Heather L Price, Angela D Evans, Emily A Nevokshonoff, Andre Kehn, Jennica Wlodarczyk
Despite how frequently adults are alone with children, we know little about children's ability to corroborate alibis. In two studies, we investigated children's ability to act as alibi corroborators. In both studies, two visitors (one male, one female) attended children's summer camps to present science activities to the children. In the pilot study (N = 83; Mage = 7.1 years), for half of the children, the female researcher left the room for one of the activities. Children were then interviewed about the adults' whereabouts either immediately or 1 day later. In the main study (N = 147; Mage = 9.40), the female researcher left the room for one activity in a more salient manner, and all children were interviewed 3 days later. Across both studies, though there was substantial variability, many children did not report that the female researcher left (pilot study, 82%; main study, 32%), despite direct questions about her presence. All inaccurate reports of an adult leaving were in response to the most direct (yes/no) question. These findings suggest that children are largely accurate in corroborating an alibi for someone who did not leave, but many children err when someone does leave. The present studies have implications for how to question children about an adult's whereabouts.
{"title":"Children as Alibi Corroborators for Adults.","authors":"Heather L Price, Angela D Evans, Emily A Nevokshonoff, Andre Kehn, Jennica Wlodarczyk","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70179","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nyas.70179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite how frequently adults are alone with children, we know little about children's ability to corroborate alibis. In two studies, we investigated children's ability to act as alibi corroborators. In both studies, two visitors (one male, one female) attended children's summer camps to present science activities to the children. In the pilot study (N = 83; M<sub>age</sub> = 7.1 years), for half of the children, the female researcher left the room for one of the activities. Children were then interviewed about the adults' whereabouts either immediately or 1 day later. In the main study (N = 147; M<sub>age</sub> = 9.40), the female researcher left the room for one activity in a more salient manner, and all children were interviewed 3 days later. Across both studies, though there was substantial variability, many children did not report that the female researcher left (pilot study, 82%; main study, 32%), despite direct questions about her presence. All inaccurate reports of an adult leaving were in response to the most direct (yes/no) question. These findings suggest that children are largely accurate in corroborating an alibi for someone who did not leave, but many children err when someone does leave. The present studies have implications for how to question children about an adult's whereabouts.</p>","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145891913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On the cover: The cover image is based on the Original Article Spatial metabolic and phenotypic characterization of the germ-free mouse model by Lauren Adams et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70002.
{"title":"Additional Cover, Volume 1551, Issue 1","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70166","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nyas.70166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>On the cover</b>: The cover image is based on the Original Article <i>Spatial metabolic and phenotypic characterization of the germ-free mouse model</i> by Lauren Adams et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70002.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"1551 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nyas.70166","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marc Ballestero‐Arnau, Borja Rodríguez‐Herreros, Manuel Moreno‐Sánchez, Toni Cunillera
Food cues that appear in the visual field capture our attention easily and can influence eating behavior. The current study investigated the influence of food‐related stimuli on visual attention, considering the macronutrient composition of food items. Images representing sweet and savory foods were employed, the latter consisting primarily of high‐protein foods. The participants were primed with these images prior to performing the attentional task. We found that both sets of food images elicited an emotional attentional blink (EAB), but a stronger EAB was observed for the high‐protein foods, and this observation was further supported by a negative correlation between the attentional bias (ABias) and the proportion of protein consumed by the participants before the experiment, with participants who consumed less protein exhibiting a stronger ABias toward high‐protein foods. These findings suggest that an ABias might also arise to facilitate the consumption of high‐protein foods when prior consumption of this macronutrient is low.
