Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2022/v12i1211
N. Halligudi, Mullaicharam Bhupathyraaj, Marwa Hatem Sharif Hakak
The present study highlights the Bio activities and Pharmacology of Piper nigrum L. (Black Pepper). Piper nigrum L is commonly known as Kali Mirch, Pippali, Milagu Peppercorn, White pepper, Green pepper, Black pepper, and Madagascar pepper longum plant is a deciduous slender aromatic climber. The major source of bioactive constituents in black pepper is present in the fruits. It contains major pungent alkaloid piperine (1-peperoyl piperidine) which is known to possess pharmacological actions. Antimicrobial activity of black pepper evaluated the antibacterial potential of aqueous decoction of Piper nigrum L. (black pepper), against different bacterial isolates from oral cavity of individual volunteers.
{"title":"Therapeutic Potential of Bioactive Compounds of Piper nigrum L. (Black Pepper): A Review","authors":"N. Halligudi, Mullaicharam Bhupathyraaj, Marwa Hatem Sharif Hakak","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2022/v12i1211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2022/v12i1211","url":null,"abstract":"The present study highlights the Bio activities and Pharmacology of Piper nigrum L. (Black Pepper). Piper nigrum L is commonly known as Kali Mirch, Pippali, Milagu Peppercorn, White pepper, Green pepper, Black pepper, and Madagascar pepper longum plant is a deciduous slender aromatic climber. The major source of bioactive constituents in black pepper is present in the fruits. It contains major pungent alkaloid piperine (1-peperoyl piperidine) which is known to possess pharmacological actions. Antimicrobial activity of black pepper evaluated the antibacterial potential of aqueous decoction of Piper nigrum L. (black pepper), against different bacterial isolates from oral cavity of individual volunteers.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88325960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2022/v12i1210
S. Bayari, Tuğba Göcen, A. Bacıoğlu, S. İde
Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of contact lens materials on the structural properties and to examine ultraviolet (UVA part) and visible (Vis) transmittance with and without UV filters of the commercially available silicone hydrogel (SiHy) and bio-hydrogel (bio-Hy) soft contact lenses (CLs) in vitro. Place and Duration of Study: Hacettepe University, Department of Physics, Ankara, Turkey, between May 2018 and May 2021. Methodology:Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra of CLs were recorded (at removing from its package, after 10 min, 1 h and 1 day at room temperature) in the 4000-650 cm-1region to estimate water contents of CLs. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was performed to differentiate chemical structure of CLs based on the spectral differences. Ultraviolet (UVA) and visible light transmittance of (CLs) was measured in the 315 -800 nm region. Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) analyses were performed to obtain further structural information on nano-scale. Results: One of the key observations in this study is the large influence of lens water content. The HCA analysis grouped all the CLs of same brand in same cluster based on their chemical similarity. The UVA transmittance results showed that CLs with UV blockers almost met ClassI and ClassII standards. The size (11.8-39.9 nm) and differences in morphologies of the nano globules were determined and correlated with equilibrium water content (EWC). Conclusion: This work was designed to explain important characteristics of commercial CLs and results will have implications for future experimental and clinical research regarding hydration/ dehydration experiments with CL polymers.
