Xinyi Li, Shi-Hai Wei, Tianyi Chen, Mingxuan Chen, Jianing Zhou, Xueying Zhang, Si Shen, Hui Cao, Bo Jing, Guangwei Deng, Hai-Zhi Song
Optical microscopy constitutes an essential cornerstone in the life sciences, facilitating detailed investigations into the structural and dynamic complexities of biological systems. Nonetheless, classical optical microscopy encounters significant challenges in probing the intricate complexities of cellular and molecular systems, particularly due to the diffraction limit of light and limitations posed by detection noise. Although significant advances in optical microscopy have realized super-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratios, and high-speed imaging, these methods frequently require high-intensity illumination, potentially inducing photodamage and photobleaching in biological samples. Quantum-twinned photons, characterized by their unique properties of quantum entanglement, quantum correlation, and quantum interference at the single photon level, present transformative solutions to these limitations. Several imaging modalities have been developed that utilize quantum-twinned photons, encompassing quantum correlation imaging, quantum entanglement imaging, and quantum interference imaging. These techniques exhibit quantum-enhanced imaging capabilities that markedly outperform classical methods, with diverse applications in cellular, tissue, and organism imaging. Centered on this theme, here we present a comprehensive review of quantum biological imaging leveraging the three pivotal quantum properties of quantum-twinned photons. The review encompasses the physical principles underlying these methods, recent experimental advancements, and an exploration of future prospects and challenges in the practical implementation of quantum bio-imaging.
{"title":"Bio-imaging with quantum twinned photons","authors":"Xinyi Li, Shi-Hai Wei, Tianyi Chen, Mingxuan Chen, Jianing Zhou, Xueying Zhang, Si Shen, Hui Cao, Bo Jing, Guangwei Deng, Hai-Zhi Song","doi":"10.1063/5.0261444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0261444","url":null,"abstract":"Optical microscopy constitutes an essential cornerstone in the life sciences, facilitating detailed investigations into the structural and dynamic complexities of biological systems. Nonetheless, classical optical microscopy encounters significant challenges in probing the intricate complexities of cellular and molecular systems, particularly due to the diffraction limit of light and limitations posed by detection noise. Although significant advances in optical microscopy have realized super-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratios, and high-speed imaging, these methods frequently require high-intensity illumination, potentially inducing photodamage and photobleaching in biological samples. Quantum-twinned photons, characterized by their unique properties of quantum entanglement, quantum correlation, and quantum interference at the single photon level, present transformative solutions to these limitations. Several imaging modalities have been developed that utilize quantum-twinned photons, encompassing quantum correlation imaging, quantum entanglement imaging, and quantum interference imaging. These techniques exhibit quantum-enhanced imaging capabilities that markedly outperform classical methods, with diverse applications in cellular, tissue, and organism imaging. Centered on this theme, here we present a comprehensive review of quantum biological imaging leveraging the three pivotal quantum properties of quantum-twinned photons. The review encompasses the physical principles underlying these methods, recent experimental advancements, and an exploration of future prospects and challenges in the practical implementation of quantum bio-imaging.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a type of zero-dimensional carbon-based nano-luminescent material with excellent fluorescent properties and have potential applications in many areas. Usually, the fluorescence of CQDs is quenched when they aggregate, limiting further exploration of their application. In recent years, research on CQDs with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) features has shown promise in addressing the issue of poor luminescence efficiency upon aggregation, although the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Here, inter-dots/molecular excitonic and intra-dots/molecular electron-vibration couplings are employed to potentially explore the mechanism of aggregation-caused quenching and AIE of CQDs. In addition, the CQDs with AIE feature are classified into two categories, the CQDs possessing intrinsic AIE properties (AIE-CQDs) and the exogenous CQDs (endowed-AIE-CQDs). The detailed research progress on both types is also summarized. Furthermore, the documented applications of AIE-CQDs and endowed-AIE-CQDs in biomedical imaging, chemical analysis, and solid-state lighting are summarized based on their enhanced fluorescence and redshifted emission wavelengths upon aggregation.
