Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743636
Doan Thi Nhinh , Dang Thi Hoa , Tran Thi Trinh , Luong Thi Sen , Nguyen Van Tuyen , Nguyen Thi Huong Giang , Kim Van Van , Nguyen Thi Lan , Truong Dinh Hoai
Streptococcus agalactiae is an important bacterial pathogen associated with streptococcosis in farmed tilapia, often resulting in high mortality and substantial economic losses worldwide. This study, to our knowledge, provides the first comprehensive investigation of serotype distribution, virulence gene profiles, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of S. agalactiae isolates associated with disease outbreaks in Vietnamese tilapia farms. Between 2022 and 2024, diseased fish showing typical signs of streptococcosis were sampled from 276 outbreaks across 102 farms in six provinces, encompassing both pond and cage culture systems. A total of 276 isolates were confirmed as S. agalactiae using morphological and biochemical characterisation, as well as PCR assays. Serotyping by multiplex PCR identified two predominant serotypes, Ia (74.2%) and III (25.8%), with no significant differences in their distribution across locations or sampling years. Virulence gene profiling of 14 targets revealed 15 distinct genotypes, including six associated with serotype III and nine with serotype Ia isolates. All isolates harbored fbsA, hylB, and cfb; lmb and sbp1-F were detected exclusively in serotype III, whereas bac was confined to serotype Ia. Notably, this study presents a detailed characterisation of serotype-specific antimicrobial resistance, identifying six and sixteen distinct resistance phenotypes among serotype III and Ia isolates, respectively, along with widespread multidrug resistance, particularly to nalidixic acid, neomycin, oxacillin, oxytetracycline, and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Although most isolates remained susceptible to key antibiotics such as amoxicillin and cephalosporins, the observed resistance patterns and phenotypic diversity emphasise the importance of targeted antimicrobial stewardship. Overall, these findings provide an important epidemiological baseline and support the development of vaccines and sustainable disease management strategies for Vietnamese tilapia aquaculture.
{"title":"Distribution of serotypes, virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated in tilapia farms in Vietnam over 2022–2024","authors":"Doan Thi Nhinh , Dang Thi Hoa , Tran Thi Trinh , Luong Thi Sen , Nguyen Van Tuyen , Nguyen Thi Huong Giang , Kim Van Van , Nguyen Thi Lan , Truong Dinh Hoai","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em> is an important bacterial pathogen associated with streptococcosis in farmed tilapia, often resulting in high mortality and substantial economic losses worldwide. This study, to our knowledge, provides the first comprehensive investigation of serotype distribution, virulence gene profiles, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of <em>S. agalactiae</em> isolates associated with disease outbreaks in Vietnamese tilapia farms. Between 2022 and 2024, diseased fish showing typical signs of streptococcosis were sampled from 276 outbreaks across 102 farms in six provinces, encompassing both pond and cage culture systems. A total of 276 isolates were confirmed as <em>S. agalactiae</em> using morphological and biochemical characterisation, as well as PCR assays. Serotyping by multiplex PCR identified two predominant serotypes, Ia (74.2%) and III (25.8%), with no significant differences in their distribution across locations or sampling years. Virulence gene profiling of 14 targets revealed 15 distinct genotypes, including six associated with serotype III and nine with serotype Ia isolates. All isolates harbored <em>fbsA, hylB</em>, and <em>cfb; lmb</em> and <em>sbp1-F</em> were detected exclusively in serotype III, whereas <em>bac</em> was confined to serotype Ia. Notably, this study presents a detailed characterisation of serotype-specific antimicrobial resistance, identifying six and sixteen distinct resistance phenotypes among serotype III and Ia isolates, respectively, along with widespread multidrug resistance, particularly to nalidixic acid, neomycin, oxacillin, oxytetracycline, and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Although most isolates remained susceptible to key antibiotics such as amoxicillin and cephalosporins, the observed resistance patterns and phenotypic diversity emphasise the importance of targeted antimicrobial stewardship. Overall, these findings provide an important epidemiological baseline and support the development of vaccines and sustainable disease management strategies for Vietnamese tilapia aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8375,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 743636"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743638
Xialian Bu , Yue Zhang , Xinzhi Weng , Lei Huang , Xianqi Peng , Weisong Ma , Chen Niu , Jing Chen , Xuemei Yuan , Yu Chen , Zhengwei Yang , Jiayun Yao
Trypanosomasis outbreaks among farmed large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in Southeast China has caused significant economic losses. However, the transmission dynamics and epidemiology of the pathogen trypanosome are still unknown. In this study, epidemiological investigations were carried out in Ningbo and Taizhou cities, Zhejiang Province. Besides, an in vivo infection model using largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) as the host was successfully established. Based on the model, a series of investigations were conducted to elucidate the transmission routes of trypanosomes, including co-habitation experiments, waterborne transmission trials, feeding trials, and potential intermediate host trials. The experimental evidence showed that this trypanosome may not be transmitted through food, polychaetes Perinereis aibuhitensis, or water bodies. Surprisingly, it can achieve infection and transmission through direct contact and friction between cohabiting artificially infected and healthy largemouth bass. The infection rate showed a positive correlation with the number of artificially infected fish in cohabitation. Meanwhile, trypanosomes exhibited a distinct distribution pattern across tissues: blood harbored the highest parasite load, succeeded by the heart, liver, spleen, and head kidney, whereas the muscle, skin, and scales showed minimal count. The infected largemouth bass showed histopathological characteristics similar to those of large yellow croaker, including a decreased red blood cell count, morphological changes, an increase in granulocytes, and necrosis. This study represents the first report of intermediate host leech independent transmission of a trypanosome species in fish host. It highlights the potential risk of trypanosomes spread under high-density aquaculture conditions and adds important insights into the epidemiology of the parasite.
