Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.21608/aps.2021.109363.1077
Lina Abdel Salam, Mona Abdelmottaleb, A. Geneidi
Formulation of proniosomal gels and evaluation of their potential in dermal drug delivery of levofloxacin, an antibacterial drug used to treat complicated bacterial infections. Levofloxacin-loaded proniosomal gels were prepared using coacervation phase separation using nonionic surfactants (spans and tweens). Different parameters of the proniosomal gels were evaluated, including particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), drug entrapment efficiency percentage (EE%), in vitro drug release, and ex vivo permeation studies. Based on the experimental results, the EE% for the prepared formulas ranged from 32.22±0.86 to 54.83±1.17%. Comparatively to others, levofloxacin could be best encapsulated using span 20. The particle size of the proniosomes ranged from 447±204 nm to 1089±17 nm. Proniosomal gel prepared with span 20 had the smallest vesicle size. The zeta potential range of prepared proniosomes was from 20.95±0 mV to 60.92±0.09 mV. The prepared formulations were found to have a polydispersity index ranging from 0.198±3.23 to 0.967±0.36. Almost all of the formulas displayed a linear release profile ranging from 33.028 to 97.56 percent over 4 hours. A higher level of drug deposition was observed with span 80 compared to tween 80 after 6 h: 18.296% versus 9.44%. The stability study showed that there was no significant change in EE%, PS, or ZP of levofloxacin proniosomal gels after 3 months of storage. In conclusion, the dermal application of the investigated proniosomal gel formulations demonstrated promising results as nanocarriers for levofloxacin.
{"title":"Formulation and Characterization of Proniosomal Gels loaded with Levofloxacin for dermal drug Delivery.","authors":"Lina Abdel Salam, Mona Abdelmottaleb, A. Geneidi","doi":"10.21608/aps.2021.109363.1077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/aps.2021.109363.1077","url":null,"abstract":"Formulation of proniosomal gels and evaluation of their potential in dermal drug delivery of levofloxacin, an antibacterial drug used to treat complicated bacterial infections. Levofloxacin-loaded proniosomal gels were prepared using coacervation phase separation using nonionic surfactants (spans and tweens). Different parameters of the proniosomal gels were evaluated, including particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), drug entrapment efficiency percentage (EE%), in vitro drug release, and ex vivo permeation studies. Based on the experimental results, the EE% for the prepared formulas ranged from 32.22±0.86 to 54.83±1.17%. Comparatively to others, levofloxacin could be best encapsulated using span 20. The particle size of the proniosomes ranged from 447±204 nm to 1089±17 nm. Proniosomal gel prepared with span 20 had the smallest vesicle size. The zeta potential range of prepared proniosomes was from 20.95±0 mV to 60.92±0.09 mV. The prepared formulations were found to have a polydispersity index ranging from 0.198±3.23 to 0.967±0.36. Almost all of the formulas displayed a linear release profile ranging from 33.028 to 97.56 percent over 4 hours. A higher level of drug deposition was observed with span 80 compared to tween 80 after 6 h: 18.296% versus 9.44%. The stability study showed that there was no significant change in EE%, PS, or ZP of levofloxacin proniosomal gels after 3 months of storage. In conclusion, the dermal application of the investigated proniosomal gel formulations demonstrated promising results as nanocarriers for levofloxacin.","PeriodicalId":8314,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73401041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.21608/aps.2021.101125.1071
walaa Rashed, Khaled Aboshanab, M. Aboulwafa
Rabies is still considered one of the most harmful viral infections of warm-blooded animals. Thousands of people are infected with it each year worldwide. It is a fatal disease unless early treatment is received before the appearance of symptoms. The virus usually enters the human body through a bite wound from rabid animal’s saliva; however, it can also be transmitted by other ways such as inhalation of the aerosolized rabies virus with laboratory workers. About, twenty-four thousand die due to rabies in Africa annually and dogs are the main reason for infection transmission. Fortunately, it is easily eliminated by vaccines. The importance of vaccination comes from the fact that it is the only way to limit disease mortality levels; meanwhile, the same vaccine is used for treatment after infection exposure to rabies or as prophylaxis. Therefore, high-quality control must be applied to it to ensure its safety, efficacy, and potency. A potency test is an important tool for experiencing the actual relative potency of manufactured vaccine batches. Because of the high variability of biological products, potency is an effective tool that assures the lot-to-lot consistency of commercial vaccines. In this review, we aimed to discuss the rabies virus and its antigenic structure, different vaccine preparations, quality control of vaccines, different methods used in potency tests for rabies vaccine preparations including in vivo and in vitro methods. In conclusion, without good quality control, we couldn’t ensure consistency in vaccine manufacturing, and without replacement of old methods depending on animals, we couldn’t go with global approaches of refinement, reduction, and replacement of animals in quality control tests especially the potency test.
