Pub Date : 2023-04-21DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2023.2213397
M. I. Mollah, S. Khatun
Abstract In the field, insecticides were applied to observe the pod borer infestation rate and the infested pods with pod borer larvae were incubated in the laboratory to investigate the emergence of parasitoid, Tachinid fly. Emamectin benzoate 5 SG, Fenitrothion 50 EC and Neemoil (Fresh) found effective to control pod borer infestation. Emamectin benzoate 5 SG and Esfenvalerate 5 EC found safe after control for parasitoids while Curtap 50 SP and Fenvalerate 20 EC found toxic. However, maximum parasitism was recorded from control (89.78%) followed by Esfenvalerate 5 EC (88.00%), Cypermethrin 10 EC (85.72%), Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (84.56%), Fenitrothion 50 EC (81.75%) and Fresh Neemoil (79.26%). So, Emamectin benzoate 5 SG, Fenitrothion 50 EC and Fresh Neemoil can be considered for successful country bean cultivation that provide least infestation by bean pod borer and reasonable parasitism of Tachinid fly parasitoid after untreated control.
{"title":"Evaluation of insecticides against bean pod borer and its larval parasitoid, Tachinid fly","authors":"M. I. Mollah, S. Khatun","doi":"10.1080/03235408.2023.2213397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2023.2213397","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the field, insecticides were applied to observe the pod borer infestation rate and the infested pods with pod borer larvae were incubated in the laboratory to investigate the emergence of parasitoid, Tachinid fly. Emamectin benzoate 5 SG, Fenitrothion 50 EC and Neemoil (Fresh) found effective to control pod borer infestation. Emamectin benzoate 5 SG and Esfenvalerate 5 EC found safe after control for parasitoids while Curtap 50 SP and Fenvalerate 20 EC found toxic. However, maximum parasitism was recorded from control (89.78%) followed by Esfenvalerate 5 EC (88.00%), Cypermethrin 10 EC (85.72%), Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (84.56%), Fenitrothion 50 EC (81.75%) and Fresh Neemoil (79.26%). So, Emamectin benzoate 5 SG, Fenitrothion 50 EC and Fresh Neemoil can be considered for successful country bean cultivation that provide least infestation by bean pod borer and reasonable parasitism of Tachinid fly parasitoid after untreated control.","PeriodicalId":8323,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection","volume":"56 1","pages":"547 - 559"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46495663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-21DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2023.2207943
Idiat Eniola Alli, Victor Ohileobo Dania
Abstract Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) is an important perishable fruit which is highly susceptible to fruit rot disease. This research evaluated bioactivity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with Euphorbia hirta L. essential oil (EO) against fungi causing pawpaw fruit rot. The EO extraction was conducted using steam distillation and VOCs were characterized by GC–MS. Mycelial growth bioassay was evaluated using the poisoned food technique at six essential oil concentrations: 0, 400, 800, 1200 1600 and 2000 ppm. Lasiodiplodia theobromae and R. stolonifer were pathogenic on re-inoculation to healthy pawpaw fruits. GC–MS analysis identified 29 and 50 VOCs from the leaves and roots of E. hirta, respectively. The EO from both plant parts effectively inhibited conidial germination and mycelial growth of R. stolonifer and L. theobromae. Therefore, E. hirta EO could further be explored as an organic approach in the in vivo inhibition of pawpaw fruit rot disease.