{"title":"Cohabitation enables transmission of trypanosomes isolated from large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in experimental largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","authors":"Xialian Bu , Yue Zhang , Xinzhi Weng , Lei Huang , Xianqi Peng , Weisong Ma , Chen Niu , Jing Chen , Xuemei Yuan , Yu Chen , Zhengwei Yang , Jiayun Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trypanosomasis outbreaks among farmed large yellow croaker (<em>Larimichthys crocea</em>) in Southeast China has caused significant economic losses. However, the transmission dynamics and epidemiology of the pathogen trypanosome are still unknown. In this study, epidemiological investigations were carried out in Ningbo and Taizhou cities, Zhejiang Province. Besides, an in vivo infection model using largemouth bass (<em>Micropterus salmoides</em>) as the host was successfully established. Based on the model, a series of investigations were conducted to elucidate the transmission routes of trypanosomes, including co-habitation experiments, waterborne transmission trials, feeding trials, and potential intermediate host trials. The experimental evidence showed that this trypanosome may not be transmitted through food, polychaetes <em>Perinereis aibuhitensis</em>, or water bodies. Surprisingly, it can achieve infection and transmission through direct contact and friction between cohabiting artificially infected and healthy largemouth bass. The infection rate showed a positive correlation with the number of artificially infected fish in cohabitation. Meanwhile, trypanosomes exhibited a distinct distribution pattern across tissues: blood harbored the highest parasite load, succeeded by the heart, liver, spleen, and head kidney, whereas the muscle, skin, and scales showed minimal count. The infected largemouth bass showed histopathological characteristics similar to those of large yellow croaker, including a decreased red blood cell count, morphological changes, an increase in granulocytes, and necrosis. This study represents the first report of intermediate host leech independent transmission of a trypanosome species in fish host. It highlights the potential risk of trypanosomes spread under high-density aquaculture conditions and adds important insights into the epidemiology of the parasite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8375,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 743638"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743633
Aldessandro da C. Amaral , Lucas S. Torati , Luciana N. Ganeco-Kirschnik , Luciana C.V. Villela , André Silverio Pereira , Julia T. Lopes , Yury O. Chaves , Diogo T. Hashimoto , Velmurugu Puvanendran , Fernanda L. Almeida O'Sullivan
We evaluated combinations of post-fertilization timing and shock duration using 8000 psi hydrostatic pressure to develop an efficient protocol for inducing triploidy in tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1816). Two trials were conducted. In the first (T1), newly fertilized eggs were exposed to 8000 psi for 120 s, initiated at 65 (T1.1), 95 (T1.2), 125 (T1.3), 155 (T1.4), 185 (T1.5), and 312 (T1.6) seconds post-fertilization (spf), with untreated eggs serving as control. All treatments produced high triploidization rates (>93%), but shocks applied at 65 and 95 spf (T1.1 and T1.2) resulted in higher fertilization (FGS >90%) and embryo survival indexes (ES >87%) than later treatments.
Based on these results, a second trial (T2) optimized shock duration at 8000 psi: 65 spf for 60 s (T2.1) and 90 s (T2.2), and 95 spf for 60 s (T2.3) and 90 s (T2.4), with a control group. Triploidy rates were 56% in T2.1 and > 94% in T2.2–T2.4. FGS and ES were highest in T2.3 and T2.4. Growth evaluation of diploid (control; two ponds) and treated (combined T2 groups; two ponds) progenies reared in earthen ponds showed that triploids exhibited significantly greater body weight, height, and total and standard lengths during the first six months. Histological examination of 20-month-old progenies confirmed that triploids were infertile, whereas diploids reached sexual maturation.
This study establishes a reliable 8000 psi pressure-shock protocol for producing sterile triploid C. macropomum, supporting its application in sustainable large-scale aquaculture.
