Hafnia (HfO2)-based ferroelectric devices face reliability challenges stemming from the fact that the polar phase is metastable. The highest reported ferroelectric fatigue-endurance value stands at 1012 cycles, quite good but insufficient for high-ranking applications. Especially, the remnant polarization upon the fatigue testing degrades drastically at elevated temperatures. This study proposes an innovative strategy to achieve excellent fatigue-resistant performance by designing the (Hf0.5Zr0.5O2/ZrO2)n superlattices, characterized by the measured fatigue-endurance value of 1012 cycles at an elevated temperature of 400 K (2.0 MV/cm). Notably, the extrapolated fatigue-endurance number at room temperature reaches an impressive high value of 5.26 × 1017 cycles. This superior fatigue endurance can be attributed to the effective suppression of the orthorhombic (O) to monoclinic (M) in the Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 layer and orthorhombic to tetragonal (T) phase transitions in the ZrO2 layer due to the redistribution of oxygen vacancies during electric field cycling. This work establishes a promising pathway for fabricating long-lifetime and temperature-tolerant robust hafnia-based ferroelectric devices for advanced applications.
基于铪（HfO2）的铁电器件由于其极性相是亚稳的，因此面临着可靠性方面的挑战。据报道，最高的铁电疲劳耐久性值为1012次循环，相当好，但不足以用于高级应用。特别是在高温下，疲劳试验的残余极化急剧退化。本研究提出了一种创新的策略，通过设计（Hf0.5Zr0.5O2/ZrO2）n超晶格来获得优异的抗疲劳性能，其特征是在400 K （2.0 MV/cm）的高温下测量了1012个循环的疲劳耐力值。值得注意的是，在室温下，外推的疲劳耐力数达到了令人印象深刻的5.26 × 1017循环的高值。这种优异的疲劳耐久性可归因于有效抑制了Hf0.5Zr0.5O2层中正交(O)到单斜(M)的相变，以及电场循环过程中氧空位重新分布导致的ZrO2层中正交(T)到四方(T)的相变。这项工作为制造长寿命和耐温的坚固的基于铪的铁电器件提供了一条有前途的途径。
{"title":"Ultralow fatigue in hafnia-based ferroelectric capacitors achieved by suppressing cycling-induced phase transitions through unconventional oxygen-vacancy redistribution","authors":"Chunlai Luo, Weizhen Wang, Junfeng Zheng, Pei Wang, Boxu Yan, Zhen Fan, Wentao Shuai, Ruiqiang Tao, Songhua Cai, Xubing Lu, Jun-Ming Liu","doi":"10.1063/5.0296979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0296979","url":null,"abstract":"Hafnia (HfO2)-based ferroelectric devices face reliability challenges stemming from the fact that the polar phase is metastable. The highest reported ferroelectric fatigue-endurance value stands at 1012 cycles, quite good but insufficient for high-ranking applications. Especially, the remnant polarization upon the fatigue testing degrades drastically at elevated temperatures. This study proposes an innovative strategy to achieve excellent fatigue-resistant performance by designing the (Hf0.5Zr0.5O2/ZrO2)n superlattices, characterized by the measured fatigue-endurance value of 1012 cycles at an elevated temperature of 400 K (2.0 MV/cm). Notably, the extrapolated fatigue-endurance number at room temperature reaches an impressive high value of 5.26 × 1017 cycles. This superior fatigue endurance can be attributed to the effective suppression of the orthorhombic (O) to monoclinic (M) in the Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 layer and orthorhombic to tetragonal (T) phase transitions in the ZrO2 layer due to the redistribution of oxygen vacancies during electric field cycling. This work establishes a promising pathway for fabricating long-lifetime and temperature-tolerant robust hafnia-based ferroelectric devices for advanced applications.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hanlong Wan, Christian Valoria, Habilou Ouro-Koura, Zhiqun Daniel Deng
Refrigerant leakage poses significant safety and environmental challenges in heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems, particularly with the increasing use of highly flammable hydrocarbon (A3) refrigerants such as propane (R-290), ethane (R-170), butane (R-600), and isobutane (R-600a). Existing sensor technologies developed for traditional halogenated refrigerants are often unsuitable for accurately detecting low concentrations of hydrocarbons due to differences in chemical properties and flammability risks. This paper presents a comprehensive review of gas-sensing technologies applicable to A3 refrigerants, emphasizing both established and emerging technologies that could be adapted from other industries for use in HVAC&R applications. The sensor categories evaluated include metal–oxide semiconductor (MOS), catalytic, optical (photoacoustic spectroscopy—PAS, quartz-enhanced PAS, non-dispersive infrared—NDIR, fiber optic), acoustic (surface acoustic wave—SAW, quartz crystal microbalance—QCM), electrochemical, capacitive, and emerging nanomaterial-based