Pub Date : 2002-10-01DOI: 10.1177/17480485020640050301
Y. N. Zassoursky
The terrorist attack against the United States presented the global community with a new crisis of gigantic proportions, with a new threat to the open society and human civilization. Sir Karl Popper developed the concept of the `open society' after the defeat of Fascist totalitarianism. Mikhail Gorbachev's concept of glasnost has became a major factor in the defeat of one of the main enemies of the open society — Stalinist totalitarianism and authoritarianism at the end of the 20th century. Now it is the turn to fight terrorism, extremism, fanaticism, intolerance, fundamentalism and totalitarianism in the framework of a global, interdependent conglomerate of nations. And this poses new challenges to the open society, which can be solved only in a global context.
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Pub Date : 2002-08-01DOI: 10.1177/174804850206400404
C. Campbell
This study compared the performance of the Philippine private telecommunications company, the PLDT, and the São Paulo state company, Telesp. The poor performance of the PLDT can be attributed to ineffective political and regulatory institutions resulting in increased political patronage and uncertainty. A weak regulatory and political environment was unable to enforce compliance even with positive incentives. Performance of the São Paulo state company, Telesp, can be attributed to political and economic policies at the national and state level and political/regulatory structure of the Telebras system. Mismanagement and corruption at the ministerial and firm level played a less crucial role in the firm's overall performance than they did in the case of the PLDT.
{"title":"Private and State Ownership in Telecommunications","authors":"C. Campbell","doi":"10.1177/174804850206400404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/174804850206400404","url":null,"abstract":"This study compared the performance of the Philippine private telecommunications company, the PLDT, and the São Paulo state company, Telesp. The poor performance of the PLDT can be attributed to ineffective political and regulatory institutions resulting in increased political patronage and uncertainty. A weak regulatory and political environment was unable to enforce compliance even with positive incentives. Performance of the São Paulo state company, Telesp, can be attributed to political and economic policies at the national and state level and political/regulatory structure of the Telebras system. Mismanagement and corruption at the ministerial and firm level played a less crucial role in the firm's overall performance than they did in the case of the PLDT.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"64 1","pages":"371 - 383"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/174804850206400404","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65552095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-01DOI: 10.1177/174804850206400401
J. Klaehn
The study asks whether the news coverage accorded the near-genocide in East Timor by the Globe and Mail(G&M) followed the predictions of the ‘propaganda model’ (PM) of media operations laid out and applied by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky in Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media.The research asks whether the G&M's news coverage of the near-genocide in East Timor and of Canada's ‘aiding and abetting’ of ‘war crimes’ and ‘crimes against humanity’ in occupied East Timor was hegemonic or ideologically serviceable given Canada's (geo)political-economic interests in Indonesia throughout the invasion and occupation periods. Did the news coverage provide a political and historical benchmark by which to inform the Canadian public (or not) and influence (or not) Canadian government policy on Indonesia and East Timor?
该研究询问，《环球邮报》(G&M)关于东帝汶近乎种族灭绝的新闻报道，是否遵循了爱德华·s·赫尔曼(Edward S. Herman)和诺姆·乔姆斯基(Noam Chomsky)在《制造同意:大众传媒的政治经济学》(Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of The Mass media)中提出并应用的媒体运作“宣传模式”(propaganda model, PM)的预测。该研究提出，考虑到加拿大在入侵和占领期间在印尼的地缘政治经济利益，G&M对东帝汶近乎种族灭绝和加拿大在被占领的东帝汶“协助和教唆”“战争罪”和“反人类罪”的新闻报道是否具有霸权主义或意识形态上的服务。新闻报道是否提供了一个政治和历史基准，以告知加拿大公众(或不)并影响(或不)加拿大政府对印度尼西亚和东帝汶的政策?
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Pub Date : 2002-08-01DOI: 10.1177/174804850206400403
S. Gunaratne
The world system theory can provide a refreshingly different perspective of global press freedom. The starting point of assessing press freedom should be the world system, not the ‘atomistic’ nation-state, because one cannot understand the part without knowing the whole, which is more than the sum of the parts. This article proposes the application of a revised formulation of the world system theory – which presumes a capitalist world-economy dominated by three competing center-clusters each associated with a dependent hinterland of peripheral economic clusters – to examine global press freedom. It proposes a three-tiered typology for measuring press freedom at the world system, nation-state and individual levels. It suggests that press freedom indices should factor in the power of the center-clusters, themselves led by a hegemon cluster, to flood the hinterlands technologically with a barrage of information-communication.