{"title":"Development of a pressure-induced triploidy protocol and its effects on growth performance and fertility in tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1816)","authors":"Aldessandro da C. Amaral , Lucas S. Torati , Luciana N. Ganeco-Kirschnik , Luciana C.V. Villela , André Silverio Pereira , Julia T. Lopes , Yury O. Chaves , Diogo T. Hashimoto , Velmurugu Puvanendran , Fernanda L. Almeida O'Sullivan","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We evaluated combinations of post-fertilization timing and shock duration using 8000 psi hydrostatic pressure to develop an efficient protocol for inducing triploidy in tambaqui <em>Colossoma macropomum</em> (Cuvier, 1816). Two trials were conducted. In the first (T1), newly fertilized eggs were exposed to 8000 psi for 120 s, initiated at 65 (T1.1), 95 (T1.2), 125 (T1.3), 155 (T1.4), 185 (T1.5), and 312 (T1.6) seconds post-fertilization (spf), with untreated eggs serving as control. All treatments produced high triploidization rates (>93%), but shocks applied at 65 and 95 spf (T1.1 and T1.2) resulted in higher fertilization (FGS >90%) and embryo survival indexes (ES >87%) than later treatments.</div><div>Based on these results, a second trial (T2) optimized shock duration at 8000 psi: 65 spf for 60 s (T2.1) and 90 s (T2.2), and 95 spf for 60 s (T2.3) and 90 s (T2.4), with a control group. Triploidy rates were 56% in T2.1 and > 94% in T2.2–T2.4. FGS and ES were highest in T2.3 and T2.4. Growth evaluation of diploid (control; two ponds) and treated (combined T2 groups; two ponds) progenies reared in earthen ponds showed that triploids exhibited significantly greater body weight, height, and total and standard lengths during the first six months. Histological examination of 20-month-old progenies confirmed that triploids were infertile, whereas diploids reached sexual maturation.</div><div>This study establishes a reliable 8000 psi pressure-shock protocol for producing sterile triploid <em>C. macropomum</em>, supporting its application in sustainable large-scale aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8375,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 743633"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743629
Chang Wei , Jizhuo Liu , Zheyu Shen , Jian Gao , Hao Wang , Zhenhui Wang , Yong Zhou
Cyvirus cyprinidallo 2 (CyHV-2) is the causative agent of herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (HVHN) in gibel carp, C. auratus gibelio. CyHV-2 can establish a persistent or latent infection in asymptomatic gibel carp and reactivate without immunosuppression. In addition, Aeromonas veronii is a bacterial pathogen of C. auratus gibelio. In this study, asymptomatic gibel carp surviving from CyHV-2 infection, which were obtained through high-temperature treatment (HT-CyHV-2), were artificially infected with A. veronii at 7, 28, and 60 days post-infection with the CyHV-2, named as HT-CyHV-2-7dpi, HT-CyHV-2-28dpi, and HT-CyHV-2-60dpi, respectively. The survival rate of asymptomatic fish with secondary infection with A. veronii in the HT-CyHV-2-7dpi group was 96%, which was higher than the 48% survival rate in the 7 days post high-temperature treatment without CyHV-2 infection (HT-7dpi) group. Conversely, lower survival rates were observed in the HT-CyHV-28dpi and HT-CyHV-60dpi groups. The detection rate of immediate early genes from the virus in surviving fish is significantly higher than that of late genes. During a secondary A. veronii infection, the concentrated expression of late gene ORF72 occurred only in the HT-CyHV-2-28dpi group, which also showed a significant increase in viral DNA load. Correspondingly, the expression levels of immune-related genes such as MHC-I and CD8, which are important for the presentation and elimination of endogenous antigens, as well as MHC-II and IFN-γ, which are involved in phagocytosis, were downregulated in this group. In contrast, the HT-CyHV-2-7dpi group exhibited a decrease in viral load, and in the HT-CyHV-2-60dpi group, there was a notable increase in the expression of C3 and CR3 following secondary infection with A. veronii. These findings highlight the complex interaction between viral reactivation and the host's immune response. Persistent infection and viral reactivation pose significant challenges in the realm of aquatic viral diseases. Moreover, secondary bacterial infections are key factors that can trigger viral reactivation.
