevant electrical, optical, or magnetic properties, among others. Unveiling the interplay between changes in the concentration of mobile defects (like oxygen vacancies) and functional properties in relevant materials represents a step forward for underpinning the emerging oxide iontronics discipline. In this work, electrochemical oxide-ion solid-state pumping cells were fabricated for analog control of the oxygen stoichiometry in thin films of mixed ionic-electronic conductor La0.5Sr0.5FeO3-δ. We demonstrate over more than four orders of magnitude electronic conductivity control at 50 °C within the same crystallographic phase through precise and continuous voltage control of the oxygen stoichiometry. We show that behind the modification of the transport properties of the material lays a paramagnetic-to-antiferromagnetic transition. We exploit such magnetoelectric coupling to show control over the exchange interaction between La0.5Sr0.5FeO3-δ and a ferromagnetic Co layer deposited on top.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiangyu Tang, Kan Wang, Baochang Li, Jiaxin Han, Chi Zhang, Bincheng Wang, C. D. Lin, Cheng Jin
In recent years, significant advancements in high-repetition-rate, high-average-power mid-infrared laser pulses have enabled the generation of tabletop high-flux coherent soft x-ray harmonics for photon-hungry experiments. However, for practical applications, it is crucial to effectively filter out the driving beam from the high harmonics. In this study, we leverage the distinctive properties of a Bessel–Gauss (BG) beam to introduce a novel approach for spatial filtering, specifically targeting soft x-ray harmonics, releasing with a high-photon flux simultaneously. Our simulations reveal that by finely adjusting the focus geometry and gas pressure, the BG beam naturally adopts an annular shape, emitting high harmonics with minimal divergence in the far field. To achieve complete spatial separation of the driving beam and harmonic emissions, we pinpoint the optimal gas pressure and focusing geometry, particularly under overdriven laser intensities, for achieving good phase matching of harmonic emissions from short-trajectory electrons within the gas medium when the exact ionization level is higher than the “critical” value. Additionally, we establish scaling relations for sustaining optimal phase-matching conditions crucial for spatially separating the driving laser and the high-harmonic field, especially as the wavelength of the driving laser increases. Furthermore, our analysis demonstrates a substantial enhancement of harmonic yields by at least one order of magnitude compared to a truncated Gaussian annular beam. We also show that under accessible experimental conditions, soft x-ray photon flux up to 1010 photons/s at 250 eV can be achieved. The utilization of the BG beam opens up a promising pathway for the development of high-flux attosecond soft x-ray light sources, poised to serve a wide range of applications.
{"title":"Spatial filtering and optimal generation of high-flux soft x-ray high harmonics using a Bessel–Gauss beam","authors":"Xiangyu Tang, Kan Wang, Baochang Li, Jiaxin Han, Chi Zhang, Bincheng Wang, C. D. Lin, Cheng Jin","doi":"10.1063/5.0221080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0221080","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, significant advancements in high-repetition-rate, high-average-power mid-infrared laser pulses have enabled the generation of tabletop high-flux coherent soft x-ray harmonics for photon-hungry experiments. However, for practical applications, it is crucial to effectively filter out the driving beam from the high harmonics. In this study, we leverage the distinctive properties of a Bessel–Gauss (BG) beam to introduce a novel approach for spatial filtering, specifically targeting soft x-ray harmonics, releasing with a high-photon flux simultaneously. Our simulations reveal that by finely adjusting the focus geometry and gas pressure, the BG beam naturally adopts an annular shape, emitting high harmonics with minimal divergence in the far field. To achieve complete spatial separation of the driving beam and harmonic emissions, we pinpoint the optimal gas pressure and focusing geometry, particularly under overdriven laser intensities, for achieving good phase matching of harmonic emissions from short-trajectory electrons within the gas medium when the exact ionization level is higher than the “critical” value. Additionally, we establish scaling relations for sustaining optimal phase-matching conditions crucial for spatially separating the driving laser and the high-harmonic field, especially as the wavelength of the driving laser increases. Furthermore, our analysis demonstrates a substantial enhancement of harmonic yields by at least one order of magnitude compared to a truncated Gaussian annular beam. We also show that under accessible experimental conditions, soft x-ray photon flux up to 1010 photons/s at 250 eV can be achieved. The utilization of the BG beam opens up a promising pathway for the development of high-flux attosecond soft x-ray light sources, poised to serve a wide range of applications.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142848914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sheng Yang, Yuelei Zhao, Xichao Zhang, Xiangjun Xing, Haifeng Du, Xiaoguang Li, Masahito Mochizuki, Xiaohong Xu, Johan Åkerman, Yan Zhou