sensors (C2N, sulfur-doped silicon carbide nanotube, surface plasmon resonance). Each technology was assessed based on critical parameters such as sensitivity, selectivity, response time, power consumption, and practicality for integration into HVAC&R systems. Although MOS, PAS/quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy, and NDIR sensors demonstrate potential, limitations related to elevated operating temperatures, vibration sensitivity, and cross-selectivity remain significant concerns. Emerging technologies, including SAW, QCM, and novel nanostructured materials, exhibit promising performance characteristics such as room temperature operation, rapid response, high sensitivity, and compact size; however, they require further development and validation for reliability, long-term stability, and commercialization. This paper also identifies key gaps, challenges, and research opportunities, emphasizing the importance of developing robust calibration protocols and clearly defining operational conditions within HVAC&R systems to optimize sensor selection, safety, and system efficiency.
{"title":"Advancing A3 refrigerant leak detection: Sensor technologies, challenges, and research outlook","authors":"Hanlong Wan, Christian Valoria, Habilou Ouro-Koura, Zhiqun Daniel Deng","doi":"10.1063/5.0308931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0308931","url":null,"abstract":"Refrigerant leakage poses significant safety and environmental challenges in heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems, particularly with the increasing use of highly flammable hydrocarbon (A3) refrigerants such as propane (R-290), ethane (R-170), butane (R-600), and isobutane (R-600a). Existing sensor technologies developed for traditional halogenated refrigerants are often unsuitable for accurately detecting low concentrations of hydrocarbons due to differences in chemical properties and flammability risks. This paper presents a comprehensive review of gas-sensing technologies applicable to A3 refrigerants, emphasizing both established and emerging technologies that could be adapted from other industries for use in HVAC&R applications. The sensor categories evaluated include metal–oxide semiconductor (MOS), catalytic, optical (photoacoustic spectroscopy—PAS, quartz-enhanced PAS, non-dispersive infrared—NDIR, fiber optic), acoustic (surface acoustic wave—SAW, quartz crystal microbalance—QCM), electrochemical, capacitive, and emerging nanomaterial-based sensors (C2N, sulfur-doped silicon carbide nanotube, surface plasmon resonance). Each technology was assessed based on critical parameters such as sensitivity, selectivity, response time, power consumption, and practicality for integration into HVAC&R systems. Although MOS, PAS/quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy, and NDIR sensors demonstrate potential, limitations related to elevated operating temperatures, vibration sensitivity, and cross-selectivity remain significant concerns. Emerging technologies, including SAW, QCM, and novel nanostructured materials, exhibit promising performance characteristics such as room temperature operation, rapid response, high sensitivity, and compact size; however, they require further development and validation for reliability, long-term stability, and commercialization. This paper also identifies key gaps, challenges, and research opportunities, emphasizing the importance of developing robust calibration protocols and clearly defining operational conditions within HVAC&R systems to optimize sensor selection, safety, and system efficiency.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"301 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents the evolution in the development of photodetectors over a wide spectral range, from the ultraviolet to the infrared, over the last two decades. Technological advancements have led to the evolution of detector architectures that enhance device sensitivity, improve frequency response rates, reduce noise levels, and increase gain bandwidth. Initially, the key mechanisms of detector operation are briefly discussed, including those found in the new generation of low-dimensional solid (LDS) photodetectors. More attention is paid to the advantages and disadvantages of the new generation of materials used in active areas of photodetectors. In the case of ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors, AlGaN and Ga2O3 are extremely promising due to their low complexity and weight, while offering good sensitivity and