{"title":"Detection of Cyvirus cyprinidallo 2 in asymptomatic survival gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio after a secondary Aeromonas veronii infection","authors":"Chang Wei , Jizhuo Liu , Zheyu Shen , Jian Gao , Hao Wang , Zhenhui Wang , Yong Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cyvirus cyprinidallo 2 (CyHV-2) is the causative agent of herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (HVHN) in gibel carp, <em>C. auratus gibelio.</em> CyHV-2 can establish a persistent or latent infection in asymptomatic gibel carp and reactivate without immunosuppression. In addition, <em>Aeromonas veronii</em> is a bacterial pathogen of <em>C. auratus gibelio</em>. In this study, asymptomatic gibel carp surviving from CyHV-2 infection, which were obtained through high-temperature treatment (HT-CyHV-2), were artificially infected with <em>A. veronii</em> at 7, 28, and 60 days post-infection with the CyHV-2, named as HT-CyHV-2-7dpi, HT-CyHV-2-28dpi, and HT-CyHV-2-60dpi, respectively. The survival rate of asymptomatic fish with secondary infection with <em>A. veronii</em> in the HT-CyHV-2-7dpi group was 96%, which was higher than the 48% survival rate in the 7 days post high-temperature treatment without CyHV-2 infection (HT-7dpi) group. Conversely, lower survival rates were observed in the HT-CyHV-28dpi and HT-CyHV-60dpi groups. The detection rate of immediate early genes from the virus in surviving fish is significantly higher than that of late genes. During a secondary <em>A. veronii</em> infection, the concentrated expression of late gene ORF72 occurred only in the HT-CyHV-2-28dpi group, which also showed a significant increase in viral DNA load. Correspondingly, the expression levels of immune-related genes such as MHC-I and CD8, which are important for the presentation and elimination of endogenous antigens, as well as MHC-II and IFN-γ, which are involved in phagocytosis, were downregulated in this group. In contrast, the HT-CyHV-2-7dpi group exhibited a decrease in viral load, and in the HT-CyHV-2-60dpi group, there was a notable increase in the expression of C3 and CR3 following secondary infection with <em>A. veronii</em>. These findings highlight the complex interaction between viral reactivation and the host's immune response. Persistent infection and viral reactivation pose significant challenges in the realm of aquatic viral diseases. Moreover, secondary bacterial infections are key factors that can trigger viral reactivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8375,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 743629"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743635
Jian-Fei Wang , Wei-Dan Jiang , Pei Wu , Yao-Bin Ma , Hong-Yun Zhang , Yang Liu , Lu Zhang , Hai-Feng Mi , Lin Feng , Xiao-Qiu Zhou
Nitrite is a toxic substance widely present in aquaculture water environments. This study explored the impact of vitamin K on liver pathology in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) challenged with nitrite. Grass carp received diets with six vitamin K concentrations (0 + sulfamethoxazole, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/kg) for 60 days, then endured a 96-h nitrite stress test. Our results showed that vitamin K enhanced growth performance and reduced damage indicators in adult grass carp, including weight gain percentage (PWG), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and methemoglobin (MetHB). At the cellular level, vitamin K upregulated the expression of Golgi apparatus matrix protein 130 (GM130) and acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) in hepatocytes, increased sphingomyelin and ceramides levels, and repaired stress-damaged cell membranes. At the tissue level, vitamin K promoted liver regeneration by upregulating repair markers α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and boosting collagen deposition via growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6) and its receptor AXL. Additionally, vitamin K alleviated nitrite-induced hepatocyte apoptosis, potentially through upregulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis. With PWG and GPT as indicators, the optimal vitamin K requirements for normal and nitrite resistance of adult grass carp were 1.88 and 1.94 mg/kg, respectively. This study assessed the effects of nitrite exposure on grass carp liver, elucidated the potential mechanism by which vitamin K mitigates such damage, and provided novel insights for alleviating nitrite stress in fish.
{"title":"Vitamin K is involved in liver protection and repair: Mitigating hepatotoxicity induced by the nitrite environment in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by modulating Golgi function, hepatic stellate cells and mitochondrial dynamics","authors":"Jian-Fei Wang , Wei-Dan Jiang , Pei Wu , Yao-Bin Ma , Hong-Yun Zhang , Yang Liu , Lu Zhang , Hai-Feng Mi , Lin Feng , Xiao-Qiu Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrite is a toxic substance widely present in aquaculture water environments. This study explored the impact of vitamin K on liver pathology in grass carp (<em>Ctenopharyngodon idella</em>) challenged with nitrite. Grass carp received diets with six vitamin K concentrations (0 + sulfamethoxazole, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/kg) for 60 days, then endured a 96-h nitrite stress test. Our results showed that vitamin K enhanced growth performance and reduced damage indicators in adult grass carp, including weight gain percentage (PWG), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and methemoglobin (MetHB). At the cellular level, vitamin K upregulated the expression of Golgi apparatus matrix protein 130 (GM130) and acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) in hepatocytes, increased sphingomyelin and ceramides levels, and repaired stress-damaged cell membranes. At the tissue level, vitamin K promoted liver regeneration by upregulating repair markers α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and boosting collagen deposition via growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6) and its receptor AXL. Additionally, vitamin K alleviated nitrite-induced hepatocyte apoptosis, potentially through upregulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis. With PWG and GPT as indicators, the optimal vitamin K requirements for normal and nitrite resistance of adult grass carp were 1.88 and 1.94 mg/kg, respectively. This study assessed the effects of nitrite exposure on grass carp liver, elucidated the potential mechanism by which vitamin K mitigates such damage, and provided novel insights for alleviating nitrite stress in fish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8375,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 743635"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The emergence of Streptococcus suis serotype 6, sequence type (ST) 2340, in farmed snakeskin gourami in Thailand represents a significant and novel host transition for this pathogen traditionally associated with swine and humans. This event highlights critical challenges at the interface of aquaculture, environmental health, and public health. Outbreaks were closely associated with severe environmental stressors in aquaculture ponds, including high water temperatures, low dissolved oxygen, and elevated ammonia and nitrate concentrations, all of which are known to compromise host immunity. The fish-derived S. suis isolates displayed phenotypic susceptibility to commonly used aquaculture antibiotics, consistent with the genomic absence of major acquired antimicrobial resistance genes, aside from intrinsic patA/patB efflux transporters. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative analysis revealed that these isolates belong to a novel sequence type, ST2340, and serotype 6, forming a distinct lineage separate from mammalian S. suis. This lineage possesses 14 unique gene functions, primarily related to carbohydrate transport and metabolism, suggesting specific metabolic specialization and adaptation to aquatic environments. In addition, the presence of a Type IV Secretion System (T4SS) indicates a potential mechanism for horizontal gene transfer and ecological flexibility. Notably, these fish-adapted strains lacked several classical mammalian virulence factors, suggesting a shift toward alternative pathogenic strategies tailored to aquatic hosts. Collectively, these findings underscore the importance of adopting a One Health perspective. Such a holistic approach is essential for integrated disease management, enhancing biosecurity, reducing environmental contamination, and implementing continuous genomic surveillance to mitigate interspecies transmission risks and ensure the long-term sustainability of aquaculture practices.