{"title":"Aggregation-induced emission of carbon quantum dots: Mechanisms and applications","authors":"Haoyi Wu, Yanan Yan, Qian Peng, Youhong Tang","doi":"10.1063/5.0268816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0268816","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a type of zero-dimensional carbon-based nano-luminescent material with excellent fluorescent properties and have potential applications in many areas. Usually, the fluorescence of CQDs is quenched when they aggregate, limiting further exploration of their application. In recent years, research on CQDs with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) features has shown promise in addressing the issue of poor luminescence efficiency upon aggregation, although the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Here, inter-dots/molecular excitonic and intra-dots/molecular electron-vibration couplings are employed to potentially explore the mechanism of aggregation-caused quenching and AIE of CQDs. In addition, the CQDs with AIE feature are classified into two categories, the CQDs possessing intrinsic AIE properties (AIE-CQDs) and the exogenous CQDs (endowed-AIE-CQDs). The detailed research progress on both types is also summarized. Furthermore, the documented applications of AIE-CQDs and endowed-AIE-CQDs in biomedical imaging, chemical analysis, and solid-state lighting are summarized based on their enhanced fluorescence and redshifted emission wavelengths upon aggregation.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radio frequency (RF) filters for communication have been developed rapidly, driven by new communication standards and the dramatic expansion of wide-range applications. Although they are currently playing crucial roles in applications such as mobile communication, space-to-ground communication, and the Internet of Thing, there are significantly stringent and challenging requirements demanded for their rapid and successful applications. Compared with conventionally adopted low-temperature co-fired ceramics, integrated passive device filters, and dielectric filters, acoustic wave filters have been regarded as the competitive choice, mainly attributed to their wide bandwidth, small size, and low insertion loss. This paper reviews the advances and outlines future perspectives of high frequency acoustic wave devices for RF communication, focusing on several critical issues including bandwidth, roll-off, frequency, power-handling, insertion loss, out-of-band rejection, tunability, and size/package. It is focused mainly on the extreme performance breakthroughs of RF acoustic wave filter, e.g., how to achieve acoustic devices with operating frequency above 8 GHz, bandwidth around 1 GHz, and quality factor exceeding 2000. Various principles, strategies, and technologies for achieving the superior performance of super-high frequency RF filters are discussed, e.g., applying advanced materials such as scandium-doped AlN or single crystals of AlN and LiNbO3, creating new topology structures such as hybrid filters, and generating new types of vibration modes of acoustic waves.
{"title":"Advances and future perspectives for super-high frequency, wide-band, and miniaturized acoustic wave filters","authors":"Rui Ding, Danyu Mu, Weipeng Xuan, Feng Gao, Haimeng Wu, Weijun Zhu, Huaping Zhang, Jikui Luo, Yuanjin Zheng, Shurong Dong, Yongqing Fu","doi":"10.1063/5.0277777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0277777","url":null,"abstract":"Radio frequency (RF) filters for communication have been developed rapidly, driven by new communication standards and the dramatic expansion of wide-range applications. Although they are currently playing crucial roles in applications such as mobile communication, space-to-ground communication, and the Internet of Thing, there are significantly stringent and challenging requirements demanded for their rapid and successful applications. Compared with conventionally adopted low-temperature co-fired ceramics, integrated passive device filters, and dielectric filters, acoustic wave filters have been regarded as the competitive choice, mainly attributed to their wide bandwidth, small size, and low insertion loss. This paper reviews the advances and outlines future perspectives of high frequency acoustic wave devices for RF communication, focusing on several critical issues including bandwidth, roll-off, frequency, power-handling, insertion loss, out-of-band rejection, tunability, and size/package. It is focused mainly on the extreme performance breakthroughs of RF acoustic wave filter, e.g., how to achieve acoustic devices with operating frequency above 8 GHz, bandwidth around 1 GHz, and quality factor exceeding 2000. Various principles, strategies, and technologies for achieving the superior performance of super-high frequency RF filters are discussed, e.g., applying advanced materials such as scandium-doped AlN or single crystals of AlN and LiNbO3, creating new topology structures such as hybrid filters, and generating new types of vibration modes of acoustic waves.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arthur Aquino, Artem Rubinstein, Igor Kudryavtsev, Alexander Yakovlev, Alexey Golovkin