robustness. Also, UV photodetector concepts inspired by new device architectures based on LDS materials are described. Due to the large number of published papers, visible-range photodetectors are treated rather marginally. Only the general development of their arrays is outlined. Among different types of infrared (IR) detectors, special attention is directed toward HgCdTe alloys, type-II superlattices, quantum wells, and lead salts. The performance of new emerging LDS photodetectors (mainly based on colloidal quantum dots and 2D materials) is compared with standard ones dominating the commercial market. This section of the article also covers hybrid infrared detector arrays, with particular emphasis on hybridization techniques, pixel scaling, thermal system optics, and signal readout electronics. An attempt was also made to describe the state of the new generation of IR focal plane arrays (FPAs) with LDS pixels. Finally, terahertz imaging arrays are discussed, with a focus on systems that operate at both room temperature and cryogenic temperatures. The challenges facing the implementation of LDS materials and the prospects for their development in terahertz imaging are also described.
{"title":"Evolution in the development of photodetectors: From ultraviolet to terahertz","authors":"A. Rogalski","doi":"10.1063/5.0288436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0288436","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the evolution in the development of photodetectors over a wide spectral range, from the ultraviolet to the infrared, over the last two decades. Technological advancements have led to the evolution of detector architectures that enhance device sensitivity, improve frequency response rates, reduce noise levels, and increase gain bandwidth. Initially, the key mechanisms of detector operation are briefly discussed, including those found in the new generation of low-dimensional solid (LDS) photodetectors. More attention is paid to the advantages and disadvantages of the new generation of materials used in active areas of photodetectors. In the case of ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors, AlGaN and Ga2O3 are extremely promising due to their low complexity and weight, while offering good sensitivity and robustness. Also, UV photodetector concepts inspired by new device architectures based on LDS materials are described. Due to the large number of published papers, visible-range photodetectors are treated rather marginally. Only the general development of their arrays is outlined. Among different types of infrared (IR) detectors, special attention is directed toward HgCdTe alloys, type-II superlattices, quantum wells, and lead salts. The performance of new emerging LDS photodetectors (mainly based on colloidal quantum dots and 2D materials) is compared with standard ones dominating the commercial market. This section of the article also covers hybrid infrared detector arrays, with particular emphasis on hybridization techniques, pixel scaling, thermal system optics, and signal readout electronics. An attempt was also made to describe the state of the new generation of IR focal plane arrays (FPAs) with LDS pixels. Finally, terahertz imaging arrays are discussed, with a focus on systems that operate at both room temperature and cryogenic temperatures. The challenges facing the implementation of LDS materials and the prospects for their development in terahertz imaging are also described.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fengjun Zhuo, Zhenyu Dai, Kai Chang, Hongxin Yang, Zhenxiang Cheng
Twisted van der Waals (vdW) materials have emerged as a promising platform for exploring exotic quantum phenomena and engineering novel material properties in two dimensions, potentially revolutionizing developments in spintronics. This review provides an overview of recent progress on emerging moiré spintronics in twisted vdW materials, with a particular focus on two-dimensional magnetic materials. Following a brief introduction to the general features of twisted vdW materials, we discuss recent theoretical and experimental studies on stacking-dependent interlayer magnetism, non-collinear spin textures, moiré magnetic exchange interactions, moiré skyrmions, and moiré magnons. We further highlight the potential of machine learning to accelerate the discovery and design of multifunctional materials for moiré spintronics. Finally, we conclude by addressing the most pressing challenges and potential opportunities in this rapidly expanding field.