{"title":"Genomic insights into Streptococcus suis serotype 6 isolated from snakeskin gourami: Host adaptation, environmental stressors, and one health implications","authors":"Surawit Chueahiran , Young-Ung Heo , Putita Chokmangmeepisarn , Dung Ho My Nguyen , Manami Morishita , Pochara Prukbenjakul , Partho Pratim Debnath , Anurak Uchuwittayakul , Do-Hyung Kim , Channarong Rodkhum","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emergence of <em>Streptococcus suis</em> serotype 6, sequence type (ST) 2340, in farmed snakeskin gourami in Thailand represents a significant and novel host transition for this pathogen traditionally associated with swine and humans. This event highlights critical challenges at the interface of aquaculture, environmental health, and public health. Outbreaks were closely associated with severe environmental stressors in aquaculture ponds, including high water temperatures, low dissolved oxygen, and elevated ammonia and nitrate concentrations, all of which are known to compromise host immunity. The fish-derived <em>S. suis</em> isolates displayed phenotypic susceptibility to commonly used aquaculture antibiotics, consistent with the genomic absence of major acquired antimicrobial resistance genes, aside from intrinsic <em>patA/patB</em> efflux transporters. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative analysis revealed that these isolates belong to a novel sequence type, ST2340, and serotype 6, forming a distinct lineage separate from mammalian <em>S. suis</em>. This lineage possesses 14 unique gene functions, primarily related to carbohydrate transport and metabolism, suggesting specific metabolic specialization and adaptation to aquatic environments. In addition, the presence of a Type IV Secretion System (T4SS) indicates a potential mechanism for horizontal gene transfer and ecological flexibility. Notably, these fish-adapted strains lacked several classical mammalian virulence factors, suggesting a shift toward alternative pathogenic strategies tailored to aquatic hosts. Collectively, these findings underscore the importance of adopting a One Health perspective. Such a holistic approach is essential for integrated disease management, enhancing biosecurity, reducing environmental contamination, and implementing continuous genomic surveillance to mitigate interspecies transmission risks and ensure the long-term sustainability of aquaculture practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8375,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 743619"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743620
Keshun Liu , Wendy Sealey , Steven Rawles , Thomas L. Welker , Gibson Gaylord
Acid insoluble ash (AIA) has been used as a marker for nutrient digestibility determination in various animals with conflicting results. Lack of reliability for AIA analysis has been hypothesized as a cause. For validation, the present study compared AIA with yttrium oxide for determining apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of nutrients in rainbow trout and hybrid striped bass, using a newly developed method for AIA measurement. Twelve diets were made by spiking a reference mixture with Y2O3 at 0.1% and Celite at 0, 0.3 and 0.6%, and mixing each with soybean meal, distillers' dried grains with solubles, or fishmeal at a 70:30 ratio, respectively. Trout and bass were grown in 36 tanks, three tanks per diet. Feces were collected by stripping. With both fish species, ADCs of dry matter, protein, fat, energy and phosphorus, calculated by yttrium content, were consistent and realistic. However, ADCs by AIA were significantly lower and variable, with many being negative, even though the issue with AIA analysis had been addressed. Further investigation revealed that yttrium content as % total ash in feces was higher than that in diets, but AIA as % total ash in feces was lower than that in diets. The observed low or negative ADCs by AIA likely resulted from slower AIA movement than nutrient digesta through fish gastrointestinal tracts, which was compounded by using stripping for fecal collection. Therefore, further studies incorporating methods of collecting naturally defecated feces are needed before definitive conclusions on AIA reliability as a marker can be made.