{"title":"Mini review on Potency Evaluation of Rabies Vaccine preparations","authors":"walaa Rashed, Khaled Aboshanab, M. Aboulwafa","doi":"10.21608/aps.2021.101125.1071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/aps.2021.101125.1071","url":null,"abstract":"Rabies is still considered one of the most harmful viral infections of warm-blooded animals. Thousands of people are infected with it each year worldwide. It is a fatal disease unless early treatment is received before the appearance of symptoms. The virus usually enters the human body through a bite wound from rabid animal’s saliva; however, it can also be transmitted by other ways such as inhalation of the aerosolized rabies virus with laboratory workers. About, twenty-four thousand die due to rabies in Africa annually and dogs are the main reason for infection transmission. Fortunately, it is easily eliminated by vaccines. The importance of vaccination comes from the fact that it is the only way to limit disease mortality levels; meanwhile, the same vaccine is used for treatment after infection exposure to rabies or as prophylaxis. Therefore, high-quality control must be applied to it to ensure its safety, efficacy, and potency. A potency test is an important tool for experiencing the actual relative potency of manufactured vaccine batches. Because of the high variability of biological products, potency is an effective tool that assures the lot-to-lot consistency of commercial vaccines. In this review, we aimed to discuss the rabies virus and its antigenic structure, different vaccine preparations, quality control of vaccines, different methods used in potency tests for rabies vaccine preparations including in vivo and in vitro methods. In conclusion, without good quality control, we couldn’t ensure consistency in vaccine manufacturing, and without replacement of old methods depending on animals, we couldn’t go with global approaches of refinement, reduction, and replacement of animals in quality control tests especially the potency test.","PeriodicalId":8314,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73749844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.21608/aps.2021.94382.1069
Nada Farag, Lamia Elwakeel, A. Abdelhafeez, M. Schaalan
To assess the efficacy, tolerability, and clinical outcome of high dose IV Vitamin C administration in patients suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A prospective, randomized, controlled, open-label study was conducted at the Intensive Care Unit of the National Center for Allergy and Chest Diseases, Cairo, Egypt. Forty clinically and radiologically diagnosed cases of eligible ARDS patients were randomized to either, Group 1 (Control); 20 patients received conventional ARDS management, or Group 2 (Test); 20 ARDS patients received 10 g IV Vitamin C on two divided doses, both for 10 days. Vitamin C, Interleukin 8 (IL8), and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (NRf2) levels together with PaO2/FiO2 were all measured for both groups at baseline and after 10 days from study start. Both groups were comparable at baseline. After 10 days of Vitamin C administration, a significant increase (P<0.001) in levels of Vitamin C, NRf2, and PaO2/FiO2 together with a significant decrease (P<0.001) in IL8 was noted in the test versus the control group. The number of patients weaned off mechanical ventilation MV was significantly higher in the test versus the control groups (15 versus 6, P= 0.004, respectively). Survival and occurrence of side effects were comparable across groups. In conclusion, Administration of 10 g IV Vitamin C in 2 divided doses daily for 10 days in ARDS patients improved lung functions, pulmonary oxygenation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. High-dose vitamin C reduced IL8 levels and facilitated weaning off MV. Vitamin C was tolerable with no significant side effects or drug interactions reported throughout the 10 daystreatment. (Clinicaltrials.gov Registration number: NCT03780933).