{"title":"Food Macronutrient Composition Influences Attentional Bias Toward Food Cues","authors":"Marc Ballestero‐Arnau, Borja Rodríguez‐Herreros, Manuel Moreno‐Sánchez, Toni Cunillera","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70181","url":null,"abstract":"Food cues that appear in the visual field capture our attention easily and can influence eating behavior. The current study investigated the influence of food‐related stimuli on visual attention, considering the macronutrient composition of food items. Images representing sweet and savory foods were employed, the latter consisting primarily of high‐protein foods. The participants were primed with these images prior to performing the attentional task. We found that both sets of food images elicited an emotional attentional blink (EAB), but a stronger EAB was observed for the high‐protein foods, and this observation was further supported by a negative correlation between the attentional bias (ABias) and the proportion of protein consumed by the participants before the experiment, with participants who consumed less protein exhibiting a stronger ABias toward high‐protein foods. These findings suggest that an ABias might also arise to facilitate the consumption of high‐protein foods when prior consumption of this macronutrient is low.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145829922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dunia Giomo, Romain Brasselet, Gianfranco Fortunato, Domenica Bueti
Perceptual and sensorimotor events are often experienced as temporal patterns, that is, identified as sequences based on their temporal features. While current timing models propose separate mechanisms supporting the processing of single intervals and temporal patterns, they leave partially unclear whether the latter entails the processing of both individual intervals and the overall structure of a pattern, or only one of these features. Here, we narrowed this question down by investigating how violations of regularity within the individual intervals of a temporal sequence (i.e., local violations) and in its overall structure (i.e., global violations) differentially affect its reproduction. We tested these violation effects in three experiments in which the sequences were experienced either in the visual or auditory domain and had either simple or complex structures. Results showed that the precision in reproducing simple visual and auditory patterns was primarily affected by local violations, whereas global violations mostly impacted the reproduction of visual patterns with complex structures. These detrimental effects were partially explained by rescaling and bias effects in the reproduced patterns. Overall, our findings indicate that the processing and reproduction of temporal patterns differentially weigh individual intervals and global structure, depending on sensory modality and, for visual patterns, on structural complexity.
{"title":"Global and Local Deviance Effects in the Processing of Temporal Patterns","authors":"Dunia Giomo, Romain Brasselet, Gianfranco Fortunato, Domenica Bueti","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70173","url":null,"abstract":"Perceptual and sensorimotor events are often experienced as temporal patterns, that is, identified as sequences based on their temporal features. While current timing models propose separate mechanisms supporting the processing of single intervals and temporal patterns, they leave partially unclear whether the latter entails the processing of both individual intervals and the overall structure of a pattern, or only one of these features. Here, we narrowed this question down by investigating how violations of regularity within the individual intervals of a temporal sequence (i.e., local violations) and in its overall structure (i.e., global violations) differentially affect its reproduction. We tested these violation effects in three experiments in which the sequences were experienced either in the visual or auditory domain and had either simple or complex structures. Results showed that the precision in reproducing simple visual and auditory patterns was primarily affected by local violations, whereas global violations mostly impacted the reproduction of visual patterns with complex structures. These detrimental effects were partially explained by rescaling and bias effects in the reproduced patterns. Overall, our findings indicate that the processing and reproduction of temporal patterns differentially weigh individual intervals and global structure, depending on sensory modality and, for visual patterns, on structural complexity.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145812991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Exercise and primary motor cortex (M1) stimulation may alleviate pain by enhancing the endogenous pain‐inhibitory system, with its efficacy assessed through conditioned pain modulation (CPM). This study examined whether combining exercise with M1‐targeted transcranial electrical stimulation enhances CPM more effectively than either intervention alone. Two randomized, sham‐controlled experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1 ( N = 70), participants completed a 3‐min isometric handgrip exercise or quiet rest. In Experiment 2 ( N = 140), participants received 20 min of M1‐targeted transcranial random noise stimulation with direct current offset (tRNS + DC‐offset) or sham stimulation, followed by either exercise or rest. CPM was assessed at baseline, immediately after, and 30 min post‐intervention. Results showed that exercise alone did not significantly enhance CPM efficacy. In contrast, M1‐targeted tRNS + DC‐offset significantly enhanced CPM efficacy at both post‐intervention time points. Critically, individuals with low baseline CPM showed greater benefits from the combination of tRNS + DC‐offset and exercise compared to either exercise alone or tRNS + DC‐offset alone, particularly at 30 min post‐intervention. These results highlight the potential of combining motor cortex stimulation with exercise to optimize endogenous pain inhibition, particularly as a personalized, nonpharmacological intervention for individuals with impaired pain modulation.
