GeSn has emerged as a promising semiconductor with optoelectronic functionality in the mid-infrared, with the potential of replacing expensive III–V technology for monolithic on-chip Si photonics. Multiple challenges to achieve optoelectronic-grade GeSn have been successfully solved in the last decade. We stand today on the brink of a potential revolution in which GeSn could be used in many optoelectronic applications such as light detection and ranging devices and lasers. However, the limited understanding and control of material defects represents today a bottleneck in the performance of GeSn-based devices, hindering their commercialization. Point and linear defects in GeSn have a strong impact on its electronic properties, namely, unintentional doping concentration, carrier lifetime, and mobility, which ultimately determine the performance of optoelectronic devices. In this review, after introducing the state-of-the-art of the fabrication and properties of GeSn, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of GeSn defects and their influence on the material (opto)electronic properties. Where relevant, we also review the work realized on pure Ge. Throughout the manuscript, we highlight the critical points that are still to solve. By bringing together the different fabrication techniques available and characterizations realized, we offer a wholistic view on the field of GeSn and provide elements on how it could move forward.
{"title":"Defects in Ge and GeSn and their impact on optoelectronic properties","authors":"Andrea Giunto, Anna Fontcuberta i Morral","doi":"10.1063/5.0218623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0218623","url":null,"abstract":"GeSn has emerged as a promising semiconductor with optoelectronic functionality in the mid-infrared, with the potential of replacing expensive III–V technology for monolithic on-chip Si photonics. Multiple challenges to achieve optoelectronic-grade GeSn have been successfully solved in the last decade. We stand today on the brink of a potential revolution in which GeSn could be used in many optoelectronic applications such as light detection and ranging devices and lasers. However, the limited understanding and control of material defects represents today a bottleneck in the performance of GeSn-based devices, hindering their commercialization. Point and linear defects in GeSn have a strong impact on its electronic properties, namely, unintentional doping concentration, carrier lifetime, and mobility, which ultimately determine the performance of optoelectronic devices. In this review, after introducing the state-of-the-art of the fabrication and properties of GeSn, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of GeSn defects and their influence on the material (opto)electronic properties. Where relevant, we also review the work realized on pure Ge. Throughout the manuscript, we highlight the critical points that are still to solve. By bringing together the different fabrication techniques available and characterizations realized, we offer a wholistic view on the field of GeSn and provide elements on how it could move forward.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142809434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hanlin Zhu, Xin Ye, Yuanyuan Tian, Yangwen Ge, Hui Huang, Zheng Han Lim, Ming Gao, Binbin Liu, Yan Zhao, Kun Zhou, Chao Jiang
Shape-programmable magnetoresponsive soft actuators (SMSAs) are highly desirable for diverse applications in soft robotics and minimally invasive medicine. Current methods face challenges in achieving programmable magnetoresponsive three-dimensional (3D) shapes with non-uniform and continuously adjustable curvatures, which are crucial for the highly effective locomotion of SMSAs. Here, we propose an approach that integrates bioinspired pore design with mechanically guided magnetization, enabling programmable magnetoresponsive complex shapes with non-uniform and continuously adjustable curvatures. Various magnetoresponsive developable and non-developable surfaces, along with biomimetic 3D curved shapes, were prepared. The prepared SMSAs exhibit actuation rates of up to 20 s−1. Furthermore, an inchworm-inspired soft crawling robot capable of steering, navigation, obstacle crossing, and cargo transportation was developed, achieving a locomotion speed of up to 1.2 body lengths per second. This work breaks through the design possibilities for SMSAs, enhances the actuation rates of soft actuators, and advances the application of SMSAs in soft crawling robots.