评估急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者静脉注射大剂量维生素C的疗效、耐受性和临床结果。一项前瞻性、随机、对照、开放标签的研究在埃及开罗国家过敏和胸部疾病中心重症监护室进行。40例临床和影像学诊断符合条件的ARDS患者随机分为1组(对照组);20例患者接受常规ARDS管理或2组(Test);20例急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者静脉注射10 g维生素C，分两次服用，疗程均为10天。在基线和研究开始后10天，两组均测量维生素C、白细胞介素8 (IL8)、核因子红细胞2相关因子2 (NRf2)水平以及PaO2/FiO2。两组在基线时具有可比性。服用维生素C 10天后，与对照组相比，试验中发现维生素C、NRf2和PaO2/FiO2水平显著升高(P<0.001)， il - 8水平显著降低(P<0.001)。试验组脱离机械通气的患者数量明显高于对照组(15 vs 6, P= 0.004)。各组患者的生存率和副作用发生率具有可比性。综上所述，ARDS患者每天2次静脉给予10 g维生素C，连续10天，可改善肺功能、肺氧合、氧化应激和炎症指标。高剂量维生素C降低了il - 8水平，促进了戒断MV。在10天的治疗过程中，维生素C是可耐受的，没有明显的副作用或药物相互作用。(Clinicaltrials.gov注册号:NCT03780933)。
{"title":"High Dose Vitamin C Improves Inflammatory Markers and Clinical Outcome Of Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","authors":"Nada Farag, Lamia Elwakeel, A. Abdelhafeez, M. Schaalan","doi":"10.21608/aps.2021.94382.1069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/aps.2021.94382.1069","url":null,"abstract":"To assess the efficacy, tolerability, and clinical outcome of high dose IV Vitamin C administration in patients suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A prospective, randomized, controlled, open-label study was conducted at the Intensive Care Unit of the National Center for Allergy and Chest Diseases, Cairo, Egypt. Forty clinically and radiologically diagnosed cases of eligible ARDS patients were randomized to either, Group 1 (Control); 20 patients received conventional ARDS management, or Group 2 (Test); 20 ARDS patients received 10 g IV Vitamin C on two divided doses, both for 10 days. Vitamin C, Interleukin 8 (IL8), and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (NRf2) levels together with PaO2/FiO2 were all measured for both groups at baseline and after 10 days from study start. Both groups were comparable at baseline. After 10 days of Vitamin C administration, a significant increase (P<0.001) in levels of Vitamin C, NRf2, and PaO2/FiO2 together with a significant decrease (P<0.001) in IL8 was noted in the test versus the control group. The number of patients weaned off mechanical ventilation MV was significantly higher in the test versus the control groups (15 versus 6, P= 0.004, respectively). Survival and occurrence of side effects were comparable across groups. In conclusion, Administration of 10 g IV Vitamin C in 2 divided doses daily for 10 days in ARDS patients improved lung functions, pulmonary oxygenation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. High-dose vitamin C reduced IL8 levels and facilitated weaning off MV. Vitamin C was tolerable with no significant side effects or drug interactions reported throughout the 10 daystreatment. (Clinicaltrials.gov Registration number: NCT03780933).","PeriodicalId":8314,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75998957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.21608/aps.2021.96822.1070
sherehan Galal, Hany Abdelaziz, A. Kamal
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical modulators in breast carcinogenesis. Metastasis remains the underlying cause of breast cancer-related mortality. We sought to elucidate the predictive potential of circulating miR-20a and miR-1405p as non-invasive liquid biopsy biomarkers. This study enrolled 50 breast cancer patients (25 primary nonmetastatic and 25 metastatic patients), and 15 control subjects. The expression of miR-20a and miR-140-5p was measured using qRT-PCR. Serum level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was determined by ELISA. The predictive value of the studied markers was examined by Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. MiR-20a was significantly upregulated, miR-140-5p downregulated, together with elevated serum VEGF levels in all breast cancer patients in comparison to controls and the metastatic compared to non-metastatic group (p<0.001 for each). MiR-20a, miR-140-5p, and VEGF exhibited significant predictive value for metastasis (AUC of 1 in all), with high specificity and sensitivity. MiR-20a and miR-140-5p expression were associated with positive lymph node metastasis (p<0.05) and correlated with VEGF levels (p<0.0001). In conclusion, our findings suggest that circulating miR-20a and miR-140-5p are promising non-invasive predictive biomarkers to discriminate between metastatic and locally-confined breast cancer. They may also hold a promise as targets for miRNA-based treatments.
