Yizhe Liu, Qinshu Li, Fang Liu, Xinqiang Wang, Bo Sun
Non-Fourier thermal transports have drawn significant attention for decades. Among them, the frequency-dependent thermal conductivity has been extensively explored by pump-probe techniques, such as time-domain thermoreflectance, which is employed to probe the spectra of phonon mean free paths. However, previous studies on silicon have not exhibited apparent frequency dependence despite its broad phonon distribution. Here, we report the frequency-dependent thermal transport in Al/Si with an atomically sharp interface, where the matched Debye temperatures preserve the temperature difference between low- and high-energy phonons in Si and contribute as additional non-equilibrium thermal resistance. The dependence vanishes in Al/SiO2/Si at room temperature, since the SiO2 interlayer facilitates phonon scattering and destroys thermal non-equilibrium. At 80 K, frequency dependence reemerges in Al/SiO2/Si due to reduced interfacial phonon scattering, which is not sufficient to destroy the temperature difference between low- and high-energy phonons. The frequency dependence is weakened in the Al/Si sample at 500 K, originating from the enhanced phonon scattering rate in Si. Our findings highlight the significance of boundary conditions in frequency-dependent thermal conductivity.
{"title":"Boundary conditions dictate frequency dependence of thermal conductivity in silicon","authors":"Yizhe Liu, Qinshu Li, Fang Liu, Xinqiang Wang, Bo Sun","doi":"10.1063/5.0254248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0254248","url":null,"abstract":"Non-Fourier thermal transports have drawn significant attention for decades. Among them, the frequency-dependent thermal conductivity has been extensively explored by pump-probe techniques, such as time-domain thermoreflectance, which is employed to probe the spectra of phonon mean free paths. However, previous studies on silicon have not exhibited apparent frequency dependence despite its broad phonon distribution. Here, we report the frequency-dependent thermal transport in Al/Si with an atomically sharp interface, where the matched Debye temperatures preserve the temperature difference between low- and high-energy phonons in Si and contribute as additional non-equilibrium thermal resistance. The dependence vanishes in Al/SiO2/Si at room temperature, since the SiO2 interlayer facilitates phonon scattering and destroys thermal non-equilibrium. At 80 K, frequency dependence reemerges in Al/SiO2/Si due to reduced interfacial phonon scattering, which is not sufficient to destroy the temperature difference between low- and high-energy phonons. The frequency dependence is weakened in the Al/Si sample at 500 K, originating from the enhanced phonon scattering rate in Si. Our findings highlight the significance of boundary conditions in frequency-dependent thermal conductivity.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145089289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geon-Tae Park, Jin-Woo Cho, Hyung Rae Kim, Qiaoqiang Gan, Young Min Song, Sun-Kyung Kim
In the face of the global energy and climate crisis, multifunctional optical coatings have become crucial for harvesting solar energy and reducing energy consumption. This review examines recent developments in microstructured optical coatings designed based on geometric optics principles, highlighting their role in two key areas: energy harvesting and energy saving. In the first category, microstructured surfaces enhance photovoltaic performance through improved sunlight steering and capture. In the second category, they enable passive radiative cooling by efficiently emitting heat as thermal radiation while transmitting or reflecting solar radiation. Compared to nanostructured coatings, microstructured designs offer distinct advantages for large-area applications, including compatibility with scalable fabrication techniques and precise, angle-selective optical control. The review covers both horizontal (roof- or ground-mounted) and vertical (building-integrated) configurations, underscoring how each configuration demands specialized microstructural strategies to address different incident sunlight conditions and thermal management challenges. Through a detailed survey of state-of-the-art designs and materials, this review highlights the potential of microstructured optical coatings to advance sustainable energy technologies and gives insight into their role in mitigating global energy and climate crises.