{"title":"Bioinspired porous magnetoresponsive soft actuators with programmable 3D curved shapes","authors":"Hanlin Zhu, Xin Ye, Yuanyuan Tian, Yangwen Ge, Hui Huang, Zheng Han Lim, Ming Gao, Binbin Liu, Yan Zhao, Kun Zhou, Chao Jiang","doi":"10.1063/5.0231351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0231351","url":null,"abstract":"Shape-programmable magnetoresponsive soft actuators (SMSAs) are highly desirable for diverse applications in soft robotics and minimally invasive medicine. Current methods face challenges in achieving programmable magnetoresponsive three-dimensional (3D) shapes with non-uniform and continuously adjustable curvatures, which are crucial for the highly effective locomotion of SMSAs. Here, we propose an approach that integrates bioinspired pore design with mechanically guided magnetization, enabling programmable magnetoresponsive complex shapes with non-uniform and continuously adjustable curvatures. Various magnetoresponsive developable and non-developable surfaces, along with biomimetic 3D curved shapes, were prepared. The prepared SMSAs exhibit actuation rates of up to 20 s−1. Furthermore, an inchworm-inspired soft crawling robot capable of steering, navigation, obstacle crossing, and cargo transportation was developed, achieving a locomotion speed of up to 1.2 body lengths per second. This work breaks through the design possibilities for SMSAs, enhances the actuation rates of soft actuators, and advances the application of SMSAs in soft crawling robots.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142809884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feng-Jun Li, Shuai Wang, Rui Zhong, Meng-Xia Hu, Yue jiang, Meijiu Zheng, Mu Wang, Xiangping Li, Ruwen Peng, Zi-Lan Deng
Metasurface polarization optics, manipulating polarization using metasurfaces composed of subwavelength anisotropic nanostructure array, has enabled a lot of innovative integrated strategies for versatile and on-demand polarization generation, modulation, and detection. Compared with conventional bulky optical elements for polarization control, metasurface polarization optics provides a feasible platform in a subwavelength scale to build ultra-compact and multifunctional polarization devices, greatly shrinking the size of the whole polarized optical system and network. Here, we review the recent progresses of metasurface polarization optics in both classical and quantum regimes, including uniform and spatially varying polarization-manipulating devices. Basic polarization optical elements such as meta-waveplate, meta-polarizer, and resonant meta-devices with polarization singularities provide compact means to generate and modulate uniform polarization beams. Spatial-varying polarization manipulation by employing the pixelation feature of metasurfaces, leading to advanced diffraction and imaging functionalities, such as vectorial holography, classic and quantum polarization imaging, quantum polarization entanglement, quantum interference, and modulation. Substituting conventional polarization optics, metasurface approaches pave the way for on-chip classic or quantum information processing, flourishing advanced applications in displaying, communication, imaging, and computing.
{"title":"Metasurface polarization optics: From classical to quantum","authors":"Feng-Jun Li, Shuai Wang, Rui Zhong, Meng-Xia Hu, Yue jiang, Meijiu Zheng, Mu Wang, Xiangping Li, Ruwen Peng, Zi-Lan Deng","doi":"10.1063/5.0226286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0226286","url":null,"abstract":"Metasurface polarization optics, manipulating polarization using metasurfaces composed of subwavelength anisotropic nanostructure array, has enabled a lot of innovative integrated strategies for versatile and on-demand polarization generation, modulation, and detection. Compared with conventional bulky optical elements for polarization control, metasurface polarization optics provides a feasible platform in a subwavelength scale to build ultra-compact and multifunctional polarization devices, greatly shrinking the size of the whole polarized optical system and network. Here, we review the recent progresses of metasurface polarization optics in both classical and quantum regimes, including uniform and spatially varying polarization-manipulating devices. Basic polarization optical elements such as meta-waveplate, meta-polarizer, and resonant meta-devices with polarization singularities provide compact means to generate and modulate uniform polarization beams. Spatial-varying polarization manipulation by employing the pixelation feature of metasurfaces, leading to advanced diffraction and imaging functionalities, such as vectorial holography, classic and quantum polarization imaging, quantum polarization entanglement, quantum interference, and modulation. Substituting conventional polarization optics, metasurface approaches pave the way for on-chip classic or quantum information processing, flourishing advanced applications in displaying, communication, imaging, and computing.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142804798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chenfeng Ding, Penghui Ji, Tongtong Li, Ting Guo, Zhong Xu, Taehoon Kim, Hui Zhang, Jiayu Wan, Luis K. Ono, Yabing Qi
Recognized by the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, rechargeable lithium-ion battery (LIB) has become a world-revolutionary technology. Further developments of LIB-based and “beyond LIBs” regarding capacity, cycle life, and safety are intimately associated with the fundamental understanding of chemical compositions, structures, physical properties of electrodes and electrolytes, and other related components. The time-evolving snapshots of the dynamical processes occurring during the battery operation can help design better strategies to prevent the formation of uncontrolled interphase layers, dendrites, electrode/electrolyte decompositions, and generation of gases. Photoemission spectroscopy (PES) has become one of the important techniques for understanding the aforementioned aspects. However, many potential pitfalls and cautions need to be considered from sample preparation, during PES measurements, to data analyses. Although the primary focus of this article is not to evaluate the PES technique itself, we first introduce a minimal set of fundamental concepts to minimize misinterpretation arising from the physics of PES. Subsequently, we examine studies that utilize PES techniques to determine chemical compositions of solid- and liquid-state battery materials, energy level diagrams that bridge different terminologies between PES and electrochemistry, along with the theoretical aspects of PES evolving from first-principle calculations to machine learning. Toward the end of this review, we outline potential future research directions.