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanoparticles naturally secreted by cells, playing a vital role in intercellular communication and holding significant promise as therapeutic agents. These natural carriers deliver various molecules into cells, including proteins and nucleic acids. There are numerous methods to load and modify EVs, encompassing physical, chemical, and biological approaches. EVs demonstrate the capacity to target specific cells within organs, even requiring blood–tissue transition. The protein corona significantly influences EV availability and cargo delivery, with biomolecules residing both within and conjugated to the EV membrane. Furthermore, embedding EVs within biomaterials such as hydrogels, scaffolds, and nanofibers can enhance their stability, targeting specificity, and therapeutic potential. By addressing cargo loading and cell/tissue-specific targeting, EVs offer a novel therapeutic strategy for various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, EVs show promise as vaccination tools, delivering messenger RNA and proteins of various pathogens. Advances in EV biology and engineering would provide improved strategies for vesicle targeting, enhanced cargo loading, and safe and effective delivery. The convergence of technological advancements, interdisciplinary collaboration, and an enhanced understanding of EVs promises to revolutionize therapeutic approaches to a wide range of diseases, establishing EV-based treatments as a cornerstone of future medicine.
{"title":"Extracellular vesicles as the drug delivery vehicle for gene-based therapy","authors":"Arthur Aquino, Artem Rubinstein, Igor Kudryavtsev, Alexander Yakovlev, Alexey Golovkin","doi":"10.1063/5.0255519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0255519","url":null,"abstract":"Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanoparticles naturally secreted by cells, playing a vital role in intercellular communication and holding significant promise as therapeutic agents. These natural carriers deliver various molecules into cells, including proteins and nucleic acids. There are numerous methods to load and modify EVs, encompassing physical, chemical, and biological approaches. EVs demonstrate the capacity to target specific cells within organs, even requiring blood–tissue transition. The protein corona significantly influences EV availability and cargo delivery, with biomolecules residing both within and conjugated to the EV membrane. Furthermore, embedding EVs within biomaterials such as hydrogels, scaffolds, and nanofibers can enhance their stability, targeting specificity, and therapeutic potential. By addressing cargo loading and cell/tissue-specific targeting, EVs offer a novel therapeutic strategy for various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, EVs show promise as vaccination tools, delivering messenger RNA and proteins of various pathogens. Advances in EV biology and engineering would provide improved strategies for vesicle targeting, enhanced cargo loading, and safe and effective delivery. The convergence of technological advancements, interdisciplinary collaboration, and an enhanced understanding of EVs promises to revolutionize therapeutic approaches to a wide range of diseases, establishing EV-based treatments as a cornerstone of future medicine.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The disclination of a bulk crystalline lattice could host strongly localized states protected by quantized fractional charges, known as disclination states. Although disclination states of topological crystalline insulators have been extensively explored in wave systems, i.e., electromagnetic and acoustic wave systems, their experimental realizations in the diffusion process, particularly thermal diffusion, have remained underdeveloped. To bridge this gap, we theoretically model and experimentally measure topologically protected disclination states in C4, C5, and C7-symmetric thermal crystalline lattices composed of aluminum disks. The temperature evolution is tied to an effective Hamiltonian hosting topological disclination modes, which have a diffusion rate that is robust against defects. Our findings extend topological disclination phases and the physics of fractional charges from Hermitian to anti-Hermitian systems, opening new avenues for future research in thermal information processing and temperature management processes that are robust against disturbances.