{"title":"Comparison of acid insoluble ash with yttrium oxide for determining apparent nutrient digestibility in rainbow trout and hybrid striped bass with feces collection by stripping","authors":"Keshun Liu , Wendy Sealey , Steven Rawles , Thomas L. Welker , Gibson Gaylord","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acid insoluble ash (AIA) has been used as a marker for nutrient digestibility determination in various animals with conflicting results. Lack of reliability for AIA analysis has been hypothesized as a cause. For validation, the present study compared AIA with yttrium oxide for determining apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of nutrients in rainbow trout and hybrid striped bass, using a newly developed method for AIA measurement. Twelve diets were made by spiking a reference mixture with Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> at 0.1% and Celite at 0, 0.3 and 0.6%, and mixing each with soybean meal, distillers' dried grains with solubles, or fishmeal at a 70:30 ratio, respectively. Trout and bass were grown in 36 tanks, three tanks per diet. Feces were collected by stripping. With both fish species, ADCs of dry matter, protein, fat, energy and phosphorus, calculated by yttrium content, were consistent and realistic. However, ADCs by AIA were significantly lower and variable, with many being negative, even though the issue with AIA analysis had been addressed. Further investigation revealed that yttrium content as % total ash in feces was higher than that in diets, but AIA as % total ash in feces was lower than that in diets. The observed low or negative ADCs by AIA likely resulted from slower AIA movement than nutrient digesta through fish gastrointestinal tracts, which was compounded by using stripping for fecal collection. Therefore, further studies incorporating methods of collecting naturally defecated feces are needed before definitive conclusions on AIA reliability as a marker can be made.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8375,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 743620"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743634
Xin Hu , Haikuo Liu , Guojun Zeng , Wenchang Liu , Hongxin Tan , Guozhi Luo
Numerous studies have compared biofloc technology (BFT) and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) for Penaeus vannamei culture, yet optimal system pairing and compensatory growth potential remain unclear. This study evaluated post-larvae nursed in BFT or RAS and reared under different grow-out systems. During nursery, BFT maintained better water quality, yielding significantly higher body weight (p-value = 0.0006) and survival (p-value = 0.019) than RAS. In grow-out, BFT experienced nitrite accumulation after total suspended solids adjustment, and final shrimp yield was significantly lower than in RAS (p-value = 0.023). However, BFT-nursed shrimp transferred to RAS had a superior growth performance. Nutritional and texture analyses showed that RAS nursed and reared shrimp had higher chewiness, whereas shrimp nursed in RAS and grown in BFT exhibited higher crude protein. Except for a significantly lower valine content in shrimp from the BFT nursery than in those from RAS (p-value = 0.0000), the amino acid profiles were largely similar across groups. Entirely RAS-reared shrimp showed higher palmitic acid (C16:0) (p-value = 0.043) but lower linoleic acid (C18:2) (p-value = 0.044). Water quality significantly influenced growth performance, and compensatory growth occurred when shrimp were switched between systems. We recommend nursery in BFT followed by RAS grow-out to enhance production and flesh quality. These findings provide system-selection guidance and support sustainable, high-quality shrimp aquaculture.
{"title":"Nursery in BFT and grow-out in RAS enhances production and flesh quality of Penaeus vannamei","authors":"Xin Hu , Haikuo Liu , Guojun Zeng , Wenchang Liu , Hongxin Tan , Guozhi Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerous studies have compared biofloc technology (BFT) and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) for <em>Penaeus vannamei</em> culture, yet optimal system pairing and compensatory growth potential remain unclear. This study evaluated post-larvae nursed in BFT or RAS and reared under different grow-out systems. During nursery, BFT maintained better water quality, yielding significantly higher body weight (<em>p</em>-value = 0.0006) and survival (<em>p</em>-value = 0.019) than RAS. In grow-out, BFT experienced nitrite accumulation after total suspended solids adjustment, and final shrimp yield was significantly lower than in RAS (<em>p</em>-value = 0.023). However, BFT-nursed shrimp transferred to RAS had a superior growth performance. Nutritional and texture analyses showed that RAS nursed and reared shrimp had higher chewiness, whereas shrimp nursed in RAS and grown in BFT exhibited higher crude protein. Except for a significantly lower valine content in shrimp from the BFT nursery than in those from RAS (<em>p</em>-value = 0.0000), the amino acid profiles were largely similar across groups. Entirely RAS-reared shrimp showed higher palmitic acid (C16:0) (<em>p</em>-value = 0.043) but lower linoleic acid (C18:2) (<em>p</em>-value = 0.044). Water quality significantly influenced growth performance, and compensatory growth occurred when shrimp were switched between systems. We recommend nursery in BFT followed by RAS grow-out to enhance production and flesh quality. These findings provide system-selection guidance and support sustainable, high-quality shrimp aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8375,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 743634"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743632