运动和初级运动皮层（M1）刺激可能通过增强内源性疼痛抑制系统来减轻疼痛，其效果通过条件疼痛调节（CPM）来评估。这项研究考察了运动与M1靶向经颅电刺激相结合是否比单独干预更有效地增强CPM。进行了两个随机、假对照实验。在实验1 （N = 70）中，参与者完成了3分钟的等长握力训练或安静休息。在实验2 （N = 140）中，参与者接受20分钟的M1靶经颅随机噪声刺激，外加直流偏置（tRNS + DC偏置）或假刺激，然后进行运动或休息。在基线、干预后立即和干预后30分钟评估CPM。结果表明，单纯运动不能显著提高CPM的疗效。相比之下，M1靶向tRNS + DC - offset在干预后两个时间点显著提高了CPM疗效。关键的是，与单独运动或单独tRNS + DC - offset相比，低基线CPM的个体从tRNS + DC - offset和运动的组合中显示出更大的益处，特别是在干预后30分钟。这些结果强调了运动皮质刺激与运动相结合的潜力，以优化内源性疼痛抑制，特别是作为一种个性化的非药物干预，对疼痛调节受损的个体。
{"title":"Isometric Exercise Combined With Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Improves Conditioned Pain Modulation","authors":"Yinglin Guan, Xinxin Lin, Weihong Chen, Xin Wang, Shengxiong Chen, Weiwei Peng","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70178","url":null,"abstract":"Exercise and primary motor cortex (M1) stimulation may alleviate pain by enhancing the endogenous pain‐inhibitory system, with its efficacy assessed through conditioned pain modulation (CPM). This study examined whether combining exercise with M1‐targeted transcranial electrical stimulation enhances CPM more effectively than either intervention alone. Two randomized, sham‐controlled experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1 ( <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 70), participants completed a 3‐min isometric handgrip exercise or quiet rest. In Experiment 2 ( <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 140), participants received 20 min of M1‐targeted transcranial random noise stimulation with direct current offset (tRNS + DC‐offset) or sham stimulation, followed by either exercise or rest. CPM was assessed at baseline, immediately after, and 30 min post‐intervention. Results showed that exercise alone did not significantly enhance CPM efficacy. In contrast, M1‐targeted tRNS + DC‐offset significantly enhanced CPM efficacy at both post‐intervention time points. Critically, individuals with low baseline CPM showed greater benefits from the combination of tRNS + DC‐offset and exercise compared to either exercise alone or tRNS + DC‐offset alone, particularly at 30 min post‐intervention. These results highlight the potential of combining motor cortex stimulation with exercise to optimize endogenous pain inhibition, particularly as a personalized, nonpharmacological intervention for individuals with impaired pain modulation.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145812990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zihang Wang, Bang Fu, Jiarong Ren, Shihao Li, Haoqiang Ji, Yue Wu, Xinyue Fang, Zhenxu Wang, Meng Shang, Yiguan Wang, Ying Liang, Xiaobo Liu, Liang Lu
Rattus tanezumi is a highly invasive rodent that has spread rapidly worldwide in recent decades, yet its historical dispersal routes and potential suitable habitats remain insufficiently systematically assessed. This study reconstructed the migration history and projected the future distribution of the species by integrating MaxEnt and Biomod2 models. It aimed to reveal the dynamics of its invasion process in relation to climatic drivers, compare model differences, and evaluate the reliability of the predictions. We found that R. tanezumi spread primarily through shipping and transportation networks, often initially establishing in climatically suitable ports, with expansion limited by climatic boundaries. Current highly suitable areas occur in Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America. Analysis identified key climatic thresholds, with survival probability significantly increasing where the mean annual temperature is >10°C and the warmest quarter precipitation is >900 mm. While temperature seasonality had no significant effect, diurnal temperature range exhibited a negative impact, though its strength varied regionally. Contrary to traditional understanding, reliability‐tested model projections suggest potential expansion into colder and higher‐altitude regions under climate change. This study elucidates the species’ invasion dynamics and provides a scientific basis for forecasting range shifts and guiding targeted control strategies.