{"title":"Microstructured optical coatings for climate crisis mitigation","authors":"Geon-Tae Park, Jin-Woo Cho, Hyung Rae Kim, Qiaoqiang Gan, Young Min Song, Sun-Kyung Kim","doi":"10.1063/5.0280852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0280852","url":null,"abstract":"In the face of the global energy and climate crisis, multifunctional optical coatings have become crucial for harvesting solar energy and reducing energy consumption. This review examines recent developments in microstructured optical coatings designed based on geometric optics principles, highlighting their role in two key areas: energy harvesting and energy saving. In the first category, microstructured surfaces enhance photovoltaic performance through improved sunlight steering and capture. In the second category, they enable passive radiative cooling by efficiently emitting heat as thermal radiation while transmitting or reflecting solar radiation. Compared to nanostructured coatings, microstructured designs offer distinct advantages for large-area applications, including compatibility with scalable fabrication techniques and precise, angle-selective optical control. The review covers both horizontal (roof- or ground-mounted) and vertical (building-integrated) configurations, underscoring how each configuration demands specialized microstructural strategies to address different incident sunlight conditions and thermal management challenges. Through a detailed survey of state-of-the-art designs and materials, this review highlights the potential of microstructured optical coatings to advance sustainable energy technologies and gives insight into their role in mitigating global energy and climate crises.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145089302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amedeo Carbone, Diane-Pernille Bendixen-Fernex de Mongex, Arkady V. Krasheninnikov, Martijn Wubs, Alexander Huck, Thomas W. Hansen, Alexander W. Holleitner, Nicolas Stenger, Christoph Kastl
We highlight recent advances in the controlled creation of single-photon emitters in van der Waals materials and in the understanding of their atomistic origin. We focus on quantum emitters created in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenide semiconductors, which provide spectrally sharp single-photon emission at cryogenic temperatures, and the ones in insulating hBN, which provide bright and stable single-photon emission up to room temperature. After introducing the different classes of quantum emitters in terms of band-structure properties, we review the defect creation methods based on electron and ion irradiation as well as local strain engineering and plasma treatments. A main focus of the review is put on discussing the microscopic origin of the quantum emitters as revealed by various experimental platforms, including optical and scanning probe methods.
{"title":"Creation and microscopic origins of single-photon emitters in transition-metal dichalcogenides and hexagonal boron nitride","authors":"Amedeo Carbone, Diane-Pernille Bendixen-Fernex de Mongex, Arkady V. Krasheninnikov, Martijn Wubs, Alexander Huck, Thomas W. Hansen, Alexander W. Holleitner, Nicolas Stenger, Christoph Kastl","doi":"10.1063/5.0278132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0278132","url":null,"abstract":"We highlight recent advances in the controlled creation of single-photon emitters in van der Waals materials and in the understanding of their atomistic origin. We focus on quantum emitters created in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenide semiconductors, which provide spectrally sharp single-photon emission at cryogenic temperatures, and the ones in insulating hBN, which provide bright and stable single-photon emission up to room temperature. After introducing the different classes of quantum emitters in terms of band-structure properties, we review the defect creation methods based on electron and ion irradiation as well as local strain engineering and plasma treatments. A main focus of the review is put on discussing the microscopic origin of the quantum emitters as revealed by various experimental platforms, including optical and scanning probe methods.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"195 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145089291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yizhuo Xu, Shanfei Zhang, Shuya Li, Zhuofan Li, Xiaojun Chen, Yike Li, Manhui Chen, Peng Chen, Pengyu Zhang, Ke Wu, Yumei Ding, Bin Su
The development of tactile e-skins aims to capture more tactile information with fewer sensing units, addressing the limitation of discernible directions imposed by the limited density of sensing units in traditional tactile e-skin. As a self-powered solution, flexible magnetoelectric systems are expected to fulfill this requirement effectively. The soft magnetoelectric skin (SMES) has been proposed here for multidirectional tactile sensing by imitating the structure and tactile hyperacuity of human skin. The SMES integrates a force–magnetic coupling layer with an electromagnetic induction layer, enabling it to detect vertical forces at 25 points and tangential forces in 12 directions using only 4 coils, showing its tactile hyperacuity. Both experimental and simulation results demonstrate its stable, self-powered multidirectional sensing mechanism. Additionally, a customized machine learning model achieves 96.01% accuracy in detecting 37 force directions, even under varying compression conditions. Combined with a real-time sensing system, its application potential for robotic tactile sensing and human–computer interfaces has been highlighted, showcasing its application versatility. In a word, the SMES realizes advanced multidirectional tactile sensing ability with a minimal number of sensing units and energy consumption.