{"title":"Freedom of the Press","authors":"S. Gunaratne","doi":"10.1177/174804850206400403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/174804850206400403","url":null,"abstract":"The world system theory can provide a refreshingly different perspective of global press freedom. The starting point of assessing press freedom should be the world system, not the ‘atomistic’ nation-state, because one cannot understand the part without knowing the whole, which is more than the sum of the parts. This article proposes the application of a revised formulation of the world system theory – which presumes a capitalist world-economy dominated by three competing center-clusters each associated with a dependent hinterland of peripheral economic clusters – to examine global press freedom. It proposes a three-tiered typology for measuring press freedom at the world system, nation-state and individual levels. It suggests that press freedom indices should factor in the power of the center-clusters, themselves led by a hegemon cluster, to flood the hinterlands technologically with a barrage of information-communication.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"64 1","pages":"343 - 369"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/174804850206400403","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65552557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-01DOI: 10.1177/174804850206400402
T. Scrase
This article analyses whether an increasingly globalized television culture has led to a transformation of middle-class Bengali cultural identities. The analysis is based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out with middle-class households in West Bengal, India during 1998–2000. A number of specific themes are explored. These include: television and rampant consumerism; the impact of ‘Bollywood’ film cultures; television and the portrayal of women; and the way satellite and cable television programmes, especially popular cultural programmes (e.g. music videos) and advertisements, impact on established cultural patterns and activities. The research shows that while a public, more liberal tolerant culture prevails in Bengal, the private world of the family nevertheless retains many aspects of traditional moral and hierarchical principles. Divisions of opinion about the social impact of television among the middle classes are explained in terms of the nature of middle-class cultural formation in Bengal since the time of British colonization of India. In light of the examples and research findings presented, this article broadly considers the trajectory of Indian modernity, considers the debates over high culture vs low culture in the Bengali context, and more generally explores the localized impact of cultural globalization.
{"title":"Television, The Middle Classes and the Transformation of Cultural Identities in West Bengal, India","authors":"T. Scrase","doi":"10.1177/174804850206400402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/174804850206400402","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses whether an increasingly globalized television culture has led to a transformation of middle-class Bengali cultural identities. The analysis is based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out with middle-class households in West Bengal, India during 1998–2000. A number of specific themes are explored. These include: television and rampant consumerism; the impact of ‘Bollywood’ film cultures; television and the portrayal of women; and the way satellite and cable television programmes, especially popular cultural programmes (e.g. music videos) and advertisements, impact on established cultural patterns and activities. The research shows that while a public, more liberal tolerant culture prevails in Bengal, the private world of the family nevertheless retains many aspects of traditional moral and hierarchical principles. Divisions of opinion about the social impact of television among the middle classes are explained in terms of the nature of middle-class cultural formation in Bengal since the time of British colonization of India. In light of the examples and research findings presented, this article broadly considers the trajectory of Indian modernity, considers the debates over high culture vs low culture in the Bengali context, and more generally explores the localized impact of cultural globalization.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"64 1","pages":"323 - 342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/174804850206400402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65552513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-06-01DOI: 10.1177/17480485020640030101
O. Werder
Coverage of the introduction of the Euro currency was analyzed in the leading news publications in the UK and Germany. Specifically, it was examined whether (1) coverage of the same cross-national issue differed in level of support and (2) the two national media applied different news frames. The study showed that the British print media opposed the Euro even with pro-Euro sources, whereas the German print media maintained neutrality. The British press used an episodic, while the German press employed a thematic style. The difference in styles allowed for different covering of subissues. Overall, the findings point to the fruitfulness of including story frames (news style) and media position in the international agenda-setting process. There seems to be, in general, an interesting relationship between media position, sources' position, news frame styles, subissues and issue effect. Discernible differences in the journalistic product between national news print media appear ultimately to be a result of different worldviews and identity concepts, influencing the agenda-setting effect.
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Pub Date : 2002-06-01DOI: 10.1177/17480485020640030401
A. Skuse
This article examines the sociohistorical role of radio broadcasting in Afghanistan and analyses the interplay between the radio choices of the audience, political change and conflict. Though never explicitly trusted as a credible information source, the popularity of national radio in Afghanistan was critically weakened following the Communist revolution of 1978 and subsequent abuse of broadcasting under successive Afghan Communist regimes. Analysis highlights how the audience's thirst for unbiased information resulted in a substantial majority turning to the BBC World Service, this international service being perceived as a far more trustworthy and credible alternative. Discussion of the social history of Radio Afghanistan, the Taliban's Voice of Radio Shari'at and the BBC World Service serves to highlight the propagandist media machinery of the Communist era, the radical media policies of the Taliban regime and the value attributed to the BBC's current news reporting. In an example of the global becoming the local, the article concludes by examining how the BBC World Service has become the dominant radio broadcaster in Afghanistan and the extent to which this position is based on the quality of their outputs or their self-promotional discourses concerning impartiality.