{"title":"Global Perspective on the Migration History and Current and Future Potential Distribution of Rattus tanezumi","authors":"Zihang Wang, Bang Fu, Jiarong Ren, Shihao Li, Haoqiang Ji, Yue Wu, Xinyue Fang, Zhenxu Wang, Meng Shang, Yiguan Wang, Ying Liang, Xiaobo Liu, Liang Lu","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70163","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Rattus tanezumi</jats:italic> is a highly invasive rodent that has spread rapidly worldwide in recent decades, yet its historical dispersal routes and potential suitable habitats remain insufficiently systematically assessed. This study reconstructed the migration history and projected the future distribution of the species by integrating MaxEnt and Biomod2 models. It aimed to reveal the dynamics of its invasion process in relation to climatic drivers, compare model differences, and evaluate the reliability of the predictions. We found that <jats:italic>R. tanezumi</jats:italic> spread primarily through shipping and transportation networks, often initially establishing in climatically suitable ports, with expansion limited by climatic boundaries. Current highly suitable areas occur in Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America. Analysis identified key climatic thresholds, with survival probability significantly increasing where the mean annual temperature is >10°C and the warmest quarter precipitation is >900 mm. While temperature seasonality had no significant effect, diurnal temperature range exhibited a negative impact, though its strength varied regionally. Contrary to traditional understanding, reliability‐tested model projections suggest potential expansion into colder and higher‐altitude regions under climate change. This study elucidates the species’ invasion dynamics and provides a scientific basis for forecasting range shifts and guiding targeted control strategies.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"37 9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145807445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quantitative prediction of state transitions, particularly in complex multivariable‐coupled systems, represents a long‐standing scientific challenge. Classical catastrophe theory, while conceptually powerful, is severely constrained in practice by its inherently qualitative nature and by limits on dimensionality. To overcome this bottleneck, we introduce the multivariate quantitative catastrophe model (MQCM). This framework, while preserving the core topological architecture of catastrophe theory, incorporates a power‐law composite control function to integrate multiple physical parameters, enforcing dimensional homogeneity as a physical constraint. This approach elevates the theory from a paradigm of qualitative classification to one of robust quantitative prediction. The model's predictive capability is verified through two classical problems, blackbody radiation and the heat capacity of solids. In both cases, MQCM starts from a single unified parent formula and, using singularity analysis, independently derives the governing physical laws in the corresponding asymptotic limits. MQCM thus establishes a systematic, mathematically rigorous, and physically insightful framework for the quantitative application of catastrophe theory. The framework is particularly well‐suited to complex systems that display distinct scaling laws on opposite sides of a critical point. This work opens a new avenue for understanding critical phenomena and lays a foundation for interdisciplinary applications in materials science, engineering, and beyond.