{"title":"Circulating miRNA 20a, miRNA 140-5p and VEGF as Predictive Biomarkers of Metastasis in Liquid Biopsy of Breast Cancer Patients","authors":"sherehan Galal, Hany Abdelaziz, A. Kamal","doi":"10.21608/aps.2021.96822.1070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/aps.2021.96822.1070","url":null,"abstract":"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical modulators in breast carcinogenesis. Metastasis remains the underlying cause of breast cancer-related mortality. We sought to elucidate the predictive potential of circulating miR-20a and miR-1405p as non-invasive liquid biopsy biomarkers. This study enrolled 50 breast cancer patients (25 primary nonmetastatic and 25 metastatic patients), and 15 control subjects. The expression of miR-20a and miR-140-5p was measured using qRT-PCR. Serum level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was determined by ELISA. The predictive value of the studied markers was examined by Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. MiR-20a was significantly upregulated, miR-140-5p downregulated, together with elevated serum VEGF levels in all breast cancer patients in comparison to controls and the metastatic compared to non-metastatic group (p<0.001 for each). MiR-20a, miR-140-5p, and VEGF exhibited significant predictive value for metastasis (AUC of 1 in all), with high specificity and sensitivity. MiR-20a and miR-140-5p expression were associated with positive lymph node metastasis (p<0.05) and correlated with VEGF levels (p<0.0001). In conclusion, our findings suggest that circulating miR-20a and miR-140-5p are promising non-invasive predictive biomarkers to discriminate between metastatic and locally-confined breast cancer. They may also hold a promise as targets for miRNA-based treatments.","PeriodicalId":8314,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75503319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.21608/aps.2021.92639.1068
K. Mohamad, S. Wahdan, Reem Elnaga
Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disease, is caused by dopaminergic neurons death and accompanied by rigidity, and postural instability, as well as bradykinesia. The cause of these neurons’ death is still unclear. Since the dopaminergic neurons couldn’t regenerate, therefore Parkinson's disease couldn’t be cured. Thus, over the past decades, significant effort has been made to explore the etiology of Parkinson's disease development and ascertainment. This review aimed to highlight the progress that has been made in understanding Parkinson’s disease pathophysiology. The role of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis in the development of PD has been discussed. It has been noticed that oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis are working together to develop Parkinson's disease, and each of these factors affects each other. Additionally, the experimental models and their drawbacks have been emphasized. Additionally, the mechanism of inducing Parkinson’s disease (i.e., inducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress) by neurotoxin has been highlighted.
{"title":"Overview on Parkinson’s disease: pathophysiology, and experimental models","authors":"K. Mohamad, S. Wahdan, Reem Elnaga","doi":"10.21608/aps.2021.92639.1068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/aps.2021.92639.1068","url":null,"abstract":"Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disease, is caused by dopaminergic neurons death and accompanied by rigidity, and postural instability, as well as bradykinesia. The cause of these neurons’ death is still unclear. Since the dopaminergic neurons couldn’t regenerate, therefore Parkinson's disease couldn’t be cured. Thus, over the past decades, significant effort has been made to explore the etiology of Parkinson's disease development and ascertainment. This review aimed to highlight the progress that has been made in understanding Parkinson’s disease pathophysiology. The role of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis in the development of PD has been discussed. It has been noticed that oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis are working together to develop Parkinson's disease, and each of these factors affects each other. Additionally, the experimental models and their drawbacks have been emphasized. Additionally, the mechanism of inducing Parkinson’s disease (i.e., inducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress) by neurotoxin has been highlighted.","PeriodicalId":8314,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86315927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.21608/aps.2021.83850.1064
Sherihan G AbdelHamid, Hany Abdelaziz, A. Kamal
Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women and the fifth leading cause of global cancer mortality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential regulators in the oncogenesis process and the identification of tumorspecific circulating miRNAs could be used for the early detection of cancer. We aimed to investigate the expression pattern of microRNA 96 (miR-96) and explore its diagnostic potential in breast cancer. This study comprised 30 treatment-naïve female patients diagnosed with primary breast cancer and 20 healthy volunteers as the control group. MicroRNA 96 (miR-96) expression was measured in serum samples using Reverse Transcription Quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The diagnostic value of miR-96 was analyzed with the Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve. Our results show that miR-96 was significantly upregulated in breast cancer cases compared to control subjects (P<0.05). MiR-96 showed a significant diagnostic clinical value with the area under the curve (AUC) 0.959, 100% sensitivity, and 95.2% specificity. In conclusion, the current study implies that serum miR-96 may be a valuable and promising diagnostic marker for the early detection of breast cancer. Future studies are needed to investigate the potential role of miR-96 in predicting prognosis and monitoring response to treatment. Additionally, further research is required to study the feasibility of silencing miR-96 using antagomirs for the management of breast cancer.