{"title":"Topological thermal crystalline insulators","authors":"Siming Li, Haotian Wu, Jingjing Zhang, Rimi Banerjee, Linyang Zou, Yueqian Zhang, Hao Hu, Yidong Chong, Qi Jie Wang, Yu Luo","doi":"10.1063/5.0292394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0292394","url":null,"abstract":"The disclination of a bulk crystalline lattice could host strongly localized states protected by quantized fractional charges, known as disclination states. Although disclination states of topological crystalline insulators have been extensively explored in wave systems, i.e., electromagnetic and acoustic wave systems, their experimental realizations in the diffusion process, particularly thermal diffusion, have remained underdeveloped. To bridge this gap, we theoretically model and experimentally measure topologically protected disclination states in C4, C5, and C7-symmetric thermal crystalline lattices composed of aluminum disks. The temperature evolution is tied to an effective Hamiltonian hosting topological disclination modes, which have a diffusion rate that is robust against defects. Our findings extend topological disclination phases and the physics of fractional charges from Hermitian to anti-Hermitian systems, opening new avenues for future research in thermal information processing and temperature management processes that are robust against disturbances.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145202954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Succinonitrile (SN)-based composite polymer electrolytes offer high ionic conductivity and flexibility for solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs); however, they suffer from cyano group-induced interfacial side reactions and PVDF's crystallinity-driven performance limitations. Herein, we introduce semiconductor waste-derived LiGaO2 (LGO) as a multifunctional additive to address these challenges. LGO's high-dielectric constant modulates PVDF-HFP crystallization into disordered amorphous domains, reducing interfacial resistance and enhancing exchange current density. Simultaneously, LGO promotes LiTFSI dissociation via dipole interactions while anchoring SN molecules, suppressing migration and side reactions. The optimized electrolyte achieves an ionic conductivity of 1.24 × 10−3 S·cm−1, a transference number of 0.67, an activation energy of 0.13 eV, and a critical current density of 0.8 mA·cm−2 at 45 °C. Symmetric Li cells show stable cycling, while LiCoO2/Li batteries exhibit superior rate performance (111.8 mAh·g−1 at 2 C) and retain 61.4% capacity after 100 cycles at 0.5 C with 99.2% average Coulombic efficiency. These findings reveal the core mechanism of high-dielectric constant nanomaterials in regulating crystallization kinetics and promoting internal ionic transport in multicomponent polymer electrolytes, providing new directions for the development of SSLMBs.
{"title":"Semiconductor waste-derived LiGaO2: A multifunctional regulator for crystallization, ion transport, and stability in polymer electrolytes","authors":"Weiliang Gong, Jianming Tao, Yanhuang Cai, Junlin Wu, Zhicheng Zhang, Chenlong Chen, Zhigao Huang, Yingbin Lin","doi":"10.1063/5.0281318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0281318","url":null,"abstract":"Succinonitrile (SN)-based composite polymer electrolytes offer high ionic conductivity and flexibility for solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs); however, they suffer from cyano group-induced interfacial side reactions and PVDF's crystallinity-driven performance limitations. Herein, we introduce semiconductor waste-derived LiGaO2 (LGO) as a multifunctional additive to address these challenges. LGO's high-dielectric constant modulates PVDF-HFP crystallization into disordered amorphous domains, reducing interfacial resistance and enhancing exchange current density. Simultaneously, LGO promotes LiTFSI dissociation via dipole interactions while anchoring SN molecules, suppressing migration and side reactions. The optimized electrolyte achieves an ionic conductivity of 1.24 × 10−3 S·cm−1, a transference number of 0.67, an activation energy of 0.13 eV, and a critical current density of 0.8 mA·cm−2 at 45 °C. Symmetric Li cells show stable cycling, while LiCoO2/Li batteries exhibit superior rate performance (111.8 mAh·g−1 at 2 C) and retain 61.4% capacity after 100 cycles at 0.5 C with 99.2% average Coulombic efficiency. These findings reveal the core mechanism of high-dielectric constant nanomaterials in regulating crystallization kinetics and promoting internal ionic transport in multicomponent polymer electrolytes, providing new directions for the development of SSLMBs.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145153771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang-Yang Lv, Xiao Li, Yong Zhang, Qi-Xun Wen, Su-Tao Sun, Cao Lin, Bin Pang, Y. B. Chen, Shu-Hua Yao, Jian Zhou, Yan-Feng Chen