{"title":"Advanced Multivariate Catastrophe Model for Quantitative Analysis of Complex Systems With Case Studies and Validation","authors":"Jiamin Niu, Jiu Hui Wu","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70177","url":null,"abstract":"Quantitative prediction of state transitions, particularly in complex multivariable‐coupled systems, represents a long‐standing scientific challenge. Classical catastrophe theory, while conceptually powerful, is severely constrained in practice by its inherently qualitative nature and by limits on dimensionality. To overcome this bottleneck, we introduce the multivariate quantitative catastrophe model (MQCM). This framework, while preserving the core topological architecture of catastrophe theory, incorporates a power‐law composite control function to integrate multiple physical parameters, enforcing dimensional homogeneity as a physical constraint. This approach elevates the theory from a paradigm of qualitative classification to one of robust quantitative prediction. The model's predictive capability is verified through two classical problems, blackbody radiation and the heat capacity of solids. In both cases, MQCM starts from a single unified parent formula and, using singularity analysis, independently derives the governing physical laws in the corresponding asymptotic limits. MQCM thus establishes a systematic, mathematically rigorous, and physically insightful framework for the quantitative application of catastrophe theory. The framework is particularly well‐suited to complex systems that display distinct scaling laws on opposite sides of a critical point. This work opens a new avenue for understanding critical phenomena and lays a foundation for interdisciplinary applications in materials science, engineering, and beyond.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145807444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hao Zhu, Minzhou Luo, Zigui Lv, Yan Luo, Ju Li, Ruikai Liu, Pengfei Lv, Jinlin Xue
Humanoid robots operating in unstructured environments and under high‐load conditions commonly face challenges such as limited locomotion performance and the difficulty of balancing structural strength with weight reduction. This study proposes a novel bio‐inspired electro‐hydraulic humanoid robot that incorporates a parametric dynamic model based on the coupled muscle–tendon–bone characteristics of the human hip–knee–ankle complex. Leveraging a custom‐designed, reverse–inverse kinematics framework, the leg morphology and electro‐hydraulic actuator parameters are co‐optimized to enhance agility and obstacle‐crossing capabilities. To simultaneously ensure structural strength and mass control, honeycomb structures are designed for the leg components, achieving functional lightweighting while preserving balanced strength across different directions. Simulation analyses demonstrate that a 21.28% weight reduction is attainable while maintaining comparable out‐of‐plane equivalent elastic and shear moduli relative to the original structure, thus meeting the demands of complex loading and impact conditions. Experimental tests confirm that the robot exhibits robust environmental adaptability and stable locomotion during high‐speed running at 10 km/h and obstacle traversal over 300 mm. The findings validate the effectiveness of the proposed configuration and bio‐inspired strategy, providing theoretical support and an engineering paradigm for structural optimization and system integration in high‐performance humanoid robots under complex task scenarios.
{"title":"Investigation of Musculoskeletal‐Inspired Architecture and Honeycomb Lightweight Design for Electro‐Hydraulic Humanoid Robot Legs","authors":"Hao Zhu, Minzhou Luo, Zigui Lv, Yan Luo, Ju Li, Ruikai Liu, Pengfei Lv, Jinlin Xue","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70175","url":null,"abstract":"Humanoid robots operating in unstructured environments and under high‐load conditions commonly face challenges such as limited locomotion performance and the difficulty of balancing structural strength with weight reduction. This study proposes a novel bio‐inspired electro‐hydraulic humanoid robot that incorporates a parametric dynamic model based on the coupled muscle–tendon–bone characteristics of the human hip–knee–ankle complex. Leveraging a custom‐designed, reverse–inverse kinematics framework, the leg morphology and electro‐hydraulic actuator parameters are co‐optimized to enhance agility and obstacle‐crossing capabilities. To simultaneously ensure structural strength and mass control, honeycomb structures are designed for the leg components, achieving functional lightweighting while preserving balanced strength across different directions. Simulation analyses demonstrate that a 21.28% weight reduction is attainable while maintaining comparable out‐of‐plane equivalent elastic and shear moduli relative to the original structure, thus meeting the demands of complex loading and impact conditions. Experimental tests confirm that the robot exhibits robust environmental adaptability and stable locomotion during high‐speed running at 10 km/h and obstacle traversal over 300 mm. The findings validate the effectiveness of the proposed configuration and bio‐inspired strategy, providing theoretical support and an engineering paradigm for structural optimization and system integration in high‐performance humanoid robots under complex task scenarios.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rewards frequently occur in novel contexts, yet whether novelty facilitates or inhibits reward evaluation remains unclear. Using EEG, we investigated how stimulus novelty affects reward evaluation across two experiments. Participants performed a monetary guessing task where gains and losses were delivered in either novel or familiar forms. In experiment 1 ( N = 49), stimulus novelty was integrated into feedback valence as a feedback attribute; in experiment 2 ( N = 50), it was separated from feedback valence as a contextual modulator. Time and time‐frequency domain results revealed that stimulus novelty reduced reward‐related signals when embedded in feedback (experiment 1), regardless of feedback valence. When stimulus novelty acted as a contextual modulator (experiment 2), it selectively attenuated neural responses to gains but not losses. Critically, this gain‐specific inhibition diminished as stimulus novelty habituated with task exposure, regardless of novelty's role. Our findings elucidate how stimulus novelty constrains reward evaluation, supporting the novelty inhibition hypothesis.