{"title":"Photoemission spectroscopy of battery materials","authors":"Chenfeng Ding, Penghui Ji, Tongtong Li, Ting Guo, Zhong Xu, Taehoon Kim, Hui Zhang, Jiayu Wan, Luis K. Ono, Yabing Qi","doi":"10.1063/5.0235835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0235835","url":null,"abstract":"Recognized by the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, rechargeable lithium-ion battery (LIB) has become a world-revolutionary technology. Further developments of LIB-based and “beyond LIBs” regarding capacity, cycle life, and safety are intimately associated with the fundamental understanding of chemical compositions, structures, physical properties of electrodes and electrolytes, and other related components. The time-evolving snapshots of the dynamical processes occurring during the battery operation can help design better strategies to prevent the formation of uncontrolled interphase layers, dendrites, electrode/electrolyte decompositions, and generation of gases. Photoemission spectroscopy (PES) has become one of the important techniques for understanding the aforementioned aspects. However, many potential pitfalls and cautions need to be considered from sample preparation, during PES measurements, to data analyses. Although the primary focus of this article is not to evaluate the PES technique itself, we first introduce a minimal set of fundamental concepts to minimize misinterpretation arising from the physics of PES. Subsequently, we examine studies that utilize PES techniques to determine chemical compositions of solid- and liquid-state battery materials, energy level diagrams that bridge different terminologies between PES and electrochemistry, along with the theoretical aspects of PES evolving from first-principle calculations to machine learning. Toward the end of this review, we outline potential future research directions.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"233 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142804799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chao Huang, Dan Li, Ping Qin, Qingdong Ruan, Dorsa Dehghan-baniani, Xiang Peng, Babak Mehrjou, Paul K. Chu
Electrocatalysis is crucial for sustainable energy solutions, focusing on energy harvesting, storage, and pollution control. Despite the development of various electrocatalysts, understanding the dynamic processes in electrochemical reactions is still limited, hindering effective catalyst design. In situ Raman spectra have emerged as a critical tool, providing molecular-level insights into surface processes under operational conditions and discussing their development, advantages, and configurations. This review emphasizes new findings at the catalyst–electrolyte interface, especially interface water molecule state, during the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction in recent years. Finally, the challenges and future directions for in situ Raman techniques in electrocatalysis are discussed, emphasizing their importance in advancing understanding and guiding novel catalyst design.