Meina Zhang , Jiale Hong , Yujie Zhi , Zihao Zhang , Chengjia Wu , Huidong Niu , Yuqing Liu , Jiayi Chen , Xiaojun Wu , Xiaocheng Huang , Zhenjiang Yang , Pengsheng Dong , Guoxi Li , Guangqing Yu , Ming Li , Shouqi Xie , Li Zhang , Bianzhi Liu
<div><div>To evaluate the effects of soybean meal (SBM) fermented with <em>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</em> GG (LGG) or <em>Lactobacillus reuteri</em> (LR) on the growth and intestinal health of hybrid yellow catfish, the SBM was first mixed with sterile water at a ratio of 7:3, and then combined with <em>L</em>. <em>rhamnosus</em> GG or <em>L</em>. <em>reuteri</em> at a ratio of 97:3 for 72 h of anaerobic fermentation. Subsequently, three diets were formulated: the SBM diet (containing 33.75% SBM), the LGG-FS diet (containing 33.75% LGG-fermented SBM) and the LR-FS diet (containing 33.75% LR-fermented SBM). These diets were used to feed hybrid yellow catfish (initial body weight: 5.57 ± 0.01 g) for 42 days. The results demonstrated that the nutritional quality of SBM was markedly enhanced by <em>L</em>. <em>rhamnosus</em> GG or <em>L</em>. <em>reuteri</em> fermentation as reflected in an increase of 2- or 3- fold in lactic acid (LAC), an elevated ratio of essential amino acid (REAA), and the increases of 8.91% or 14.85% in the essential amino acid index (EAAI), respectively. Moreover, a reduction of 23.2% in pH and a reduction of 16.30% in β-conglycinin were observed in <em>L. rhamnosus</em> GG-fermented SBM. Meanwhile, a reduction of 29.1% in pH, a decrease of 58.08% glycinin, and a decrease of 33.92% in β-conglycinin were observed in <em>L</em>. <em>reuteri</em> fermented SBM. Compared with fish fed SBM diet, hybrid yellow catfish fed with LGG-FS diet or LR-FS diet exhibited improved intestinal histomorphology and barrier function, and the reduced intestinal inflammation. In LR-FS group, the final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) were even significantly higher, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly decreased (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Compared with SBM group, Shannon index was significantly increased and Simpson index was significantly decreased in LGG-FS group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Principal coordinates analysis (PCOA) revealed a clear separation of microbial communities between the LR-FS and the SBM groups. At the phylum level, the LR-FS group exhibited an increased abundance of Firmicutes, and a decreased abundance of Fusobacteriota and Proteobacteria (<em>P</em> < 0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of <em>Candidatus_arthromitus</em> was significantly higher and the abundance of <em>Cetobacterium</em> was significantly lower in LR-FS group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The correlation analysis exhibited that <em>Candidatus_arthromitus</em> negatively associated with indices of intestinal inflammation and positively correlated with indices of antioxidant capacity and intestinal barrier functions, while <em>Cetobacterium</em> showed an opposite correlation with these indices. Overall, the results suggest that L. <em>reuteri</em> rather than L. <em>rhamnosus</em> GG, is a more promising probiotic for enhancing growth performance and intestinal health in hybrid yellow catfish with SBM-induced en
{"title":"Lactobacillus reuteri rather than Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG fermented soybean meal improves growth performance, intestinal health and gut microbiota dysbiosis of hybrid yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ♀ × Pelteobagrus vachelli ♂)","authors":"Meina Zhang , Jiale Hong , Yujie Zhi , Zihao Zhang , Chengjia Wu , Huidong Niu , Yuqing Liu , Jiayi Chen , Xiaojun Wu , Xiaocheng Huang , Zhenjiang Yang , Pengsheng Dong , Guoxi Li , Guangqing Yu , Ming Li , Shouqi Xie , Li Zhang , Bianzhi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To evaluate the effects of soybean meal (SBM) fermented with <em>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</em> GG (LGG) or <em>Lactobacillus reuteri</em> (LR) on the growth and intestinal health of hybrid yellow catfish, the SBM was first mixed with sterile water at a ratio of 7:3, and then combined with <em>L</em>. <em>rhamnosus</em> GG or <em>L</em>. <em>reuteri</em> at a ratio of 97:3 for 72 h of anaerobic fermentation. Subsequently, three diets were formulated: the SBM diet (containing 33.75% SBM), the LGG-FS diet (containing 33.75% LGG-fermented SBM) and the LR-FS diet (containing 33.75% LR-fermented SBM). These diets were used to feed hybrid yellow catfish (initial body weight: 5.57 ± 0.01 g) for 42 days. The results demonstrated that the nutritional quality of SBM was markedly enhanced by <em>L</em>. <em>rhamnosus</em> GG or <em>L</em>. <em>reuteri</em> fermentation as reflected in an increase of 2- or 3- fold in lactic acid (LAC), an elevated ratio of essential amino acid (REAA), and the increases of 8.91% or 14.85% in the essential amino acid index (EAAI), respectively. Moreover, a reduction of 23.2% in pH and a reduction of 16.30% in β-conglycinin were observed in <em>L. rhamnosus</em> GG-fermented SBM. Meanwhile, a reduction of 29.1% in pH, a decrease of 58.08% glycinin, and a decrease of 33.92% in β-conglycinin were observed in <em>L</em>. <em>reuteri</em> fermented SBM. Compared with fish fed SBM diet, hybrid yellow catfish fed with LGG-FS diet or LR-FS diet exhibited improved intestinal histomorphology and barrier function, and the reduced intestinal inflammation. In LR-FS group, the