{"title":"Stimulus Novelty Inhibits Reward Evaluation: EEG Evidence","authors":"Xiaoya Li, Ziyang Yang, Guanglong Liu, Jianbiao Zhao, Wendeng Yang, Ya Zheng","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70182","url":null,"abstract":"Rewards frequently occur in novel contexts, yet whether novelty facilitates or inhibits reward evaluation remains unclear. Using EEG, we investigated how stimulus novelty affects reward evaluation across two experiments. Participants performed a monetary guessing task where gains and losses were delivered in either novel or familiar forms. In experiment 1 ( <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 49), stimulus novelty was integrated into feedback valence as a feedback attribute; in experiment 2 ( <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 50), it was separated from feedback valence as a contextual modulator. Time and time‐frequency domain results revealed that stimulus novelty reduced reward‐related signals when embedded in feedback (experiment 1), regardless of feedback valence. When stimulus novelty acted as a contextual modulator (experiment 2), it selectively attenuated neural responses to gains but not losses. Critically, this gain‐specific inhibition diminished as stimulus novelty habituated with task exposure, regardless of novelty's role. Our findings elucidate how stimulus novelty constrains reward evaluation, supporting the novelty inhibition hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herein, we report a photoinduced, metal- and photocatalyst-free protocol for site-selective C–H borylation via aryl thianthrenium (TT) salts, addressing key limitations of prior electron donor–acceptor (EDA)-based strategies. This approach leverages in situ-formed [Et3N·B2pin2] adducts with TT salts to generate a photoactive EDA complex, circumventing the need for exogenous electron donors and activating reagents while enabling exceptional tolerance of sensitive groups (cyano, aldehyde, amide) and complex natural products, with yields up to 95%. Its synthetic utility was validated by late-stage modification of bioactive molecules, and mechanistic studies confirmed the unique role of the EDA complex in driving the transformation without additional additives. This strategy represents a paradigm shift in metal-free borylation, combining operational simplicity with an expanded substrate scope and superior functional group compatibility.
{"title":"Photoinduced Metal-Free C–H Borylation via Thianthrenium Electron Donor–Acceptor Complexes","authors":"Wen-Ya Li, Yanting Lin, Yu Wang, Jing-Jing Lv, Huile Jin, Xiao-Chun Yu, Dingyi Wang, Zheng-Jun Wang","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70174","url":null,"abstract":"Herein, we report a photoinduced, metal- and photocatalyst-free protocol for site-selective C–H borylation via aryl thianthrenium (TT) salts, addressing key limitations of prior electron donor–acceptor (EDA)-based strategies. This approach leverages in situ-formed [Et<sub>3</sub>N·B<sub>2</sub>pin<sub>2</sub>] adducts with TT salts to generate a photoactive EDA complex, circumventing the need for exogenous electron donors and activating reagents while enabling exceptional tolerance of sensitive groups (cyano, aldehyde, amide) and complex natural products, with yields up to 95%. Its synthetic utility was validated by late-stage modification of bioactive molecules, and mechanistic studies confirmed the unique role of the EDA complex in driving the transformation without additional additives. This strategy represents a paradigm shift in metal-free borylation, combining operational simplicity with an expanded substrate scope and superior functional group compatibility.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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