{"title":"Unraveling electrocatalyst reaction mechanisms in water electrolysis: In situ Raman spectra","authors":"Chao Huang, Dan Li, Ping Qin, Qingdong Ruan, Dorsa Dehghan-baniani, Xiang Peng, Babak Mehrjou, Paul K. Chu","doi":"10.1063/5.0232980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0232980","url":null,"abstract":"Electrocatalysis is crucial for sustainable energy solutions, focusing on energy harvesting, storage, and pollution control. Despite the development of various electrocatalysts, understanding the dynamic processes in electrochemical reactions is still limited, hindering effective catalyst design. In situ Raman spectra have emerged as a critical tool, providing molecular-level insights into surface processes under operational conditions and discussing their development, advantages, and configurations. This review emphasizes new findings at the catalyst–electrolyte interface, especially interface water molecule state, during the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction in recent years. Finally, the challenges and future directions for in situ Raman techniques in electrocatalysis are discussed, emphasizing their importance in advancing understanding and guiding novel catalyst design.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142788413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyung Ryul You, Han Na Yu, Eon Ji Lee, Hyeon Soo Ma, Younghoon Kim, Jongmin Choi
Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are receiving great attention as promising nanomaterials for optoelectronic applications due to their unique electronic properties and straightforward processability. Despite extensive global research and significant progress in the surface chemistry and device architecture of CQDs, meeting the future demands for stability and device performance continues to be a challenge. Recently, innovative matrix engineering strategies that introduce a dot-in-perovskite structure have been recognized as breakthroughs in overcoming these challenges. This review chronicles the advancements of CQD-perovskite hybrids and discusses future perspectives, particularly regarding lead sulfide (PbS) CQDs for infrared photovoltaic applications.
{"title":"Quantum dot in perovskite hybrids for photovoltaics: Progress and perspective","authors":"Hyung Ryul You, Han Na Yu, Eon Ji Lee, Hyeon Soo Ma, Younghoon Kim, Jongmin Choi","doi":"10.1063/5.0218208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0218208","url":null,"abstract":"Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are receiving great attention as promising nanomaterials for optoelectronic applications due to their unique electronic properties and straightforward processability. Despite extensive global research and significant progress in the surface chemistry and device architecture of CQDs, meeting the future demands for stability and device performance continues to be a challenge. Recently, innovative matrix engineering strategies that introduce a dot-in-perovskite structure have been recognized as breakthroughs in overcoming these challenges. This review chronicles the advancements of CQD-perovskite hybrids and discusses future perspectives, particularly regarding lead sulfide (PbS) CQDs for infrared photovoltaic applications.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142782465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Identification and detection of toxic/explosive environmental gases are of paramount importance to various sectors such as oil/gas industries, defense, industrial processing, and civilian security. Surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based gas sensors have recently gained significant attention, owing to their desirable sensitivity, fast response/recovery time, wireless capabilities, and reliability. For detecting various types of targeted gases, SAW sensors with different device structures and sensitive materials have been developed with diversified working mechanisms. This paper is focused on overviewing recent advances in working mechanisms and theories of dominant sensitive materials and key mechanisms/principles for targeting various gases in the realm of SAW gas sensors. The basic sensing theories and parameters of SAW gas sensors are briefly discussed, and then the major influencing factors are systematically reviewed, including the effects of various sensitive layer materials, temperature/humidity, and UV illumination on the overall performance of SAW gas sensors. We further highlight the relationships and adsorption/desorption principles between sensing materials and key targeted gases, including NH3, NO2, H2S, explosive gases of H2, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and organic gases of isopropanol, ethanol, and acetone, as well as others gases of CO, SO2, and HCl. Finally, we discuss key challenges and future outlooks in designing methodologies of sensing materials and enhancing the performance of SAW gas sensors, offering fundamental guidance for developing SAW gas sensors with good sensing performance.