The chiral magnetic effect (CME) is a quantum phenomenon arising from the breaking of chiral symmetry in relativistic Weyl fermions due to quantum fluctuations under parallel electric (E) and magnetic fields (B). Intuitively, Weyl fermions with opposite chirality, under the stimulus of parallel E and B, will have different chemical potentials that give rise to an extra current, whose role is like a chiral battery in solids. However, up until now, the experimental evidence for the chiral magnetic effect is the negative longitudinal magnetoresistance, rather than a chiral electric source. Here, different from previous reports, we observed a giant chiral magnetic effect evidenced by “negative” resistance and corresponding voltage–current curves located in the second-fourth quadrant in the type-II Weyl semimetal WP2+δ. These phenomena occur under the following conditions: the misalignment angle between B and E is smaller than 20°, the temperature is below 40 K, the externally applied electrical current is less than 50 mA, and the magnetic field is larger than 3 T. Phenomenologically, based on the macroscopic Chern–Simons–Maxwell equation, this giant chiral magnetic effect observed in WP2+δ is attributed to the chirality of Weyl fermions possessing a two-order longer coherent time than the Drude transport relaxation time. Our findings provide evidence of the giant chiral-magnetic/chiral-battery effect in Weyl semimetals.
{"title":"Experimental evidence of giant chiral magnetic effect in type-II Weyl semimetal WP2+δ crystals","authors":"Yang-Yang Lv, Xiao Li, Yong Zhang, Qi-Xun Wen, Su-Tao Sun, Cao Lin, Bin Pang, Y. B. Chen, Shu-Hua Yao, Jian Zhou, Yan-Feng Chen","doi":"10.1063/5.0260214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0260214","url":null,"abstract":"The chiral magnetic effect (CME) is a quantum phenomenon arising from the breaking of chiral symmetry in relativistic Weyl fermions due to quantum fluctuations under parallel electric (E) and magnetic fields (B). Intuitively, Weyl fermions with opposite chirality, under the stimulus of parallel E and B, will have different chemical potentials that give rise to an extra current, whose role is like a chiral battery in solids. However, up until now, the experimental evidence for the chiral magnetic effect is the negative longitudinal magnetoresistance, rather than a chiral electric source. Here, different from previous reports, we observed a giant chiral magnetic effect evidenced by “negative” resistance and corresponding voltage–current curves located in the second-fourth quadrant in the type-II Weyl semimetal WP2+δ. These phenomena occur under the following conditions: the misalignment angle between B and E is smaller than 20°, the temperature is below 40 K, the externally applied electrical current is less than 50 mA, and the magnetic field is larger than 3 T. Phenomenologically, based on the macroscopic Chern–Simons–Maxwell equation, this giant chiral magnetic effect observed in WP2+δ is attributed to the chirality of Weyl fermions possessing a two-order longer coherent time than the Drude transport relaxation time. Our findings provide evidence of the giant chiral-magnetic/chiral-battery effect in Weyl semimetals.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145133845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephen J. Pearton, Fan Ren, A. Y. Polyakov, Aman Haque, Madani Labed, You Seung Rim
Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) has been the subject of extensive research over the past decade due to its potential in next-generation power electronics and solar-blind ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors. While Ga2O3 exhibits promising material characteristics for applications in harsh environments, its commercial viability remains under debate, particularly when compared to materials such as aluminum nitride (AlN) and diamond, which possess superior intrinsic properties. This perspective addresses the critical challenges that currently impede the widespread commercialization of Ga2O3-based devices. These challenges include a relatively immature technology base, the difficulty in achieving stable p-type conductivity, inherently low thermal conductivity, the presence of crystallographic defects (nano- and micro-voids), and elevated fabrication costs, all of which negatively impact device reliability and scalability. Mitigation strategies, such as heterojunction implementation, the development of thermal management solutions such as wafer bonding, and defect passivation approaches, are also under investigation. The near-term feasibility of commercially viable Ga2O3-based power electronic devices is a central focus of this discussion. The current status is that Ga2O3 development is far advanced relative to either diamond or especially AlN power electronics but is hampered by lack of a broad base of substrate vendors and a compelling vision for device implementations that provide sufficient improvement over SiC power devices. There are strong geographic differences in device focus, with China prioritizing implementation in grid applications while the United States/Europe appear to consider Ga2O3 devices more for defense and aerospace applications.