{"title":"Bioactivity of volatile organic compounds associated with Euphorbia hirta L. essential oil against fungi causing fruit rot disease of pawpaw (Carica papaya L.)","authors":"Idiat Eniola Alli, Victor Ohileobo Dania","doi":"10.1080/03235408.2023.2207943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2023.2207943","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) is an important perishable fruit which is highly susceptible to fruit rot disease. This research evaluated bioactivity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with Euphorbia hirta L. essential oil (EO) against fungi causing pawpaw fruit rot. The EO extraction was conducted using steam distillation and VOCs were characterized by GC–MS. Mycelial growth bioassay was evaluated using the poisoned food technique at six essential oil concentrations: 0, 400, 800, 1200 1600 and 2000 ppm. Lasiodiplodia theobromae and R. stolonifer were pathogenic on re-inoculation to healthy pawpaw fruits. GC–MS analysis identified 29 and 50 VOCs from the leaves and roots of E. hirta, respectively. The EO from both plant parts effectively inhibited conidial germination and mycelial growth of R. stolonifer and L. theobromae. Therefore, E. hirta EO could further be explored as an organic approach in the in vivo inhibition of pawpaw fruit rot disease.","PeriodicalId":8323,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection","volume":"56 1","pages":"529 - 546"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42318480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-21DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2023.2213399
K. Belkheir, N. Laref
Abstract Pseudomonas syringae (P syringae) is a group of bacterial foliar pathogens with a vast geographic distribution and large range of host plant species. In the present study, the effect of active compounds from Peganum harmala medicinal plant were analysed in silico on four P syringae virulent effectors. The docking results reveal that Harmalol, Harmaline and Vulgarone B molecules are the best docked phytochemicals with high binding affinities and strong intermolecular interactions better than those observed for Kanamycin, Spectinomycin and Streptomycin antibiotics with the four targeted virulent proteins. In addition Thymol ligand showed ability to bind firmly the 4RSX active site. The MD simulation data validated the docking results and confirmed the stability of complexes during 100 ns of simulation. In this work we proved through an in silico study that Harmaline, Harmalol, Vulgarone B and Thymol from Peganum harmala could be considerated as potential inhibitors of P syringae main effectors and could be used as anti-bacterial candidates against this phytopathogen. Graphical Abstract
丁香假单胞菌(Pseudomonas syringae, P syringae)是一类地理分布广、寄主植物种类多的叶面致病菌。本研究用硅晶法分析了苦参中活性成分对四种紫丁香毒力效应物的作用。对接结果显示，Harmalol、Harmaline和Vulgarone B分子与4种靶向毒力蛋白的对接效果较好，结合亲和力高，分子间相互作用强，优于卡那霉素、大观霉素和链霉素等抗生素。此外，百里香酚配体还能牢固地结合4RSX活性位点。MD仿真数据验证了对接结果，验证了配合物在100ns仿真过程中的稳定性。本研究通过硅片实验证明，咸草碱、咸草醇、Vulgarone B和百里香酚可作为紫丁香P主要效应物的潜在抑制剂，并可作为抗该植物病原体的候选药物。图形抽象
{"title":"Peganum harmala active compounds as potent inhibitors of Pseudomonas syringae virulent effectors. In silico study","authors":"K. Belkheir, N. Laref","doi":"10.1080/03235408.2023.2213399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2023.2213399","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pseudomonas syringae (P syringae) is a group of bacterial foliar pathogens with a vast geographic distribution and large range of host plant species. In the present study, the effect of active compounds from Peganum harmala medicinal plant were analysed in silico on four P syringae virulent effectors. The docking results reveal that Harmalol, Harmaline and Vulgarone B molecules are the best docked phytochemicals with high binding affinities and strong intermolecular interactions better than those observed for Kanamycin, Spectinomycin and Streptomycin antibiotics with the four targeted virulent proteins. In addition Thymol ligand showed ability to bind firmly the 4RSX active site. The MD simulation data validated the docking results and confirmed the stability of complexes during 100 ns of simulation. In this work we proved through an in silico study that Harmaline, Harmalol, Vulgarone B and Thymol from Peganum harmala could be considerated as potential inhibitors of P syringae main effectors and could be used as anti-bacterial candidates against this phytopathogen. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":8323,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection","volume":"56 1","pages":"560 - 586"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43026936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2023.2207949
Sahar E. Eldesouky, M. Tawfeek, Mohammed E.M. Esmaeil, E. E. Tawfeek
Abstract Cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley), is an invasive pest threatening cotton crop. The efficacy and persistence of spirotetramat, sulfoxaflor, flonicamid, and buprofezin against the second-instar nymphs of P. solenopsis were evaluated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. So far, there is no detailed information available on the sublethal effects of tested insecticides on the biological parameters of P. solenopsis, and thus, these effects at LC25 concentrations were assessed. In laboratory assays, sulfoxaflor was the most toxic, followed by spirotetramat and flonicamid; also, buprofezin was the least toxic on P. solenopsis nymphs after 48 h of exposure. Tested insecticides prolonged the developmental durations of treated nymphs and adult longevity for both sexes but significantly reduced female fecundity. Sulfoxaflor was the most persistent on cotton plants, whereas flonicamid was the lowest. Our findings indicated that tested insecticides could be regarded as promising candidates for establishing an effective control strategy to face P. solenopsis.