{"title":"Moiré spintronics: Emergent phenomena, material realization and machine learning accelerating discovery","authors":"Fengjun Zhuo, Zhenyu Dai, Kai Chang, Hongxin Yang, Zhenxiang Cheng","doi":"10.1063/5.0300788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0300788","url":null,"abstract":"Twisted van der Waals (vdW) materials have emerged as a promising platform for exploring exotic quantum phenomena and engineering novel material properties in two dimensions, potentially revolutionizing developments in spintronics. This review provides an overview of recent progress on emerging moiré spintronics in twisted vdW materials, with a particular focus on two-dimensional magnetic materials. Following a brief introduction to the general features of twisted vdW materials, we discuss recent theoretical and experimental studies on stacking-dependent interlayer magnetism, non-collinear spin textures, moiré magnetic exchange interactions, moiré skyrmions, and moiré magnons. We further highlight the potential of machine learning to accelerate the discovery and design of multifunctional materials for moiré spintronics. Finally, we conclude by addressing the most pressing challenges and potential opportunities in this rapidly expanding field.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Developing high-efficiency solid-state hydrogen storage materials becomes crucial as hydrogen energy's strategic role in achieving carbon neutrality grows. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with advantages such as high specific surface area, good stability, diverse and customizable structures, which were awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize, have become a research focus in international hydrogen storage. Although MOFs show good hydrogen storage at low temperatures, their ambient-temperature performance is unsatisfactory, mainly due to the weak interaction between hydrogen gas and MOFs. Thus, it is crucial to design and construct efficient hydrogen storage MOFs and regulate their performance based on a deep understanding of their microstructures and hydrogen molecule interactions. This paper reviews the current research on MOFs' hydrogen storage design, synthesis, and performance regulation, and prospects their future development. It focuses on metal centers, organic ligands, MOFs' topological structures, and hydrogen storage research progress and applications at low and ambient temperatures. Analysis shows that MOFs' pore structures are the core of hydrogen storage. The electronic properties of metal centers and organic ligands significantly affect hydrogen adsorption. Precisely controlling pore structures, designing pore sizes, and regulating metal centers and organic ligands are key to efficient hydrogen storage in MOFs. Enhancement of the interaction between MOFs and hydrogen molecules can be achieved by introducing open metal sites, functionalized organic ligands, or nanoparticles so as to improve storage performance. For the application prospects and future of MOFs' hydrogen storage research, it is suggested to continuously conduct fundamental and technological research in AI-driven hydrogen-storage MOFs' design, performance improvement, large-scale low-cost preparation, and expanded applications. This review offers theoretical support for efficient hydrogen storage MOFs construction and promotes efficient and safe hydrogen energy storage and transportation.