{"title":"Status of Ga2O3 for power device and UV photodetector applications","authors":"Stephen J. Pearton, Fan Ren, A. Y. Polyakov, Aman Haque, Madani Labed, You Seung Rim","doi":"10.1063/5.0285075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0285075","url":null,"abstract":"Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) has been the subject of extensive research over the past decade due to its potential in next-generation power electronics and solar-blind ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors. While Ga2O3 exhibits promising material characteristics for applications in harsh environments, its commercial viability remains under debate, particularly when compared to materials such as aluminum nitride (AlN) and diamond, which possess superior intrinsic properties. This perspective addresses the critical challenges that currently impede the widespread commercialization of Ga2O3-based devices. These challenges include a relatively immature technology base, the difficulty in achieving stable p-type conductivity, inherently low thermal conductivity, the presence of crystallographic defects (nano- and micro-voids), and elevated fabrication costs, all of which negatively impact device reliability and scalability. Mitigation strategies, such as heterojunction implementation, the development of thermal management solutions such as wafer bonding, and defect passivation approaches, are also under investigation. The near-term feasibility of commercially viable Ga2O3-based power electronic devices is a central focus of this discussion. The current status is that Ga2O3 development is far advanced relative to either diamond or especially AlN power electronics but is hampered by lack of a broad base of substrate vendors and a compelling vision for device implementations that provide sufficient improvement over SiC power devices. There are strong geographic differences in device focus, with China prioritizing implementation in grid applications while the United States/Europe appear to consider Ga2O3 devices more for defense and aerospace applications.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145133773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Green hydrogen (H2) production via water electrolysis offers a sustainable pathway to decarbonize various industries, driven by its potential to replace fossil fuels and achieve carbon neutrality. Traditional approaches to catalyst development for H2 production, such as electrochemical catalysis (EC), photoelectrochemical catalysis (PEC), and photocatalysis (PC), have predominantly relied on empirical, trial-and-error methods. While significant progress has been made, these methods are time-consuming, costly, and limited by the complexity of multicomponent catalysts and reaction systems. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have emerged as transformative tools for accelerating catalyst discovery and optimization. AI-driven approaches enable high-throughput screening of materials, prediction of catalyst performance, and real-time reaction mechanisms, offering a more efficient alternative to conventional experimentation. This review examines the current state of catalyst development for green H2 production, highlighting the role of AI in optimizing hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reactions (HER/OER). We explore advancements in electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and photocatalytic systems, emphasizing the potential of AI to revolutionize the field. By integrating AI with experimental techniques, researchers are poised to achieve breakthroughs in efficiency, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, accelerating the transition toward a sustainable, hydrogen-powered future.