{"title":"Biological effects and field persistence of different insecticides in controlling the cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)","authors":"Sahar E. Eldesouky, M. Tawfeek, Mohammed E.M. Esmaeil, E. E. Tawfeek","doi":"10.1080/03235408.2023.2207949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2023.2207949","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley), is an invasive pest threatening cotton crop. The efficacy and persistence of spirotetramat, sulfoxaflor, flonicamid, and buprofezin against the second-instar nymphs of P. solenopsis were evaluated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. So far, there is no detailed information available on the sublethal effects of tested insecticides on the biological parameters of P. solenopsis, and thus, these effects at LC25 concentrations were assessed. In laboratory assays, sulfoxaflor was the most toxic, followed by spirotetramat and flonicamid; also, buprofezin was the least toxic on P. solenopsis nymphs after 48 h of exposure. Tested insecticides prolonged the developmental durations of treated nymphs and adult longevity for both sexes but significantly reduced female fecundity. Sulfoxaflor was the most persistent on cotton plants, whereas flonicamid was the lowest. Our findings indicated that tested insecticides could be regarded as promising candidates for establishing an effective control strategy to face P. solenopsis.","PeriodicalId":8323,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection","volume":"56 1","pages":"452 - 465"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42426342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2023.2203327
T. Sandoval-Contreras, L. Garrido-Sánchez, J. A. Ragazzo‐Sánchez, Manuel Reinhart Kirchmayr, J. Narváez-Zapata, M. Calderón‐Santoyo
Abstract The temperature effect on the interaction between fungal isolates of papaya was studied. Rhizopus stolonifer, Colletotrichum cobbittiense, Fusarium pernambucarum, and Alternaria arborescens were grown in papaya agar in pairs, one against the other, at 13, 25, and 35 °C. The growth rate for each fungus was compared when grown alone or paired. Four types of interaction were observed: mutual intermingling, mutual antagonism on contact, dominance on contact, and dominance at a distance. At 13 and 35 °C, F. pernambucarum was more competitive whereas at 25 °C R. stolonifer does. In vivo validation showed R. stolonifer was the dominant fungus at 25 °C but coexists with C. cobbittiense forming a second infection. Then, a hierarchy may be established through a growth mechanism to infer which fungi may develop first and damage fruit to prevent postharvest losses. These findings could improve the management of papaya fruit in the postharvest stage. HIGHLIGHTS Several species of fungi are responsible for postharvest diseases in papaya. Diseases development depends on environmental and fruit physiological conditions. One species may dominate or inhibit other’s or can coexist as well. Interactions between pathogenic fungi may be considered to infer fungi development. These results may help us to improve the postharvest treatment of papaya.