{"title":"Self-powered tactile hyperacuity with soft magnetoelectric skins","authors":"Yizhuo Xu, Shanfei Zhang, Shuya Li, Zhuofan Li, Xiaojun Chen, Yike Li, Manhui Chen, Peng Chen, Pengyu Zhang, Ke Wu, Yumei Ding, Bin Su","doi":"10.1063/5.0270940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0270940","url":null,"abstract":"The development of tactile e-skins aims to capture more tactile information with fewer sensing units, addressing the limitation of discernible directions imposed by the limited density of sensing units in traditional tactile e-skin. As a self-powered solution, flexible magnetoelectric systems are expected to fulfill this requirement effectively. The soft magnetoelectric skin (SMES) has been proposed here for multidirectional tactile sensing by imitating the structure and tactile hyperacuity of human skin. The SMES integrates a force–magnetic coupling layer with an electromagnetic induction layer, enabling it to detect vertical forces at 25 points and tangential forces in 12 directions using only 4 coils, showing its tactile hyperacuity. Both experimental and simulation results demonstrate its stable, self-powered multidirectional sensing mechanism. Additionally, a customized machine learning model achieves 96.01% accuracy in detecting 37 force directions, even under varying compression conditions. Combined with a real-time sensing system, its application potential for robotic tactile sensing and human–computer interfaces has been highlighted, showcasing its application versatility. In a word, the SMES realizes advanced multidirectional tactile sensing ability with a minimal number of sensing units and energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145083893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A wide-/narrow-bandgap heterojunction offers promising potential for developing broadband response, high speed, and highly sensitive photodetectors. By exploiting the different spectral response of these detectors, transmitted data of different wavelengths can be effectively distinguished, making them promising candidates for wavelength division multiplexing to enhance optical communication transmission rates. Herein, we present a facile dual-wavelength demultiplexing strategy based on ZnO/PbSe wide-/narrow-bandgap heterojunction to achieve ultraviolet (UV)-infrared (IR) broadband detection by utilizing the photosensitive/dielectric properties of ZnO along with unique band alignment. The detector demonstrates a continuous photocurrent response in the UV region, while producing transient pulsed photocurrent in the IR region. It is first time reporting response wavelength extension of transient photodetectors from near-infrared (NIR) to mid-infrared (MIR). Additionally, the response bandwidth reaches 2 kHz in the UV and 0.7 MHz in the IR bands. The UV/IR dual-wavelength optical communication tests show the coexistence of transient pulsed and continuous photocurrents. By incorporating different filter modules at the output terminals, the transmitted data at both wavelengths can be extracted simultaneously. This study offers a facile and practical approach for broadband photodetection and wavelength demultiplexing, while also providing a novel route for extending the application of wide-bandgap semiconductors to IR optoelectronic devices.
{"title":"UV/IR dual-waveband photodetection and demultiplexing applications enabled by a wide-/narrow-bandgap heterojunction","authors":"Ziyang Ren, Haimin Zhu, Mengjuan Liu, Hanlun Xu, Yu Zhu, Nasir Ali, Weien Lai, Jiaqi Zhu, Sihan Zhao, Ning Dai, Huizhen Wu","doi":"10.1063/5.0282659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0282659","url":null,"abstract":"A wide-/narrow-bandgap heterojunction offers promising potential for developing broadband response, high speed, and highly sensitive photodetectors. By exploiting the different spectral response of these detectors, transmitted data of different wavelengths can be effectively distinguished, making them promising candidates for wavelength division multiplexing to enhance optical communication transmission rates. Herein, we present a facile dual-wavelength demultiplexing strategy based on ZnO/PbSe wide-/narrow-bandgap heterojunction to achieve ultraviolet (UV)-infrared (IR) broadband detection by utilizing the photosensitive/dielectric properties of ZnO along with unique band alignment. The detector demonstrates a continuous photocurrent response in the UV region, while producing transient pulsed photocurrent in the IR region. It is first time reporting response wavelength extension of transient photodetectors from near-infrared (NIR) to mid-infrared (MIR). Additionally, the response bandwidth reaches 2 kHz in the UV and 0.7 MHz in the IR bands. The UV/IR dual-wavelength optical communication tests show the coexistence of transient pulsed and continuous photocurrents. By incorporating different filter modules at the output terminals, the transmitted data at both wavelengths can be extracted simultaneously. This study offers a facile and practical approach for broadband photodetection and wavelength demultiplexing, while also providing a novel route for extending the application of wide-bandgap semiconductors to IR optoelectronic devices.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145077582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Self-powered optoelectronic synaptic devices play an important role for the construction of neuromorphic computing systems. Nevertheless, these devices can only simulate optically excitatory synaptic behaviors, while mimicking optically inhibitory functions remains a challenge, arising from the photo-generated carriers that usually lead to the enhancement of conductivity in these devices. This limitation hinders the application development of the self-powered optoelectronic synaptic devices in neuromorphic computing. In this work, a self-powered optoelectronic synaptic device based on the tin dioxide and cesium silver bismuth bromide heterojunction is developed. Through utilizing the ion migration and photo-generated carrier transport behaviors in the heterojunction, self-powered optically inhibitory and excitatory synaptic behaviors are successfully mimicked under ultraviolet (365 nm) monochromatic all-optical modulation. On this basis, a convolutional neural network has been constructed with the software-based means to recognize images (the absence of real hardware-level image processing) in fashion MNIST dataset and an accuracy of 84.48% is obtained in this network, indicating broad application prospects of the all-optical self-powered systems in the neuromorphic computing.
