Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences最新文献

Cooper, L. N., Ansari, M. Y., Capshaw, G., Galazyuk, A., Lauer, A. M., Moss, C. F., Sears, K. E., Stewart, M., Teeling, E. C., Wilkinson, G. S., Wilson, R. C., Zwaka, T. P., & Orman, R. (2024). Bats as instructive animal models for studying longevity and aging. Ann NY Acad Sci., 1541, 10–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15233

The article erroneously cited National Institutes of Health award number 1U19AI171399 as a source of funding. No funding from award number 1U19AI171399 was used to support the work in this publication.

The authors apologize for the error.

Vitamin A dietary inadequacy remains a serious public health problem among young children 6–59 months of age in Burkina Faso. Planners face several interrelated challenges: Selecting concrete policy objectives regarding vitamin A inadequacy reductions, identifying cost-effective vitamin A intervention programs that can achieve those objectives, and being reasonably sure that proposed intervention programs are robust to uncertainty in program benefits and costs. A 10-year, subnational economic optimization model making use of secondary dietary intake data and program cost data was developed and implemented to address these issues and included the following vitamin A program options: existing or improved edible oils fortification, a pair of hypothetical vitamin A-fortified bouillon programs, and a set of subnational vitamin A supplementation (VAS) programs. The model consistently identified the improved edible oils and bouillon fortification programs as the core national programs upon which the more expensive subnational VAS programs could be layered, depending on policy objectives and available funding. These results were robust to uncertainty in program nutritional benefits and costs. However, even if the most impactful set of modeled programs was implemented, vitamin A inadequacy among children would remain a serious public health problem; hence, additional efforts to address it would be needed.

How does memory influence auditory perception, and what are the underlying mechanisms that drive these interactions? Most empirical studies on the neural correlates of memory-guided perception have used static visual tasks, resulting in a bias in the literature that contrasts with recent research highlighting the dynamic nature of memory retrieval. Here, we used electroencephalography to track the retrieval of auditory associative memories in a cue–target paradigm. Participants (N = 64) listened to real-world soundscapes that were either predictive of an upcoming target tone or nonpredictive. Three key results emerged. First, targets were detected faster when embedded in predictive than in nonpredictive soundscapes (memory-guided perceptual benefit). Second, changes in theta and alpha power differentiated soundscape contexts that were predictive from nonpredictive contexts at two distinct temporal intervals from soundscape onset (early—950 ms peak for theta and alpha, and late—1650 ms peak for alpha only). Third, early theta activity in the left anterior temporal lobe was correlated with memory-guided perceptual benefits. Together, these findings underscore the role of distinct neural processes at different time points during associative retrieval. By emphasizing temporal sensitivity and by isolating cue-related activity, we reveal a two-stage retrieval mechanism that advances our understanding of how memory influences auditory perception.

Vitamin A supplementation (VAS) remains a cornerstone of global child survival programs. As available funding declines, countries are seeking alternative delivery platforms. We examine a VAS-deworming delivery event in 2019 in Kenya, called Malezi Bora (MB), that employed four delivery platforms: health clinics, Early Childhood Development centers, community distribution points, and home visits. VAS coverage data were collected via household surveys in four subcounties, three of which received financial and technical assistance, and one of which received technical assistance only. Data on costs were collected using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. Only one subcounty achieved the targeted VAS coverage rate (80%) across most age subgroups; the subcounty not receiving financial assistance covered just 37% of children 6–59 months of age. Two other funded subcounties had higher coverage rates but failed to achieve 80% coverage for any age subgroup. Most children in the funded subcounties received VAS in their homes. Most children in the unfunded subcounty received VAS at a health facility. Being aware of MB was the most important factor associated with receiving VAS. Cost per child reached, including opportunity costs, varied across subcounties from $1.81 to $11.13 USD. Salaries were the main cost drivers.

The left temporo-parietal cortex (TPC) is critical for phonological decoding during reading and appears hypoactive in dyslexia. Therefore, a promising approach to alleviating phonological deficits in dyslexia is to modulate left TPC functioning. However, it is unclear how neurostimulation alters activity and network interactions in dyslexia. To address this gap, we combined facilitatory transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the left TPC in adults with dyslexia with an overt word and pseudoword reading task during functional neuroimaging. We found TMS-induced improvements in pseudoword reading, reduced contributions of right-hemispheric regions during reading, and substantial changes between the core reading nodes and an extended network involving the right cerebellum. Stronger coupling between temporo-occipital and frontal cortices was further directly linked to improvements in pseudoword reading. Collectively, we provide evidence for a crucial role of the left TPC for phonological decoding and show that TMS can successfully modulate reading networks to improve reading in dyslexia.

This study uses a combination of the FLEXPART Lagrangian dispersion model with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale Eulerian model (FLEXPART-WRF) to analyze the expected mid- to late-century changes in the moisture sources and sinks of the North American East Coast (ENA) and the Gulf of Mexico (GM), as well as their most relevant abrupt moisture transport events–atmospheric rivers (ARs) and low-level jets of the Great Plains (GPLLJ) and the Caribbean (CLLJ). Both the ENA and GM are expected to increase in importance as moisture source regions over the century, both overall and in their contributions to the ARs and both LLJs. A notable increase in the intensity of the GPLLJ and CLLJ moisture sources is also observed. All of these behaviors are neither spatially nor temporally homogeneous and need to be analyzed in a seasonal context. Likewise, the most relevant signs of change are practically all observed by the end of the century. Other noteworthy behaviors are also observed, including an increase in humidity associated with landfalling atmospheric river events in the winter months, or a notable latitudinal shift of the CLLJ's area of influence. These findings are best understood within the context of an observed increase in both continental precipitation and sea surface temperature.

The overall goal of this paper is to enhance the understanding and measurement of loneliness by identifying key experiential characteristics of loneliness in children and adolescents, and determine whether there is a need for refined assessment tools that accurately capture that experience. In Study 1, we synthesized the qualitative research on the child and youth experience of loneliness and found shared characteristics of loneliness, with some differences related to developmental changes (e.g., understanding of contexts influencing the experience of loneliness). In Study 2, we reviewed the items from loneliness questionnaires for children and youth and found they do not fully capture the affective dimension of loneliness, that is, the breadth of emotions associated with loneliness. That gap could lead to an incomplete understanding of the phenomenon, potentially undermining the validity of research findings and the effectiveness of interventions designed to alleviate loneliness because they underplay the distress of the experience for children and young people. Addressing this shortcoming should include the development and/or refinement of measurements of loneliness for children and youth, enhancing the accuracy and relevance of loneliness assessments.