摘要研究了温度对番木瓜真菌分离株间相互作用的影响。根霉菌匍匐茎、Colletotrichum cobbitiense、长春藤镰刀菌和Alternaria arborescens在木瓜琼脂中成对生长，分别在13、25和35 °C。比较每种真菌单独或成对生长时的生长速度。观察到四种类型的相互作用：相互混合、接触时相互对抗、接触时占优势和远距离占优势。13岁和35岁 °C时，伯南布卡拉姆更具竞争力，而在25 °C R.stolonifer。体内验证表明，匍匐杆菌在25岁时是优势真菌 °C，但与玉米螟共存形成第二次感染。然后，可以通过生长机制建立一个层次，以推断哪些真菌可能首先发育并损害果实，以防止采后损失。这些发现可以改善木瓜果实采后阶段的管理。亮点几种真菌是木瓜采后病害的罪魁祸首。疾病的发展取决于环境和果实的生理条件。一个物种可以支配或抑制另一个物种，也可以共存。病原真菌之间的相互作用可以被认为是推断真菌发育的原因。这些结果可能有助于我们改进木瓜的采后处理。
{"title":"Interactions of the main pathogenic fungi of papaya (Carica papaya, L.) as a function of temperature","authors":"T. Sandoval-Contreras, L. Garrido-Sánchez, J. A. Ragazzo‐Sánchez, Manuel Reinhart Kirchmayr, J. Narváez-Zapata, M. Calderón‐Santoyo","doi":"10.1080/03235408.2023.2203327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2023.2203327","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The temperature effect on the interaction between fungal isolates of papaya was studied. Rhizopus stolonifer, Colletotrichum cobbittiense, Fusarium pernambucarum, and Alternaria arborescens were grown in papaya agar in pairs, one against the other, at 13, 25, and 35 °C. The growth rate for each fungus was compared when grown alone or paired. Four types of interaction were observed: mutual intermingling, mutual antagonism on contact, dominance on contact, and dominance at a distance. At 13 and 35 °C, F. pernambucarum was more competitive whereas at 25 °C R. stolonifer does. In vivo validation showed R. stolonifer was the dominant fungus at 25 °C but coexists with C. cobbittiense forming a second infection. Then, a hierarchy may be established through a growth mechanism to infer which fungi may develop first and damage fruit to prevent postharvest losses. These findings could improve the management of papaya fruit in the postharvest stage. HIGHLIGHTS Several species of fungi are responsible for postharvest diseases in papaya. Diseases development depends on environmental and fruit physiological conditions. One species may dominate or inhibit other’s or can coexist as well. Interactions between pathogenic fungi may be considered to infer fungi development. These results may help us to improve the postharvest treatment of papaya.","PeriodicalId":8323,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection","volume":"56 1","pages":"411 - 432"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41687440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2023.2203330
A. Hussain, Sartaj Ali, Muhammad Muhammad, W. Akram, Syed Munir Hussain, Khalida Dawar
Abstract Wilsonomyces carpophilus is the major fungus that produces shot hole disease (SHD) in apricots, which results in significant economic losses. This problem can be addressed through the monitoring of the diseases and spotlighting the risks connected with them. This study employed descriptive and geostatistical mapping techniques to track the spatial distribution and risk of SHD in apricot orchards in five apricot-growing valleys. The results showed a spatial distribution of the disease within the study area even varying within the valleys and orchards. A moderate spatial dependence of SHD prevalence (0.524), incidence (0.363), and severity index (0.313) were observed. GIS maps and trend analysis graphs also showed the spatial distribution of the disease from east-west and south-north directions. Climate and cultural practices favor the perpetuation of pathogens and the spread of SHD. This information will help apricot growers regarding disease management and improve sustainable profitability.