{"title":"All-optical modulation self-powered optoelectronic synaptic devices with monochromatic ultraviolet for inhibitory/excitatory synaptic behaviors","authors":"Wen Huang, Shaojie Jiang, Zhengjian Lin, Xin Zhang, Hengru Fei, Jiyuan Jiang, Jiawei Tang, Xinyang Zhang, Xuegong Yu, Lei Wang, Xing'ao Li","doi":"10.1063/5.0259134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0259134","url":null,"abstract":"Self-powered optoelectronic synaptic devices play an important role for the construction of neuromorphic computing systems. Nevertheless, these devices can only simulate optically excitatory synaptic behaviors, while mimicking optically inhibitory functions remains a challenge, arising from the photo-generated carriers that usually lead to the enhancement of conductivity in these devices. This limitation hinders the application development of the self-powered optoelectronic synaptic devices in neuromorphic computing. In this work, a self-powered optoelectronic synaptic device based on the tin dioxide and cesium silver bismuth bromide heterojunction is developed. Through utilizing the ion migration and photo-generated carrier transport behaviors in the heterojunction, self-powered optically inhibitory and excitatory synaptic behaviors are successfully mimicked under ultraviolet (365 nm) monochromatic all-optical modulation. On this basis, a convolutional neural network has been constructed with the software-based means to recognize images (the absence of real hardware-level image processing) in fashion MNIST dataset and an accuracy of 84.48% is obtained in this network, indicating broad application prospects of the all-optical self-powered systems in the neuromorphic computing.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zijing Zhao, Lin Ma, Meijiao Men, Wei Li, Xiaolei Wang
Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) have exhibited significant application potential in magnetic sensors, magnetic random-access memory, spin-based logic gates, etc. However, conventional MTJ devices consisting of magnetic thin films usually suffer from interface defects and low scaling, severely compromising device performance. In contrast, all two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) MTJs offer an effective solution to avoid these problems, due to their atomically flat surfaces, suppressed interfacial mixing, and low dimensionality. In this review, we provide a systematic overview of recent advancements in all-2D vdW MTJs involving both spin-valve and spin-filter configurations. The discussed systems are classified according to the types of 2D magnetic materials. Then, the effective strategies for modulating the performance of MTJs are introduced, such as regulating the bias voltage/current, the thickness of the tunneling layer, and spin angles. Finally, the challenges and prospects for the future development of all-2D MTJs are discussed, highlighting the potential for realizing breakthroughs in this field.