{"title":"Prospects of AI in advancing green hydrogen production: From materials to applications","authors":"Doudou Zhang, Weisheng Pan, Haijiao Lu, Zhiliang Wang, Bikesh Gupta, Aman Maung Than Oo, Lianzhou Wang, Karsten Reuter, Haobo Li, Yijiao Jiang, Siva Karuturi","doi":"10.1063/5.0281416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0281416","url":null,"abstract":"Green hydrogen (H2) production via water electrolysis offers a sustainable pathway to decarbonize various industries, driven by its potential to replace fossil fuels and achieve carbon neutrality. Traditional approaches to catalyst development for H2 production, such as electrochemical catalysis (EC), photoelectrochemical catalysis (PEC), and photocatalysis (PC), have predominantly relied on empirical, trial-and-error methods. While significant progress has been made, these methods are time-consuming, costly, and limited by the complexity of multicomponent catalysts and reaction systems. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have emerged as transformative tools for accelerating catalyst discovery and optimization. AI-driven approaches enable high-throughput screening of materials, prediction of catalyst performance, and real-time reaction mechanisms, offering a more efficient alternative to conventional experimentation. This review examines the current state of catalyst development for green H2 production, highlighting the role of AI in optimizing hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reactions (HER/OER). We explore advancements in electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and photocatalytic systems, emphasizing the potential of AI to revolutionize the field. By integrating AI with experimental techniques, researchers are poised to achieve breakthroughs in efficiency, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, accelerating the transition toward a sustainable, hydrogen-powered future.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145127684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liu Yang, Xiaotong Zhang, Hanchen Wang, Jinlong Wang, Yiming Sun, Lei Liu, Zhiyuan Zhao, Yumin Yang, Dahai Wei, Dong Pan, Jianhua Zhao, Jian Shen, Weisheng Zhao, Haichang Lu, Haiming Yu, Wenbin Wang, Na Lei
The Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) is pivotal in stabilizing topological spin textures, a critical aspect of the rapidly advancing field of oxide-based spintronics. While skyrmions and the topological Hall effect have been widely studied in oxide films, experimental verification of interfacial DMI and its underlying mechanisms in oxide interfaces has remained largely unexplored. In this study, we report a significantly large interfacial DMI in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) films grown on NdGaO3 substrates, with a DMI coefficient of 1.96 pJ/m—one to two orders of magnitude higher than previously observed in oxide systems. Our experiments, coupled with first-principles calculations, reveal that enhanced spin–orbit coupling at the LSMO/NdGaO3 interface, driven by a synergy between the 6s electrons of Nd and the 4f electrons, is the key to this large DMI. This breakthrough opens new avenues for controlling chiral spintronics in oxide-based materials, laying the groundwork for next-generation spintronic and magnonic devices.
{"title":"Large interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction of epitaxial perovskite La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 films","authors":"Liu Yang, Xiaotong Zhang, Hanchen Wang, Jinlong Wang, Yiming Sun, Lei Liu, Zhiyuan Zhao, Yumin Yang, Dahai Wei, Dong Pan, Jianhua Zhao, Jian Shen, Weisheng Zhao, Haichang Lu, Haiming Yu, Wenbin Wang, Na Lei","doi":"10.1063/5.0268251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0268251","url":null,"abstract":"The Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) is pivotal in stabilizing topological spin textures, a critical aspect of the rapidly advancing field of oxide-based spintronics. While skyrmions and the topological Hall effect have been widely studied in oxide films, experimental verification of interfacial DMI and its underlying mechanisms in oxide interfaces has remained largely unexplored. In this study, we report a significantly large interfacial DMI in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) films grown on NdGaO3 substrates, with a DMI coefficient of 1.96 pJ/m—one to two orders of magnitude higher than previously observed in oxide systems. Our experiments, coupled with first-principles calculations, reveal that enhanced spin–orbit coupling at the LSMO/NdGaO3 interface, driven by a synergy between the 6s electrons of Nd and the 4f electrons, is the key to this large DMI. This breakthrough opens new avenues for controlling chiral spintronics in oxide-based materials, laying the groundwork for next-generation spintronic and magnonic devices.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145127685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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