{"title":"Spatial distribution and risk associated with shot hole disease in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) in Northern Pakistan","authors":"A. Hussain, Sartaj Ali, Muhammad Muhammad, W. Akram, Syed Munir Hussain, Khalida Dawar","doi":"10.1080/03235408.2023.2203330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2023.2203330","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Wilsonomyces carpophilus is the major fungus that produces shot hole disease (SHD) in apricots, which results in significant economic losses. This problem can be addressed through the monitoring of the diseases and spotlighting the risks connected with them. This study employed descriptive and geostatistical mapping techniques to track the spatial distribution and risk of SHD in apricot orchards in five apricot-growing valleys. The results showed a spatial distribution of the disease within the study area even varying within the valleys and orchards. A moderate spatial dependence of SHD prevalence (0.524), incidence (0.363), and severity index (0.313) were observed. GIS maps and trend analysis graphs also showed the spatial distribution of the disease from east-west and south-north directions. Climate and cultural practices favor the perpetuation of pathogens and the spread of SHD. This information will help apricot growers regarding disease management and improve sustainable profitability.","PeriodicalId":8323,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection","volume":"21 11","pages":"433 - 451"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41246273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2023.2207958
Lukman Ahamad, Z. Siddiqui, A. Hashem, E. F. Abd_Allah
Abstract Impacts of AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) were observed on the disease complex of carrot (Daucus carota) caused by Meloidogyne incognita, Alternaria dauci and Rhizoctonia solani. Use of R. irregularis alone together with SiO2NPs (0.10 mg ml−1) caused a significant increase in plant growth and photosynthetic pigments and reduce disease indices, galling and population of M. incognita. Use of R. irregularis resulted in a lesser plant growth and photosynthetic pigments than foliar spay of NPs. Use of R. irregularis with NPs spray was best for the management of disease complex. Leaf blight and root rot indices were 3 when fungal pathogen was inoculated alone and indices were 5 when pathogens were inoculated together. Use of R. irregularis/NPs with A. dauci/R. solani reduced indices to 2, indices were reduced to 1 when R. irregularis was used with SiO2 NPs. Root colonisation by R. irregularis was higher when alone but reduced in plants sprayed with NPs. Inoculation of test pathogens reduced colonisation by R. irregularis. Various studied attributes showed a significant correlation in principal components analysis. Significant management of disease complex may be achieved by the use of R. irregularis with SiO2 NPs.
{"title":"Use of AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and silicon dioxide nanoparticles for the management of Meloidogyne incognita, Alternaria dauci and Rhizoctonia solani and growth of carrot","authors":"Lukman Ahamad, Z. Siddiqui, A. Hashem, E. F. Abd_Allah","doi":"10.1080/03235408.2023.2207958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2023.2207958","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Impacts of AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) were observed on the disease complex of carrot (Daucus carota) caused by Meloidogyne incognita, Alternaria dauci and Rhizoctonia solani. Use of R. irregularis alone together with SiO2NPs (0.10 mg ml−1) caused a significant increase in plant growth and photosynthetic pigments and reduce disease indices, galling and population of M. incognita. Use of R. irregularis resulted in a lesser plant growth and photosynthetic pigments than foliar spay of NPs. Use of R. irregularis with NPs spray was best for the management of disease complex. Leaf blight and root rot indices were 3 when fungal pathogen was inoculated alone and indices were 5 when pathogens were inoculated together. Use of R. irregularis/NPs with A. dauci/R. solani reduced indices to 2, indices were reduced to 1 when R. irregularis was used with SiO2 NPs. Root colonisation by R. irregularis was higher when alone but reduced in plants sprayed with NPs. Inoculation of test pathogens reduced colonisation by R. irregularis. Various studied attributes showed a significant correlation in principal components analysis. Significant management of disease complex may be achieved by the use of R. irregularis with SiO2 NPs.","PeriodicalId":8323,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection","volume":"56 1","pages":"466 - 488"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41866486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2023.2208359
S. Thapa, S. Mahapatra, D. Baral, A. Chatterjee, Pravesh Shivakoty, B. Subba, Srikanta Das
Abstract Spore balls of false smut of rice caused by Ustilagonoidea virens were collected from different major rice belts of eastern part of India. Ten isolates from ten different locations were collected and isolated in the laboratory for their, cultural, morphological and molecular characterization. Potato sucrose agar media was used for their cultural studies and observation on colony diameter, colour and sporulation were made. Spores of all the isolates were observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscope for spore size, spine length and colour. Differences in colony characters were observed where the highest mycelial growth was observed in isolate Uv2 with 5.33 cm colony diameter and lowest mycelial growth was observed in Uv9 (3.70 cm). Most of the isolates produced white and circular colony. Spores of all the isolates observed under a light microscope appeared to be olive green in colour, however, a significant variation in spore size and spike length under SEM was observed. Spores size and spike length of different isolates ranged between 4.533 μm to 6.169 μm and 362.567 nm to 799.533 nm, respectively. For genetic identification and variability, DNAs of isolates were amplified using ITS1 and ITS 4 primers. The length of nucleotide sequences of different isolates varied from 583 to 606 bp. Phylogenetic analysis revealed genetic variation among the isolates, dividing them into two major groups.