{"title":"Radio, Politics and Trust in Afghanistan","authors":"A. Skuse","doi":"10.1177/17480485020640030401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17480485020640030401","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the sociohistorical role of radio broadcasting in Afghanistan and analyses the interplay between the radio choices of the audience, political change and conflict. Though never explicitly trusted as a credible information source, the popularity of national radio in Afghanistan was critically weakened following the Communist revolution of 1978 and subsequent abuse of broadcasting under successive Afghan Communist regimes. Analysis highlights how the audience's thirst for unbiased information resulted in a substantial majority turning to the BBC World Service, this international service being perceived as a far more trustworthy and credible alternative. Discussion of the social history of Radio Afghanistan, the Taliban's Voice of Radio Shari'at and the BBC World Service serves to highlight the propagandist media machinery of the Communist era, the radical media policies of the Taliban regime and the value attributed to the BBC's current news reporting. In an example of the global becoming the local, the article concludes by examining how the BBC World Service has become the dominant radio broadcaster in Afghanistan and the extent to which this position is based on the quality of their outputs or their self-promotional discourses concerning impartiality.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"64 1","pages":"267 - 279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/17480485020640030401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65552436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-06-01DOI: 10.1177/17480485020640030201
Melinda B. Robins
/ As Africa's women struggle to enlarge their spheres of influence in political, economic and social arenas, the question is whether the Internet and other digital technologies can become agents of transformation or will reproduce the inequalities of the status quo. This study investigates the sites where gender, class and international trade intersect with the emerging communications technologies, thus epitomizing the ambiguities of globalization. The author overviews Internet development projects currently under way in Africa in general and Senegal in particular, revealing the interconnectedness of governmental and non-governmental initiatives with private capital interests. She argues that the impact of communication technologies in the developing world can only be understood within this web of contingencies, and that neither a naive celebration of ICT potential nor condemnation of a new digital colonialism adequately captures the situation.
{"title":"Are African Women Online Just Ict Consumers?","authors":"Melinda B. Robins","doi":"10.1177/17480485020640030201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17480485020640030201","url":null,"abstract":"/ As Africa's women struggle to enlarge their spheres of influence in political, economic and social arenas, the question is whether the Internet and other digital technologies can become agents of transformation or will reproduce the inequalities of the status quo. This study investigates the sites where gender, class and international trade intersect with the emerging communications technologies, thus epitomizing the ambiguities of globalization. The author overviews Internet development projects currently under way in Africa in general and Senegal in particular, revealing the interconnectedness of governmental and non-governmental initiatives with private capital interests. She argues that the impact of communication technologies in the developing world can only be understood within this web of contingencies, and that neither a naive celebration of ICT potential nor condemnation of a new digital colonialism adequately captures the situation.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"64 1","pages":"235 - 249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/17480485020640030201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65552329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-06-01DOI: 10.1177/17480485020640030301
Zixue Tai, T. Chang
/ News as a special kind of social product requires something to have taken place in the first place, to be captured by news people and published by the media, and ultimately to be consumed by the audience. Every stage is crucial for the news manufacturing process. This study examines the triangular relationship among what editors regard as important news, what the audience prefers and what the US and foreign media actually cover. The convergence and divergence of opinions among the audiences and the editors found in this study and media performance in coverage of some specific types of stories in the global context have important implications for a better understanding of the processes and structure of international communication in society.
{"title":"The Global News and the Pictures in Their Heads","authors":"Zixue Tai, T. Chang","doi":"10.1177/17480485020640030301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17480485020640030301","url":null,"abstract":"/ News as a special kind of social product requires something to have taken place in the first place, to be captured by news people and published by the media, and ultimately to be consumed by the audience. Every stage is crucial for the news manufacturing process. This study examines the triangular relationship among what editors regard as important news, what the audience prefers and what the US and foreign media actually cover. The convergence and divergence of opinions among the audiences and the editors found in this study and media performance in coverage of some specific types of stories in the global context have important implications for a better understanding of the processes and structure of international communication in society.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"64 1","pages":"251 - 265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/17480485020640030301","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65552386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-06-01DOI: 10.1177/17480485020640030501
Jae-Kyoung Lee
Over 4000 media workers in South Korea have lost their jobs since the advent of the Asian financial crisis in late 1997. A number of newspapers and television stations have experienced unprecedented downsizing and restructuration. As a matter of fact, the whole media industry has gone through a process of profound transformation. This article attempts to document the difficulties of the Korean media and newsworkers as they experience the unexpected economic crisis. It presents observations about some notable changes in the practice of news making, describing, for example, whether newsroom organizations have changed and if journalistic independence has been weakened. The article also discusses some fundamental implications of these changes for Korean journalism and its future.
{"title":"The Asian Financial Crisis and the Tribulations of the South Korean Media","authors":"Jae-Kyoung Lee","doi":"10.1177/17480485020640030501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17480485020640030501","url":null,"abstract":"Over 4000 media workers in South Korea have lost their jobs since the advent of the Asian financial crisis in late 1997. A number of newspapers and television stations have experienced unprecedented downsizing and restructuration. As a matter of fact, the whole media industry has gone through a process of profound transformation. This article attempts to document the difficulties of the Korean media and newsworkers as they experience the unexpected economic crisis. It presents observations about some notable changes in the practice of news making, describing, for example, whether newsroom organizations have changed and if journalistic independence has been weakened. The article also discusses some fundamental implications of these changes for Korean journalism and its future.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"64 1","pages":"281 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/17480485020640030501","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65552452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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