{"title":"All two-dimensional van der Waals magnetic tunneling junctions","authors":"Zijing Zhao, Lin Ma, Meijiao Men, Wei Li, Xiaolei Wang","doi":"10.1063/5.0279573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0279573","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) have exhibited significant application potential in magnetic sensors, magnetic random-access memory, spin-based logic gates, etc. However, conventional MTJ devices consisting of magnetic thin films usually suffer from interface defects and low scaling, severely compromising device performance. In contrast, all two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) MTJs offer an effective solution to avoid these problems, due to their atomically flat surfaces, suppressed interfacial mixing, and low dimensionality. In this review, we provide a systematic overview of recent advancements in all-2D vdW MTJs involving both spin-valve and spin-filter configurations. The discussed systems are classified according to the types of 2D magnetic materials. Then, the effective strategies for modulating the performance of MTJs are introduced, such as regulating the bias voltage/current, the thickness of the tunneling layer, and spin angles. Finally, the challenges and prospects for the future development of all-2D MTJs are discussed, highlighting the potential for realizing breakthroughs in this field.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145035252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the evolving landscape of energy storage technologies, nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries maintain significant market relevance despite the prominence of lithium-ion systems. The global Ni-MH market continues to grow steadily, reflecting their continued importance in applications demanding safety, environmental compatibility, and reliability. This review provides a critical analysis of electrochemical techniques used to investigate metal hydride electrodes for Ni-MH batteries. We examine the thermodynamic and kinetic phenomena of hydrogen storage in intermetallic compounds, focusing on the correlation between gas-phase hydrogen interactions and electrochemical processes. The review systematically analyzes various methods including cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, chronoamperometry, galvanostatic and potentiostatic intermittent titration techniques (GITT and PITT), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For each method, we discuss theoretical foundations, practical applications, and fundamental limitations when applied to metal hydride systems. Our analysis reveals significant challenges in the direct application of methodologies originally developed for liquid-phase electrochemical systems to solid-state metal hydride electrodes. This methodological transfer without appropriate modifications has resulted in inconsistent data interpretation and discrepancies in reported parameters, particularly for hydrogen diffusion coefficients determined by different techniques. We identify common methodological errors and provide guidelines for more accurate experimental design and data analysis. The critical examination presented in this review demonstrates the necessity for researchers to carefully consider the fundamental differences between liquid-phase and solid-state electrochemical processes when selecting and applying characterization methods. Given the continued importance of Ni-MH batteries in energy infrastructure, establishing reliable characterization protocols is important for advancing the fundamental understanding and technological development of metal hydride electrode materials.
{"title":"Fundamental aspects and electrochemical investigation of metal hydride electrodes: Principles, methods, and practical insights","authors":"Saken Abdimomyn, Yaroslav Zhigalenok, Mazhyn Skakov, Arman Miniyazov, Nuriya Mukhamedova, Fyodor Malchik","doi":"10.1063/5.0270994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0270994","url":null,"abstract":"In the evolving landscape of energy storage technologies, nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries maintain significant market relevance despite the prominence of lithium-ion systems. The global Ni-MH market continues to grow steadily, reflecting their continued importance in applications demanding safety, environmental compatibility, and reliability. This review provides a critical analysis of electrochemical techniques used to investigate metal hydride electrodes for Ni-MH batteries. We examine the thermodynamic and kinetic phenomena of hydrogen storage in intermetallic compounds, focusing on the correlation between gas-phase hydrogen interactions and electrochemical processes. The review systematically analyzes various methods including cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, chronoamperometry, galvanostatic and potentiostatic intermittent titration techniques (GITT and PITT), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For each method, we discuss theoretical foundations, practical applications, and fundamental limitations when applied to metal hydride systems. Our analysis reveals significant challenges in the direct application of methodologies originally developed for liquid-phase electrochemical systems to solid-state metal hydride electrodes. This methodological transfer without appropriate modifications has resulted in inconsistent data interpretation and discrepancies in reported parameters, particularly for hydrogen diffusion coefficients determined by different techniques. We identify common methodological errors and provide guidelines for more accurate experimental design and data analysis. The critical examination presented in this review demonstrates the necessity for researchers to carefully consider the fundamental differences between liquid-phase and solid-state electrochemical processes when selecting and applying characterization methods. Given the continued importance of Ni-MH batteries in energy infrastructure, establishing reliable characterization protocols is important for advancing the fundamental understanding and technological development of metal hydride electrode materials.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145035251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kun Li, Yuzheng Guo, John Robertson, Weisheng Zhao, Haichang Lu
Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ) composed of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals heterostructures are proposed to be a plausible scheme to achieve larger tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) than the conventional MTJs. The spin transport across the interfaces is affected not only by the Brillouin zone (BZ) filtering but also by the interfacial bonds. This work focuses on studying the 2H Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) van der Waals layers as the tunnel barrier, and Cobalt (Co) as the electrode. The TMR varies with different adsorption interfaces, yet none have achieved the desired levels because the momentum-resolved transmissions of Co and MoS2 in the folded horizontal BZ do not match well, resulting in inefficient spin filtering and thereby a low TMR. The effects of interfacial bonds on spin transport and magnetic anisotropy are studied. The orientations of bonds determine the anisotropy of the interfacial Co. Vertical bonds stabilize the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), while non-vertical bonds cause in-plane magnetic anisotropy (IMA). The layers below exhibit PMA, so both types of MTJs overall support PMA, while the physisorbed MTJ is stronger. The positive relation between the transmission and the electron density near the Fermi level is weakened by the bonds, as the scattering centers hold back the spin injection. Our work further strengthens the importance of BZ filtering in governing TMR and the design principle of MTJ, as well as how bonds affect the overall device performance.