{"title":"Metal–organic frameworks for high-efficiency solid-state hydrogen storage: Design, synthesis, regulation, and prospects","authors":"Haowei Liu, Ruiqi Wang, Hui Zhang, Zheng Wang, Yuhua Wu, Jianbo Wu, Hongcun Bai","doi":"10.1063/5.0310503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0310503","url":null,"abstract":"Developing high-efficiency solid-state hydrogen storage materials becomes crucial as hydrogen energy's strategic role in achieving carbon neutrality grows. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with advantages such as high specific surface area, good stability, diverse and customizable structures, which were awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize, have become a research focus in international hydrogen storage. Although MOFs show good hydrogen storage at low temperatures, their ambient-temperature performance is unsatisfactory, mainly due to the weak interaction between hydrogen gas and MOFs. Thus, it is crucial to design and construct efficient hydrogen storage MOFs and regulate their performance based on a deep understanding of their microstructures and hydrogen molecule interactions. This paper reviews the current research on MOFs' hydrogen storage design, synthesis, and performance regulation, and prospects their future development. It focuses on metal centers, organic ligands, MOFs' topological structures, and hydrogen storage research progress and applications at low and ambient temperatures. Analysis shows that MOFs' pore structures are the core of hydrogen storage. The electronic properties of metal centers and organic ligands significantly affect hydrogen adsorption. Precisely controlling pore structures, designing pore sizes, and regulating metal centers and organic ligands are key to efficient hydrogen storage in MOFs. Enhancement of the interaction between MOFs and hydrogen molecules can be achieved by introducing open metal sites, functionalized organic ligands, or nanoparticles so as to improve storage performance. For the application prospects and future of MOFs' hydrogen storage research, it is suggested to continuously conduct fundamental and technological research in AI-driven hydrogen-storage MOFs' design, performance improvement, large-scale low-cost preparation, and expanded applications. This review offers theoretical support for efficient hydrogen storage MOFs construction and promotes efficient and safe hydrogen energy storage and transportation.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Shaabani, K. Dashtian, N. Koukabi, E. Kolvari, S. Taghipour, S. Hajati, S. Shahbazi, G. Yasin, Z. Yin, M. Rahimi-Nasrabadi
The family of carbon nitrides (CNs), including compounds such as C2N, C3N, C3N2, C3N3, C3N4, C3N5, C3N6, C3N7, C4N, C4N3, C5N, C5N2, C6N7, C6N9H3, and C9N5H3, has garnered growing attention for their tunable optoelectronic properties and applications in photocatalysis. While g-C3N4 remains the most widely studied member, emerging CN phases offer distinct structural motifs, nitrogen configurations, and electronic band structures that may outperform conventional systems. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of photoactive CN materials, with a special emphasis on less-explored CxNy compounds. It highlights their synthesis routes, classification based on active sites and solid-state behavior, and structural characteristics such as pore topologies, surface terminations, and nitrogen doping patterns. Furthermore, the diverse roles of CNs in photocatalysis as electron donors, sensitizers, redox mediators, and co-catalyst supports are critically evaluated. By correlating structure–property–performance relationships, this review offers a framework to guide the rational design of advanced CN-based photocatalysts for solar-driven energy conversion.
{"title":"The review on photoactive C(2–7)N(1–9) carbon nitrides for the photocatalytic applications","authors":"S. Shaabani, K. Dashtian, N. Koukabi, E. Kolvari, S. Taghipour, S. Hajati, S. Shahbazi, G. Yasin, Z. Yin, M. Rahimi-Nasrabadi","doi":"10.1063/5.0296713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0296713","url":null,"abstract":"The family of carbon nitrides (CNs), including compounds such as C2N, C3N, C3N2, C3N3, C3N4, C3N5, C3N6, C3N7, C4N, C4N3, C5N, C5N2, C6N7, C6N9H3, and C9N5H3, has garnered growing attention for their tunable optoelectronic properties and applications in photocatalysis. While g-C3N4 remains the most widely studied member, emerging CN phases offer distinct structural motifs, nitrogen configurations, and electronic band structures that may outperform conventional systems. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of photoactive CN materials, with a special emphasis on less-explored CxNy compounds. It highlights their synthesis routes, classification based on active sites and solid-state behavior, and structural characteristics such as pore topologies, surface terminations, and nitrogen doping patterns. Furthermore, the diverse roles of CNs in photocatalysis as electron donors, sensitizers, redox mediators, and co-catalyst supports are critically evaluated. By correlating structure–property–performance relationships, this review offers a framework to guide the rational design of advanced CN-based photocatalysts for solar-driven energy conversion.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feng Liu, Qi Wang, Yi Wang, Zhiyao Liang, Linyuan Chen, Lei Cao, M. S. Shalaby, Oleg Petracic, Xian-Kui Wei
Distinct from the phase-contrast annular bright field in scanning transmission electron microscopy, where the specimen tilt and aberration coefficients may introduce atomic off-center artifacts, the high-angle annular dark field (HAADF), largely immune to them, is widely adopted for its easy Z-contrast interpretation. However, the impact of light-element occupancy on HAADF contrast is rarely explored, which impedes understanding of the material properties. Here, we observe an oxygen-vacancy (Vo) order induced periodic A-site intensity modulation in HAADF images of La0.7Sr0.3MnO2.75 thin films. Linking closely with the regular stacking of one tetrahedral (1T) and three octahedral (3O) layers, the manganite is found to exhibit a switchable multi-state ferroelectricity by piezoresponse force microscopy. In combination with integrated differential phase contrast microscopy, our multi-slice HAADF image simulations and extended studies on ABO2.75 (A = Sr, La; B = Ti, Co, Mn) reveal that the intensity modulation is attributed to (1) T-layer-based interlayer expansion, (2) polarity of the adjacent AO plane, and (3) oxygen octahedral rotation in Mn- and Co-containing oxides. While for Ti-containing ABO2.75 oxides, the intensity modulation is only governed by the former two factors. Our findings point out a facile method to disclose the ferroelectric ABO2.75 compounds that can potentially be used for multi-state information storage.