{"title":"Morpho-molecular variability of different isolates of Ustilagonoidea virens causing false smut of rice","authors":"S. Thapa, S. Mahapatra, D. Baral, A. Chatterjee, Pravesh Shivakoty, B. Subba, Srikanta Das","doi":"10.1080/03235408.2023.2208359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2023.2208359","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Spore balls of false smut of rice caused by Ustilagonoidea virens were collected from different major rice belts of eastern part of India. Ten isolates from ten different locations were collected and isolated in the laboratory for their, cultural, morphological and molecular characterization. Potato sucrose agar media was used for their cultural studies and observation on colony diameter, colour and sporulation were made. Spores of all the isolates were observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscope for spore size, spine length and colour. Differences in colony characters were observed where the highest mycelial growth was observed in isolate Uv2 with 5.33 cm colony diameter and lowest mycelial growth was observed in Uv9 (3.70 cm). Most of the isolates produced white and circular colony. Spores of all the isolates observed under a light microscope appeared to be olive green in colour, however, a significant variation in spore size and spike length under SEM was observed. Spores size and spike length of different isolates ranged between 4.533 μm to 6.169 μm and 362.567 nm to 799.533 nm, respectively. For genetic identification and variability, DNAs of isolates were amplified using ITS1 and ITS 4 primers. The length of nucleotide sequences of different isolates varied from 583 to 606 bp. Phylogenetic analysis revealed genetic variation among the isolates, dividing them into two major groups.","PeriodicalId":8323,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection","volume":"56 1","pages":"489 - 502"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41726980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-16DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2023.2195035
I. Obisesan, P. Ojo
Abstract Pathogenic fungi are one of the main causes of plant diseases due to their ability to colonise plants and rapidly spread disease. Cowpea is one of the most highly consumed grain legumes in Nigeria, but its yearly production is usually affected by fungi attacks. Disease presenting browning of the aerial parts of the cowpea plant was observed during the dry season between 2021 and 2022 in the country. This disease caused stunted growth in the affected plant stand. The fungi were isolated from the symptomatic aerial parts. The fungi were viewed under the microscope and identified by molecular and phylogenetic tools using the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) gene region. The fungi isolated from the symptomatic aerial part of cowpea were identified as Nigrospora sphaerica and Culvularia penniseti. The pathogenicity of the isolated fungi was tested on detached leaves and stems and on intact cowpea seedlings. The test gave a positive result, which confirms the pathogenicity of the isolated fungi on the cowpea plant. This is the first report of N. sphaerica and C. penniseti infecting cowpea cultivated on farmland in Nigeria. Early detection of foreign fungi causing disease in the country’s cowpea crop will aid researchers in addressing the negative effects on crop yield.