{"title":"Comprehensive overview of detection mechanisms for toxic gases based on surface acoustic wave technology","authors":"Xue Li, Qingyi Feng, Yuanjun Guo, Haifeng Lv, Xiaotao Zu, Yongqing Fu","doi":"10.1063/5.0232838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0232838","url":null,"abstract":"Identification and detection of toxic/explosive environmental gases are of paramount importance to various sectors such as oil/gas industries, defense, industrial processing, and civilian security. Surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based gas sensors have recently gained significant attention, owing to their desirable sensitivity, fast response/recovery time, wireless capabilities, and reliability. For detecting various types of targeted gases, SAW sensors with different device structures and sensitive materials have been developed with diversified working mechanisms. This paper is focused on overviewing recent advances in working mechanisms and theories of dominant sensitive materials and key mechanisms/principles for targeting various gases in the realm of SAW gas sensors. The basic sensing theories and parameters of SAW gas sensors are briefly discussed, and then the major influencing factors are systematically reviewed, including the effects of various sensitive layer materials, temperature/humidity, and UV illumination on the overall performance of SAW gas sensors. We further highlight the relationships and adsorption/desorption principles between sensing materials and key targeted gases, including NH3, NO2, H2S, explosive gases of H2, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and organic gases of isopropanol, ethanol, and acetone, as well as others gases of CO, SO2, and HCl. Finally, we discuss key challenges and future outlooks in designing methodologies of sensing materials and enhancing the performance of SAW gas sensors, offering fundamental guidance for developing SAW gas sensors with good sensing performance.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yiqi Hu, Han Gao, Zhou Zhou, Shun Wang, Qiankun Li, Zhongshen Luo, Runcang Feng, Yanfei Hou, Tianhao Ying, Yuyan Weng, Yibo Han, Liang Fang, Lu You
Two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) ferroelectrics, renowned for their spontaneous breaking of inversion symmetry and finite electric polarization, are pivotal in nonlinear optics and low-power nanoelectronics. Prior studies primarily focused on materials exhibiting out-of-plane or in-plane ferroelectric polarization, whose rotational degrees of freedom are commonly overlooked. Herein, we experimentally validate the existence of a weak yet symmetry-allowed in-plane polarization in the low-symmetry vdW ferroelectric CuInP2S6 by rigorous structural analysis and vectorial property characterizations. Remarkably, the magnitude of this in-plane polarization is tunable via an interface-induced electric field, leading to a significant contrast in second harmonic generation between oppositely polarized domains. Based on this unique rotational capability of electric polarization, we demonstrate an electrically tunable second-order optical emission in a fabricated vdW ferroelectric capacitor. Our findings highlight the intricate interplay between crystal symmetry and tensorial physical properties, providing a novel pathway for manipulating nonlinear optical functionalities in vdW layered ferroelectrics.
{"title":"Polarization-rotation-driven modulation of second harmonic generation in van der Waals layered ferroelectric CuInP2S6","authors":"Yiqi Hu, Han Gao, Zhou Zhou, Shun Wang, Qiankun Li, Zhongshen Luo, Runcang Feng, Yanfei Hou, Tianhao Ying, Yuyan Weng, Yibo Han, Liang Fang, Lu You","doi":"10.1063/5.0230814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0230814","url":null,"abstract":"Two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) ferroelectrics, renowned for their spontaneous breaking of inversion symmetry and finite electric polarization, are pivotal in nonlinear optics and low-power nanoelectronics. Prior studies primarily focused on materials exhibiting out-of-plane or in-plane ferroelectric polarization, whose rotational degrees of freedom are commonly overlooked. Herein, we experimentally validate the existence of a weak yet symmetry-allowed in-plane polarization in the low-symmetry vdW ferroelectric CuInP2S6 by rigorous structural analysis and vectorial property characterizations. Remarkably, the magnitude of this in-plane polarization is tunable via an interface-induced electric field, leading to a significant contrast in second harmonic generation between oppositely polarized domains. Based on this unique rotational capability of electric polarization, we demonstrate an electrically tunable second-order optical emission in a fabricated vdW ferroelectric capacitor. Our findings highlight the intricate interplay between crystal symmetry and tensorial physical properties, providing a novel pathway for manipulating nonlinear optical functionalities in vdW layered ferroelectrics.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Duczek, G. M. Horstmann, W. Ding, K. E. Einarsrud, A. Y. Gelfgat, O. E. Godinez-Brizuela, O. S. Kjos, S. Landgraf, T. Lappan, G. Monrrabal, W. Nash, P. Personnettaz, M. Sarma, C. Sommerseth, P. Trtik, N. Weber, T. Weier
Liquid metal batteries have been introduced as promising option to address the needs for new energy storage technologies. Currently, batteries based on sodium and zinc are under development and a favorable option due to their high theoretical cell potential, readily abundant materials, and cost-advantages. Nevertheless, they face the problem of self-discharge, which makes it inevitable to understand fluid dynamics in the whole cell. Motivated by that, several types of fluid mechanic instabilities in Na-Zn liquid metal batteries are identified and discussed here. On the one hand they can jeopardize secure operation, but on the other hand they can also improve mixing and increase the cell efficiency. In doing so, realistic cell as well as operation parameters are included and dimensionless numbers for identifying critical conditions are presented. The phenomena with highest significance for the discussed batteries are solutal convection, swirling flow, electrocapillary Marangoni convection, and droplet formation. Still, many open research questions remain and we aim at motivating researchers to dig deeper into some of these topics to contribute to an improved cell design and performance.