不同于扫描透射电子显微镜的相衬环形亮场，其中样品倾斜和像差系数可能引入原子偏离中心的伪影，高角度环形暗场（HAADF），很大程度上不受它们的影响，因其易于z对比解释而被广泛采用。然而，很少探讨轻元素占用对HAADF对比度的影响，这阻碍了对材料性质的理解。在La0.7Sr0.3MnO2.75薄膜的HAADF图像中，我们观察到了氧空位（Vo）序诱导的周期性a位强度调制。与一个四面体（1T）和三个八面体（30o）层的规则堆叠紧密相连，通过压电响应力显微镜发现锰矿表现出可切换的多态铁电性。结合集成差相对比显微镜，我们的多层HAADF图像模拟和对ABO2.75 （A = Sr, La; B = Ti, Co, Mn）的扩展研究表明，强度调制归因于(1)基于t层的层间膨胀，(2)相邻AO平面的极性，以及(3)含锰和含钴氧化物中的氧八面体旋转。而对于含ti的ABO2.75氧化物，强度调制仅受前两个因素的控制。我们的发现指出了一种简单的方法来揭示铁电ABO2.75化合物，这种化合物有可能用于多态信息存储。
{"title":"Asymmetric oxygen displacement-induced contrast modulation and multi-state ferroelectricity in distorted perovskite oxides","authors":"Feng Liu, Qi Wang, Yi Wang, Zhiyao Liang, Linyuan Chen, Lei Cao, M. S. Shalaby, Oleg Petracic, Xian-Kui Wei","doi":"10.1063/5.0310748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0310748","url":null,"abstract":"Distinct from the phase-contrast annular bright field in scanning transmission electron microscopy, where the specimen tilt and aberration coefficients may introduce atomic off-center artifacts, the high-angle annular dark field (HAADF), largely immune to them, is widely adopted for its easy Z-contrast interpretation. However, the impact of light-element occupancy on HAADF contrast is rarely explored, which impedes understanding of the material properties. Here, we observe an oxygen-vacancy (Vo) order induced periodic A-site intensity modulation in HAADF images of La0.7Sr0.3MnO2.75 thin films. Linking closely with the regular stacking of one tetrahedral (1T) and three octahedral (3O) layers, the manganite is found to exhibit a switchable multi-state ferroelectricity by piezoresponse force microscopy. In combination with integrated differential phase contrast microscopy, our multi-slice HAADF image simulations and extended studies on ABO2.75 (A = Sr, La; B = Ti, Co, Mn) reveal that the intensity modulation is attributed to (1) T-layer-based interlayer expansion, (2) polarity of the adjacent AO plane, and (3) oxygen octahedral rotation in Mn- and Co-containing oxides. While for Ti-containing ABO2.75 oxides, the intensity modulation is only governed by the former two factors. Our findings point out a facile method to disclose the ferroelectric ABO2.75 compounds that can potentially be used for multi-state information storage.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for pioneering contributions at the intersection of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and spin-glass physics, underscoring the profound connections between these fields. The topological similarities between ANNs and Ising-type models, such as the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick model, reveal shared structures that bridge statistical physics and machine learning. In this perspective, we explore how concepts and methods from statistical physics, particularly those related to glassy and disordered systems like spin glasses, are applied to the study and development of ANNs. We discuss the key differences, common features, and deep interconnections between spin glasses and neural networks while highlighting future directions for this interdisciplinary research. Special attention is given to the synergy between spin-glass studies and neural network advancements and the challenges that remain in statistical physics for ANNs. Finally, we examine the transformative role that quantum computing could play in addressing these challenges and propelling this research frontier forward.