{"title":"Identification and pathogenicity of Nigrospora sphaerica and Curvularia penniseti associated with leaf spot disease of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in Nigeria","authors":"I. Obisesan, P. Ojo","doi":"10.1080/03235408.2023.2195035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2023.2195035","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pathogenic fungi are one of the main causes of plant diseases due to their ability to colonise plants and rapidly spread disease. Cowpea is one of the most highly consumed grain legumes in Nigeria, but its yearly production is usually affected by fungi attacks. Disease presenting browning of the aerial parts of the cowpea plant was observed during the dry season between 2021 and 2022 in the country. This disease caused stunted growth in the affected plant stand. The fungi were isolated from the symptomatic aerial parts. The fungi were viewed under the microscope and identified by molecular and phylogenetic tools using the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) gene region. The fungi isolated from the symptomatic aerial part of cowpea were identified as Nigrospora sphaerica and Culvularia penniseti. The pathogenicity of the isolated fungi was tested on detached leaves and stems and on intact cowpea seedlings. The test gave a positive result, which confirms the pathogenicity of the isolated fungi on the cowpea plant. This is the first report of N. sphaerica and C. penniseti infecting cowpea cultivated on farmland in Nigeria. Early detection of foreign fungi causing disease in the country’s cowpea crop will aid researchers in addressing the negative effects on crop yield.","PeriodicalId":8323,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection","volume":"56 1","pages":"397 - 409"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48077749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-16DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2023.2191373
F. Randa-Zelyüt, F. Ertunç, D. Şenal
Abstract In this study, infections that may emerge from viruses and phytoplasmas were investigated in carrot cultivation fields in the Ankara and Konya provinces, which are located in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey and have the largest agricultural areas of the country. A total of 272 symptomatic and asymptomatic carrot plants, together with their root and leaf parts, were collected from 61 fields by performing periodic field studies during the plant vegetation periods between 2018–2019. Samples were tested against carrot virus Y (CarVY), carrot red leaf virus (CtRLV), carrot red leaf virus-associated RNA (CtRLVaRNA), carrot mottle virus (CMoV), carrot torradovirus 1 (CaTV), carrot yellow leaf virus (CYLV), carrot thin leaf virus (CTLV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) agents by Reverse Transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR). To determine phytoplasmas, samples were tested using universal primers by nested PCR. Molecular tests conducted to investigate the aforementioned viruses produced negative results, but phytoplasma infections were widely found. 16SrVI-A “Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii” and 16SrI-B “Aster yellows” subgroups were detected by in vitro/in silico RFLP and sequencing analyses. Disease incidence caused by both phytoplasma groups was 39.34%. This study determined for the first time that 16SrVI and 16SrI groups cause severe infections in the carrot fields of Turkey.
{"title":"Status of virus and phytoplasma diseases in carrot growing areas of Ankara and Konya provinces, Turkey","authors":"F. Randa-Zelyüt, F. Ertunç, D. Şenal","doi":"10.1080/03235408.2023.2191373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2023.2191373","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, infections that may emerge from viruses and phytoplasmas were investigated in carrot cultivation fields in the Ankara and Konya provinces, which are located in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey and have the largest agricultural areas of the country. A total of 272 symptomatic and asymptomatic carrot plants, together with their root and leaf parts, were collected from 61 fields by performing periodic field studies during the plant vegetation periods between 2018–2019. Samples were tested against carrot virus Y (CarVY), carrot red leaf virus (CtRLV), carrot red leaf virus-associated RNA (CtRLVaRNA), carrot mottle virus (CMoV), carrot torradovirus 1 (CaTV), carrot yellow leaf virus (CYLV), carrot thin leaf virus (CTLV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) agents by Reverse Transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR). To determine phytoplasmas, samples were tested using universal primers by nested PCR. Molecular tests conducted to investigate the aforementioned viruses produced negative results, but phytoplasma infections were widely found. 16SrVI-A “Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii” and 16SrI-B “Aster yellows” subgroups were detected by in vitro/in silico RFLP and sequencing analyses. Disease incidence caused by both phytoplasma groups was 39.34%. This study determined for the first time that 16SrVI and 16SrI groups cause severe infections in the carrot fields of Turkey.","PeriodicalId":8323,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection","volume":"56 1","pages":"363 - 383"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44116386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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