{"title":"Insights into the Co/MoS2/Co magnetic tunnel junctions","authors":"Kun Li, Yuzheng Guo, John Robertson, Weisheng Zhao, Haichang Lu","doi":"10.1063/5.0272301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0272301","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ) composed of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals heterostructures are proposed to be a plausible scheme to achieve larger tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) than the conventional MTJs. The spin transport across the interfaces is affected not only by the Brillouin zone (BZ) filtering but also by the interfacial bonds. This work focuses on studying the 2H Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) van der Waals layers as the tunnel barrier, and Cobalt (Co) as the electrode. The TMR varies with different adsorption interfaces, yet none have achieved the desired levels because the momentum-resolved transmissions of Co and MoS2 in the folded horizontal BZ do not match well, resulting in inefficient spin filtering and thereby a low TMR. The effects of interfacial bonds on spin transport and magnetic anisotropy are studied. The orientations of bonds determine the anisotropy of the interfacial Co. Vertical bonds stabilize the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), while non-vertical bonds cause in-plane magnetic anisotropy (IMA). The layers below exhibit PMA, so both types of MTJs overall support PMA, while the physisorbed MTJ is stronger. The positive relation between the transmission and the electron density near the Fermi level is weakened by the bonds, as the scattering centers hold back the spin injection. Our work further strengthens the importance of BZ filtering in governing TMR and the design principle of MTJ, as well as how bonds affect the overall device performance.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145035180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyun-Jin Kim, Ngoc Duy Le, Hyun-Ji Oh, Beomsu Kim, Eunjae Yoo, Jeonghwan Kim, Hyungshin Yim
mRNA technology and the lipid nanoparticle (LNP) platform have gained significant research attention for other therapeutic applications, particularly cancer treatment, after the success of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. The flexibility, scalability, and safety of mRNA render it suitable for pharmaceutical applications, and recent advances in mRNA engineering have further improved both its stability and translational durability. The LNP platform has been instrumental in the clinical translation of mRNA therapy by enabling intracellular delivery and supporting access to both hepatic and extrahepatic organs. However, the lack of tumor-specific LNPs hinders the successful development of mRNA-based cancer therapy. In this review, we discussed the basic biology of mRNA and the benefits of mRNA therapy for cancer treatment. We highlighted how the LNP platform works and its important role in mRNA-based cancer therapy. We also looked into ways to improve the physicochemical properties of LNPs for cancer treatment. Clinical trials are reviewed to provide the current status of mRNA-LNP technology in cancer therapy. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges and future prospects for developing LNPs capable of mRNA delivery effectively for cancer treatment.
{"title":"Lipid nanoparticle-assisted mRNA therapy for cancer treatment","authors":"Hyun-Jin Kim, Ngoc Duy Le, Hyun-Ji Oh, Beomsu Kim, Eunjae Yoo, Jeonghwan Kim, Hyungshin Yim","doi":"10.1063/5.0247029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0247029","url":null,"abstract":"mRNA technology and the lipid nanoparticle (LNP) platform have gained significant research attention for other therapeutic applications, particularly cancer treatment, after the success of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. The flexibility, scalability, and safety of mRNA render it suitable for pharmaceutical applications, and recent advances in mRNA engineering have further improved both its stability and translational durability. The LNP platform has been instrumental in the clinical translation of mRNA therapy by enabling intracellular delivery and supporting access to both hepatic and extrahepatic organs. However, the lack of tumor-specific LNPs hinders the successful development of mRNA-based cancer therapy. In this review, we discussed the basic biology of mRNA and the benefits of mRNA therapy for cancer treatment. We highlighted how the LNP platform works and its important role in mRNA-based cancer therapy. We also looked into ways to improve the physicochemical properties of LNPs for cancer treatment. Clinical trials are reviewed to provide the current status of mRNA-LNP technology in cancer therapy. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges and future prospects for developing LNPs capable of mRNA delivery effectively for cancer treatment.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145017235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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