{"title":"Fluid mechanics of Na-Zn liquid metal batteries","authors":"C. Duczek, G. M. Horstmann, W. Ding, K. E. Einarsrud, A. Y. Gelfgat, O. E. Godinez-Brizuela, O. S. Kjos, S. Landgraf, T. Lappan, G. Monrrabal, W. Nash, P. Personnettaz, M. Sarma, C. Sommerseth, P. Trtik, N. Weber, T. Weier","doi":"10.1063/5.0225593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0225593","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid metal batteries have been introduced as promising option to address the needs for new energy storage technologies. Currently, batteries based on sodium and zinc are under development and a favorable option due to their high theoretical cell potential, readily abundant materials, and cost-advantages. Nevertheless, they face the problem of self-discharge, which makes it inevitable to understand fluid dynamics in the whole cell. Motivated by that, several types of fluid mechanic instabilities in Na-Zn liquid metal batteries are identified and discussed here. On the one hand they can jeopardize secure operation, but on the other hand they can also improve mixing and increase the cell efficiency. In doing so, realistic cell as well as operation parameters are included and dimensionless numbers for identifying critical conditions are presented. The phenomena with highest significance for the discussed batteries are solutal convection, swirling flow, electrocapillary Marangoni convection, and droplet formation. Still, many open research questions remain and we aim at motivating researchers to dig deeper into some of these topics to contribute to an improved cell design and performance.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renquan Guan, Hao Xu, Zheng Lou, Zhao Zhao, Lili Wang
In recent years, metamaterials have shown great potential in various fields such as optics, acoustics, and electromagnetics. Sensors based on metamaterials have been gradually applied in daily production, life, and military. Metamaterials are artificial materials with unique properties that ordinary materials do not possess. Through clever microstructure design, they can achieve different properties and have demonstrated significant potential in areas like holographic projection, absorbing materials, and super-resolution microscopy. Sensors are devices that convert external environmental changes into recognizable signals, playing a crucial role in various fields such as healthcare, industry, and military. Therefore, the development of sensors with high sensitivity, low detection limit, wide detection range, and easy integration is of great significance. Sensors based on metamaterials can not only achieve these improvements but also offer advantages like anti-interference and stealth sensing, which traditional sensors lack. These enhancements and new features are significant for the sensor field's development. This article summarizes the benefits of metamaterial sensors in terms of increased sensitivity, expanded detection range, and ease of system integration. It also systematically discusses their applications in various fields such as biomedical and gas sensing. The focus is on the potential applications and development trends of metamaterial-based sensors in the future of human life, providing systematic guidance for the field's advancement.
{"title":"Metamaterials for high-performance smart sensors","authors":"Renquan Guan, Hao Xu, Zheng Lou, Zhao Zhao, Lili Wang","doi":"10.1063/5.0232606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0232606","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, metamaterials have shown great potential in various fields such as optics, acoustics, and electromagnetics. Sensors based on metamaterials have been gradually applied in daily production, life, and military. Metamaterials are artificial materials with unique properties that ordinary materials do not possess. Through clever microstructure design, they can achieve different properties and have demonstrated significant potential in areas like holographic projection, absorbing materials, and super-resolution microscopy. Sensors are devices that convert external environmental changes into recognizable signals, playing a crucial role in various fields such as healthcare, industry, and military. Therefore, the development of sensors with high sensitivity, low detection limit, wide detection range, and easy integration is of great significance. Sensors based on metamaterials can not only achieve these improvements but also offer advantages like anti-interference and stealth sensing, which traditional sensors lack. These enhancements and new features are significant for the sensor field's development. This article summarizes the benefits of metamaterial sensors in terms of increased sensitivity, expanded detection range, and ease of system integration. It also systematically discusses their applications in various fields such as biomedical and gas sensing. The focus is on the potential applications and development trends of metamaterial-based sensors in the future of human life, providing systematic guidance for the field's advancement.","PeriodicalId":8200,"journal":{"name":"Applied physics reviews","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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