{"title":"Serum MicroRNA-96 As a Potential Diagnostic Marker in Breast Cancer","authors":"Sherihan G AbdelHamid, Hany Abdelaziz, A. Kamal","doi":"10.21608/aps.2021.83850.1064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/aps.2021.83850.1064","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women and the fifth leading cause of global cancer mortality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential regulators in the oncogenesis process and the identification of tumorspecific circulating miRNAs could be used for the early detection of cancer. We aimed to investigate the expression pattern of microRNA 96 (miR-96) and explore its diagnostic potential in breast cancer. This study comprised 30 treatment-naïve female patients diagnosed with primary breast cancer and 20 healthy volunteers as the control group. MicroRNA 96 (miR-96) expression was measured in serum samples using Reverse Transcription Quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The diagnostic value of miR-96 was analyzed with the Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve. Our results show that miR-96 was significantly upregulated in breast cancer cases compared to control subjects (P<0.05). MiR-96 showed a significant diagnostic clinical value with the area under the curve (AUC) 0.959, 100% sensitivity, and 95.2% specificity. In conclusion, the current study implies that serum miR-96 may be a valuable and promising diagnostic marker for the early detection of breast cancer. Future studies are needed to investigate the potential role of miR-96 in predicting prognosis and monitoring response to treatment. Additionally, further research is required to study the feasibility of silencing miR-96 using antagomirs for the management of breast cancer.","PeriodicalId":8314,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82976928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.21608/aps.2021.106355.1073
A. Adel, Mohamed S. Elnaggar, Eman Al‐Sayed, M. Rabeh
Carica papaya L. is the most well-known species of the family Caricaceae. The edible tropical plant was widely used in traditional folk medicine worldwide and is known for possessing high nutritional and medicinal values in all its parts such as fruit, leaf, seed, and latex. This review provides a comprehensive literature survey of the biological activity and the isolated phytochemical compounds reported from Carica papaya . The phytochemical survey reported the isolation of several classes of phytochemicals including flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, fatty acids, sterols, triterpenes, saponins, and isothiocyanates as well as other miscellaneous compounds. The review also focused on the wide range of biological activities reported from the crude extracts and fractions of the different parts of C. papaya . This review can contribute to finding alternative therapeutic approaches to combat various health problems and improve the health of the people suffering from those problems. The various biological activities highlight the need for further studies to explore the bioactive compounds responsible for the biological activities and the underlying mechanism of action.