{"title":"Statistical physics for artificial neural networks","authors":"Zongrui Pei","doi":"10.1063/5.0302112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0302112","url":null,"abstract":"The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for pioneering contributions at the intersection of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and spin-glass physics, underscoring the profound connections between these fields. The topological similarities between ANNs and Ising-type models, such as the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick model, reveal shared structures that bridge statistical physics and machine learning. In this perspective, we explore how concepts and methods from statistical physics, particularly those related to glassy and disordered systems like spin glasses, are applied to the study and development of ANNs. We discuss the key differences, common features, and deep interconnections between spin glasses and neural networks while highlighting future directions for this interdisciplinary research. Special attention is given to the synergy between spin-glass studies and neural network advancements and the challenges that remain in statistical physics for ANNs. Finally, we examine the transformative role that quantum computing could play in addressing these challenges and propelling this research frontier forward.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. R. Akhmatkhanov, M. A. Chuvakova, E. D. Savelyev, A. A. Esin, D. S. Chezganov, M. S. Nebogatikov, V. Ya. Shur
Dendrite patterns appear in a wide range of natural phenomena, from metal castings to bacterial colonies and snowflakes. Significant efforts have been devoted to creating new experimental systems demonstrating dendrite growth that can be used as models for deep experimental study of the process. Here, we show the formation of ferroelectric dendrite domains during polarization reversal under nonequilibrium conditions. We achieved dendrite growth in lithium niobate LiNbO3 crystals with an artificial surface dielectric layer at elevated temperatures. The nonequilibrium switching conditions caused by incomplete screening of the depolarization field suppress the usual faceted domain growth. Up to six branching generations were observed, with a branch width below 100 nm. In situ optical imaging allowed dendrite evolution to be studied at millisecond temporal resolution. Our investigation into dendrite formation was based on an analogy between crystal and domain growth. Upon development of a corresponding computational model, we demonstrated that uniaxial ferroelectrics represent a promising model system for the experimental study of dendrite growth. Likewise, a wide range of driving parameters and a high spatial resolution help provide new insights into the general laws of the formation of dendrite patterns.