Magnetic skyrmions are promising for future spintronic devices due to their nanoscale size, high thermal stability, and mobility at low current densities. However, their practical applications may be limited by the skyrmion Hall effect (SkHE), which causes skyrmions to deflect from the direction of the driving current. The SkHE usually results in annihilation of skyrmions due to the destructive skyrmion–boundary interactions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of the SkHE as well as the recent advances in manipulation and suppression of the SkHE in various types of magnetic materials. Additionally, we introduce some SkHE-free topological spin textures, such as skyrmioniums and hopfions. This review covers the following aspects: origin of the SkHE and its implications on spintronics, manipulation of the SkHE by external magnetic fields and geometrical engineering, and properties of SkHE-free spin textures. The review concludes by highlighting future research directions and challenges, suggesting that magnetic skyrmions and related topological spin textures will be essential for upcoming electronic and spintronic applications.
{"title":"Fundamentals and applications of the skyrmion Hall effect","authors":"Sheng Yang, Yuelei Zhao, Xichao Zhang, Xiangjun Xing, Haifeng Du, Xiaoguang Li, Masahito Mochizuki, Xiaohong Xu, Johan Åkerman, Yan Zhou","doi":"10.1063/5.0218280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0218280","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic skyrmions are promising for future spintronic devices due to their nanoscale size, high thermal stability, and mobility at low current densities. However, their practical applications may be limited by the skyrmion Hall effect (SkHE), which causes skyrmions to deflect from the direction of the driving current. The SkHE usually results in annihilation of skyrmions due to the destructive skyrmion–boundary interactions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of the SkHE as well as the recent advances in manipulation and suppression of the SkHE in various types of magnetic materials. Additionally, we introduce some SkHE-free topological spin textures, such as skyrmioniums and hopfions. This review covers the following aspects: origin of the SkHE and its implications on spintronics, manipulation of the SkHE by external magnetic fields and geometrical engineering, and properties of SkHE-free spin textures. The review concludes by highlighting future research directions and challenges, suggesting that magnetic skyrmions and related topological spin textures will be essential for upcoming electronic and spintronic applications.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abhishek Singh Dahiya, Ayoub Zumeit, Adamos Christou, Alex S. Loch, Balaji Purushothaman, Peter J. Skabara, Ravinder Dahiya
Electronic skin (e-skin), capable of sensing a physical or chemical stimulus and triggering a suitable response, is critical in applications such as healthcare, wearables, robotics, and more. With a substantial number and types of sensors over a large area, the low-cost fabrication is desirable for e-skin. In this regard, printing electronics attract the attention as it allow efficient use of materials, “maskless” fabrication, and low-temperature deposition. Additionally, the use of e-skin in real-time applications calls for faster computation and communication. However, due to limitations of widely used materials (e.g., low mobility) and the printing tools (e.g., poor print resolution), the use of printed electronics has been restricted to passive devices for low-end applications until recent years. Such limitations are now being addressed through high-mobility materials and highlighted in this review article, using e-skin as a vehicle. This paper discusses techniques that allow printing of high-quality electronic layers using inorganic nanostructures, and their further processing to obtain sensors, energy harvesters, and transistors. Specifically, the contact printing, transfer printing, and direct roll printing are discussed along with working mechanisms and the influence of print dynamics. For the sake of completeness, a few examples of organic semiconductor-based devices are also included. E-skin presents a good case for 3D integration of flexible electronics, and therefore, the use of high-resolution printing to connect various devices on a substrate or 3D stack is also discussed. Finally, major challenges hindering the scalability of printing methods and their commercial uptake are discussed along with potential solutions.
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