{"title":"Secondary Metabolites from Carica papaya, and its Biological Activities: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"A. Adel, Mohamed S. Elnaggar, Eman Al‐Sayed, M. Rabeh","doi":"10.21608/aps.2021.106355.1073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/aps.2021.106355.1073","url":null,"abstract":"Carica papaya L. is the most well-known species of the family Caricaceae. The edible tropical plant was widely used in traditional folk medicine worldwide and is known for possessing high nutritional and medicinal values in all its parts such as fruit, leaf, seed, and latex. This review provides a comprehensive literature survey of the biological activity and the isolated phytochemical compounds reported from Carica papaya . The phytochemical survey reported the isolation of several classes of phytochemicals including flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, fatty acids, sterols, triterpenes, saponins, and isothiocyanates as well as other miscellaneous compounds. The review also focused on the wide range of biological activities reported from the crude extracts and fractions of the different parts of C. papaya . This review can contribute to finding alternative therapeutic approaches to combat various health problems and improve the health of the people suffering from those problems. The various biological activities highlight the need for further studies to explore the bioactive compounds responsible for the biological activities and the underlying mechanism of action.","PeriodicalId":8314,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85088760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.21608/aps.2021.85399.1065
Heba A. Elbadawy, S. Wahdan, E. El-demerdash
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was first identified in 1989. The situation in Egypt is dire. The prevalence of HCV genotype 4 (GT-4) is 14.7 percent. About 10% of the middle-aged population (ages 15 to 59) is infected with HCV. As a result, the Hepatitis C virus is considered extremely contagious. The introduction of the directly acting antiviral medications (DAAs), sofosbuvir or simeprevir, in GT-4 patients with PEGylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) in a 12-week regimen substantially increased sustained virological response (SVR) rates for HCV GT-4 in 2014. Daclatasvir (DCV) is the first DAA identified in the family of HCV NS5A inhibitors with antiviral activity against a variety of HCV genotypes. It is well-tolerated and safe, with a low risk of drug-drug interactions and resistance. Many investigations have discovered a rapid initial viral decline followed by a gradual decline in viral RNA, demonstrating DCV's inhibitory effect on viral reproduction, assembly, and secretion. DCV is a CYP3A4 substrate as well as a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-GP), the most common drug efflux transporter, which are both expressed in hepatocytes and enterocytes, however, it is not a BCRP substrate (Breast Cancer Resistance Protein). Concomitant treatment of DCV with other medications targeting CYP3A4 or P glycoprotein may change its pharmacokinetic characteristics.
{"title":"Hepatitis C virus infection: Epidemiology in Egypt, Pathophysiology and DAAs-based therapy","authors":"Heba A. Elbadawy, S. Wahdan, E. El-demerdash","doi":"10.21608/aps.2021.85399.1065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/aps.2021.85399.1065","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was first identified in 1989. The situation in Egypt is dire. The prevalence of HCV genotype 4 (GT-4) is 14.7 percent. About 10% of the middle-aged population (ages 15 to 59) is infected with HCV. As a result, the Hepatitis C virus is considered extremely contagious. The introduction of the directly acting antiviral medications (DAAs), sofosbuvir or simeprevir, in GT-4 patients with PEGylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) in a 12-week regimen substantially increased sustained virological response (SVR) rates for HCV GT-4 in 2014. Daclatasvir (DCV) is the first DAA identified in the family of HCV NS5A inhibitors with antiviral activity against a variety of HCV genotypes. It is well-tolerated and safe, with a low risk of drug-drug interactions and resistance. Many investigations have discovered a rapid initial viral decline followed by a gradual decline in viral RNA, demonstrating DCV's inhibitory effect on viral reproduction, assembly, and secretion. DCV is a CYP3A4 substrate as well as a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-GP), the most common drug efflux transporter, which are both expressed in hepatocytes and enterocytes, however, it is not a BCRP substrate (Breast Cancer Resistance Protein). Concomitant treatment of DCV with other medications targeting CYP3A4 or P glycoprotein may change its pharmacokinetic characteristics.","PeriodicalId":8314,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85333294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.21608/aps.2021.76105.1059
A. Salah, Ghadir S. El-Housseiny, N. Elleboudy, M. Yassien
Antimicrobial resistance is a global crisis which requires urgent action to halt its spread. The rate of deaths due to antibiotic resistance from bacterial infection reached 25,000 annually. Resistance rates to Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae has risen to reach 40% and 56% respectively, in addition to high resistance rates of Acinetobacter baumannii to fluroquinolones and other antibiotics that reached 56%. So it has become an urgent need to establish robust programs to control antibiotic resistance and optimize the use of antibiotics in hospitals. In Egypt particularly, the rate of antibiotic resistance becomes high due to wrong traditions of dispensing and administration antibiotics in hospitals and pharmacies, all that drove us to build a program controlling all these obstacles. Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are strategic programs to prevent development of microbial resistance and monitor prescription patterns of clinicians inside hospitals. In addition to minimize the toxic effects, overuse of antibiotics and improve the patient health, and minimize the emergence of antibiotic resistance in shadow of the lack of development of novel antimicrobial agents. In this review, we aimed to discuss antimicrobial stewardship programs, their core elements, clinical importance, essential requirements and their implementation in Egypt. In conclusion, the development of national guidelines for antimicrobial stewardship programs would be a useful step to help clinicians in making evidence-based treatment choices regarding antibiotic therapy and implementation of better antibiotic during pandemics. We hope this review help the medical staff to perform stewardship programs to control the antibiotic resistance in Egypt healthcare settings.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs: A Review","authors":"A. Salah, Ghadir S. El-Housseiny, N. Elleboudy, M. Yassien","doi":"10.21608/aps.2021.76105.1059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/aps.2021.76105.1059","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance is a global crisis which requires urgent action to halt its spread. The rate of deaths due to antibiotic resistance from bacterial infection reached 25,000 annually. Resistance rates to Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae has risen to reach 40% and 56% respectively, in addition to high resistance rates of Acinetobacter baumannii to fluroquinolones and other antibiotics that reached 56%. So it has become an urgent need to establish robust programs to control antibiotic resistance and optimize the use of antibiotics in hospitals. In Egypt particularly, the rate of antibiotic resistance becomes high due to wrong traditions of dispensing and administration antibiotics in hospitals and pharmacies, all that drove us to build a program controlling all these obstacles. Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are strategic programs to prevent development of microbial resistance and monitor prescription patterns of clinicians inside hospitals. In addition to minimize the toxic effects, overuse of antibiotics and improve the patient health, and minimize the emergence of antibiotic resistance in shadow of the lack of development of novel antimicrobial agents. In this review, we aimed to discuss antimicrobial stewardship programs, their core elements, clinical importance, essential requirements and their implementation in Egypt. In conclusion, the development of national guidelines for antimicrobial stewardship programs would be a useful step to help clinicians in making evidence-based treatment choices regarding antibiotic therapy and implementation of better antibiotic during pandemics. We hope this review help the medical staff to perform stewardship programs to control the antibiotic resistance in Egypt healthcare settings.","PeriodicalId":8314,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90808677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.21608/APS.2021.58439.1051
Y. Elnaggar, E. El-demerdash, M. Tolba, M. Halawa
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders that are characterized by a chronic condition of hyperglycemia due to insulin secretion defects, insulin action, or both. The predominant form of diabetes is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), which accounts for 90% of all DM cases. Studies showed that vitamin D (VD) plays an important role in changing the risk of T2DM, particularly among diabetic patients with insulin resistance. A novel association has recently been proposed between insulin resistance and vitamin D deficiency. In the current research, we investigated the association between hypovitaminosis D and T2DM. Also, we studied the effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic status, oxidative stress status, and inflammatory markers in T2DM patients. Forty T2DM patients with hypovitaminosis D were assessed for glycemic, inflammatory, and antioxidant parameters. After 6 months of VD supplementation for the intervention group of patients (n= 20), there was a significant improvement in VD level, Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbAIC), serum insulin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA). In conclusion, as there was a significant improvement in glycemic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, vitamin D supplementation has a promising effect on the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
{"title":"Investigation of the clinical outcomes of long-term vitamin D supplementation in Egyptian Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients","authors":"Y. Elnaggar, E. El-demerdash, M. Tolba, M. Halawa","doi":"10.21608/APS.2021.58439.1051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/APS.2021.58439.1051","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders that are characterized by a chronic condition of hyperglycemia due to insulin secretion defects, insulin action, or both. The predominant form of diabetes is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), which accounts for 90% of all DM cases. Studies showed that vitamin D (VD) plays an important role in changing the risk of T2DM, particularly among diabetic patients with insulin resistance. A novel association has recently been proposed between insulin resistance and vitamin D deficiency. In the current research, we investigated the association between hypovitaminosis D and T2DM. Also, we studied the effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic status, oxidative stress status, and inflammatory markers in T2DM patients. Forty T2DM patients with hypovitaminosis D were assessed for glycemic, inflammatory, and antioxidant parameters. After 6 months of VD supplementation for the intervention group of patients (n= 20), there was a significant improvement in VD level, Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbAIC), serum insulin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA). In conclusion, as there was a significant improvement in glycemic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, vitamin D supplementation has a promising effect on the treatment of type 2 diabetes.","PeriodicalId":8314,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90646549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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