final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) were even significantly higher, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly decreased (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Compared with SBM group, Shannon index was significantly increased and Simpson index was significantly decreased in LGG-FS group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Principal coordinates analysis (PCOA) revealed a clear separation of microbial communities between the LR-FS and the SBM groups. At the phylum level, the LR-FS group exhibited an increased abundance of Firmicutes, and a decreased abundance of Fusobacteriota and Proteobacteria (<em>P</em> < 0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of <em>Candidatus_arthromitus</em> was significantly higher and the abundance of <em>Cetobacterium</em> was significantly lower in LR-FS group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The correlation analysis exhibited that <em>Candidatus_arthromitus</em> negatively associated with indices of intestinal inflammation and positively correlated with indices of antioxidant capacity and intestinal barrier functions, while <em>Cetobacterium</em> showed an opposite correlation with these indices. Overall, the results suggest that L. <em>reuteri</em> rather than L. <em>rhamnosus</em> GG, is a more promising probiotic for enhancing growth performance and intestinal health in hybrid yellow catfish with SBM-induced en","PeriodicalId":8375,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 743632"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743622
Xiaoyue Zhu , Yuhan Fu , Zhipeng Sun , Ruixin Zhang , Xianhu Zheng , Yongjun Shu , Guo Hu
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is an economically important aquaculture species, and improving the genetic efficiency of complex traits such as body length is crucial for breeding programs. However, the synergistic potential of multiple genomic variation types in genomic selection (GS) has not been fully explored. This study employed three GWAS models—BOLT-LMM, fastGWA, and MLM—to perform association analysis of genotype data for two different marker types: SNP and SV. Using the GWAS approach, five marker densities (500, 1 K, 5 K, 10 K, and 50 K) were selected and used to conduct GS analysis for four distinct growth traits, including standard body length, body weight, fat content of fillet, and condition factor. The GS models used in this study included five Bayesian models (BayesA, BayesB, BayesC, BL, and BRR) as well as five machine learning models (Linear Regression, PLS Regression, Ridge, SVR_linear, and SVR_poly). The results revealed that markers selected through GWAS significantly enhanced the prediction accuracy in GS. Notably, SV markers outperformed SNP markers, with prediction accuracy typically around 0.9. Following this, marker integration analysis was conducted, and it was found that the prediction accuracy of single SV markers was superior to that of the SNP + SV combination. These findings emphasize the critical role of SV markers in enhancing prediction accuracy for complex traits, suggesting that structural variations may have a more significant impact on phenotypic variation than SNPs. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of optimizing both the selection of genetic markers and the choice of predictive models in genomic selection strategies.
{"title":"Integrating GWAS and genomic selection with SNP and SV markers for enhanced prediction of complex traits in common carp","authors":"Xiaoyue Zhu , Yuhan Fu , Zhipeng Sun , Ruixin Zhang , Xianhu Zheng , Yongjun Shu , Guo Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2026.743622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Common carp (<em>Cyprinus carpio</em>) is an economically important aquaculture species, and improving the genetic efficiency of complex traits such as body length is crucial for breeding programs. However, the synergistic potential of multiple genomic variation types in genomic selection (GS) has not been fully explored. This study employed three GWAS models—BOLT-LMM, fastGWA, and MLM—to perform association analysis of genotype data for two different marker types: SNP and SV. Using the GWAS approach, five marker densities (500, 1 K, 5 K, 10 K, and 50 K) were selected and used to conduct GS analysis for four distinct growth traits, including standard body length, body weight, fat content of fillet, and condition factor. The GS models used in this study included five Bayesian models (BayesA, BayesB, BayesC, BL, and BRR) as well as five machine learning models (Linear Regression, PLS Regression, Ridge, SVR_linear, and SVR_poly). The results revealed that markers selected through GWAS significantly enhanced the prediction accuracy in GS. Notably, SV markers outperformed SNP markers, with prediction accuracy typically around 0.9. Following this, marker integration analysis was conducted, and it was found that the prediction accuracy of single SV markers was superior to that of the SNP + SV combination. These findings emphasize the critical role of SV markers in enhancing prediction accuracy for complex traits, suggesting that structural variations may have a more significant impact on phenotypic variation than SNPs. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of optimizing both the selection of genetic markers and the choice of predictive models in genomic selection strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8375,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 743622"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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