{"title":"Experimental and theoretical study of solid–solid dendrite domain growth in uniaxial ferroelectrics","authors":"A. R. Akhmatkhanov, M. A. Chuvakova, E. D. Savelyev, A. A. Esin, D. S. Chezganov, M. S. Nebogatikov, V. Ya. Shur","doi":"10.1063/5.0285675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0285675","url":null,"abstract":"Dendrite patterns appear in a wide range of natural phenomena, from metal castings to bacterial colonies and snowflakes. Significant efforts have been devoted to creating new experimental systems demonstrating dendrite growth that can be used as models for deep experimental study of the process. Here, we show the formation of ferroelectric dendrite domains during polarization reversal under nonequilibrium conditions. We achieved dendrite growth in lithium niobate LiNbO3 crystals with an artificial surface dielectric layer at elevated temperatures. The nonequilibrium switching conditions caused by incomplete screening of the depolarization field suppress the usual faceted domain growth. Up to six branching generations were observed, with a branch width below 100 nm. In situ optical imaging allowed dendrite evolution to be studied at millisecond temporal resolution. Our investigation into dendrite formation was based on an analogy between crystal and domain growth. Upon development of a corresponding computational model, we demonstrated that uniaxial ferroelectrics represent a promising model system for the experimental study of dendrite growth. Likewise, a wide range of driving parameters and a high spatial resolution help provide new insights into the general laws of the formation of dendrite patterns.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junya Zhai, SooJung Chae, Hyeongjin Lee, GeunHyung Kim
Theragenerative platforms combine targeted tumor treatment and tissue regeneration into a single therapeutic approach, addressing both aspects simultaneously. This strategy is especially valuable in complex cancers such as bone, liver, and breast, where conventional therapies often result in irreversible tissue damage and incomplete recovery. Among various technological approaches, biofabrication has emerged as a promising tool for constructing multifunctional systems that modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) while promoting tissue restoration. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of current theragenerative strategies, focusing on scaffold-based platforms that integrate energy-responsive therapeutic modalities (e.g., photothermal, magnetothermal) with controlled drug release. We highlight key biofabrication technologies, including three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, electrospinning, and organ-specific scaffold designs, which support synergistic cancer eradication and tissue repair. Representative applications in bone, breast, liver, and skin cancers are discussed, with emphasis on TME modulation, activation of endogenous repair pathways, and personalized treatment enabled by multifunctional constructs. Despite recent progress, significant challenges remain. Antagonistic interactions between therapeutic and regenerative components, such as photothermal-induced cell damage or impaired extracellular matrix remodeling, can limit efficacy. Current approaches often overlook anatomical and immunological heterogeneity across cancer types. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal control of therapeutic effects within complex tissue environments remains difficult to achieve. Additionally, organ-specific barriers, such as the blood–brain barrier or enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, complicate scaffold performance and drug delivery. To advance clinical translation, future theragenerative platforms must integrate precision biofabrication with adaptive feedback systems that allow real-time control while ensuring long-term biocompatibility and functional tissue integration.
{"title":"Current and future strategies of theragenerative platforms supplemented using biofabrication","authors":"Junya Zhai, SooJung Chae, Hyeongjin Lee, GeunHyung Kim","doi":"10.1063/5.0291532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0291532","url":null,"abstract":"Theragenerative platforms combine targeted tumor treatment and tissue regeneration into a single therapeutic approach, addressing both aspects simultaneously. This strategy is especially valuable in complex cancers such as bone, liver, and breast, where conventional therapies often result in irreversible tissue damage and incomplete recovery. Among various technological approaches, biofabrication has emerged as a promising tool for constructing multifunctional systems that modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) while promoting tissue restoration. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of current theragenerative strategies, focusing on scaffold-based platforms that integrate energy-responsive therapeutic modalities (e.g., photothermal, magnetothermal) with controlled drug release. We highlight key biofabrication technologies, including three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, electrospinning, and organ-specific scaffold designs, which support synergistic cancer eradication and tissue repair. Representative applications in bone, breast, liver, and skin cancers are discussed, with emphasis on TME modulation, activation of endogenous repair pathways, and personalized treatment enabled by multifunctional constructs. Despite recent progress, significant challenges remain. Antagonistic interactions between therapeutic and regenerative components, such as photothermal-induced cell damage or impaired extracellular matrix remodeling, can limit efficacy. Current approaches often overlook anatomical and immunological heterogeneity across cancer types. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal control of therapeutic effects within complex tissue environments remains difficult to achieve. Additionally, organ-specific barriers, such as the blood–brain barrier or enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, complicate scaffold performance and drug delivery. To advance clinical translation, future theragenerative platforms must integrate precision biofabrication with adaptive feedback systems that allow real-time control while ensuring long-term biocompatibility and functional tissue integration.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"274 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146056241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：