{"title":"ATR-FTIR, SAXS and UV-Vis Studies of Silicone Hydrogel and Bio-Hydrogel Soft Contact Lenses","authors":"S. Bayari, Tuğba Göcen, A. Bacıoğlu, S. İde","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2022/v12i1210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2022/v12i1210","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of contact lens materials on the structural properties and to examine ultraviolet (UVA part) and visible (Vis) transmittance with and without UV filters of the commercially available silicone hydrogel (SiHy) and bio-hydrogel (bio-Hy) soft contact lenses (CLs) in vitro. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Hacettepe University, Department of Physics, Ankara, Turkey, between May 2018 and May 2021. \u0000Methodology:Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra of CLs were recorded (at removing from its package, after 10 min, 1 h and 1 day at room temperature) in the 4000-650 cm-1region to estimate water contents of CLs. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was performed to differentiate chemical structure of CLs based on the spectral differences. Ultraviolet (UVA) and visible light transmittance of (CLs) was measured in the 315 -800 nm region. Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) analyses were performed to obtain further structural information on nano-scale. \u0000Results: One of the key observations in this study is the large influence of lens water content. The HCA analysis grouped all the CLs of same brand in same cluster based on their chemical similarity. The UVA transmittance results showed that CLs with UV blockers almost met ClassI and ClassII standards. The size (11.8-39.9 nm) and differences in morphologies of the nano globules were determined and correlated with equilibrium water content (EWC). \u0000Conclusion: This work was designed to explain important characteristics of commercial CLs and results will have implications for future experimental and clinical research regarding hydration/ dehydration experiments with CL polymers.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74316138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-24DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i4209
A. I. Yaradua, L. Shuaibu, A. J. Alhassan, J. I. Bungudu, A. Usman, A. Nasir, I. Yaradua
This work contributes to the monitoring of heavy metal pollution of Agricultural soils, Katsina State Nigeria, using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The heavy metal contamination of the soil samples were analyzed based on the Geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk index (PERI). The health risks of the evaluated heavy metals were estimated using the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI)) to evaluate the possible non-carcinogenic effect and the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) for the cancer risk to the population. The results of the study had revealed that in the soil samples all the evaluated heavy metals lie within acceptable limits as set by the regulatory agencies. The evaluated soil samples pollution indices had revealed that the I-geo values for the soil samples were within the range of unpolluted to moderate pollution. Also, the heavy metal enrichment factor (EF) value for the soil samples have indicated that only the heavy metal Fe showed significant enrichment, with the soil samples being moderately contaminated with Fe. The pollution load index (PLI) also indicated unpolluted to moderate pollution. With the potential ecological risk index (PERI) values presenting low ecological risks. The calculated non-cancer risk indices in both the children and adults population for all the heavy metals were less than 1. With the exception of the ILCR for the heavy metal Pb in children from Daura zone that was in limits that environmental and regulatory agencies considered as unacceptable risk, risk values for all the heavy metals falls within the range of the threshold of the safe limit and limits regarded as safe by the regulatory agencies (10-7 to 10-4). The results of pollution indices have indicated that the Agricultural soil samples have low contamination and low health risks by the heavy metals evaluated.
{"title":"Health Risk Assessment of Some Selected Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils from Katsina State, North-Western Nigeria","authors":"A. I. Yaradua, L. Shuaibu, A. J. Alhassan, J. I. Bungudu, A. Usman, A. Nasir, I. Yaradua","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i4209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i4209","url":null,"abstract":"This work contributes to the monitoring of heavy metal pollution of Agricultural soils, Katsina State Nigeria, using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The heavy metal contamination of the soil samples were analyzed based on the Geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk index (PERI). The health risks of the evaluated heavy metals were estimated using the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI)) to evaluate the possible non-carcinogenic effect and the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) for the cancer risk to the population. The results of the study had revealed that in the soil samples all the evaluated heavy metals lie within acceptable limits as set by the regulatory agencies. The evaluated soil samples pollution indices had revealed that the I-geo values for the soil samples were within the range of unpolluted to moderate pollution. Also, the heavy metal enrichment factor (EF) value for the soil samples have indicated that only the heavy metal Fe showed significant enrichment, with the soil samples being moderately contaminated with Fe. The pollution load index (PLI) also indicated unpolluted to moderate pollution. With the potential ecological risk index (PERI) values presenting low ecological risks. The calculated non-cancer risk indices in both the children and adults population for all the heavy metals were less than 1. With the exception of the ILCR for the heavy metal Pb in children from Daura zone that was in limits that environmental and regulatory agencies considered as unacceptable risk, risk values for all the heavy metals falls within the range of the threshold of the safe limit and limits regarded as safe by the regulatory agencies (10-7 to 10-4). The results of pollution indices have indicated that the Agricultural soil samples have low contamination and low health risks by the heavy metals evaluated.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88075185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-16DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i430264
A. I. Yaradua, J. I. Bungudu, L. Shuaibu, A. Nasir, A. Usman, U. Bello, Z. Suleiman, I. Yaradua
This work was carried out to evaluate the heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn) pollution load and health risks to the population of some local fruit samples in Katsina state Nigeria. Results from this study have shown that except for the mean concentration of Pb (1.152-1.623) and Cd (0.053-0.092), the mean concentration (mg/kg) range values of Fe (1.728-1.954), Mn (0.321-0.502) and Zn (0.263-0.967 ppm) in the samples were generally below the maximum allowable concentration for these metals. The risk level of Target Hazard Quotient below 1(< 1) was recorded for all the evaluated heavy metals for the population, indicating a no non-carcinogenic adverse health effect on the population. The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk for the heavy metal Cd was at the threshold risk limit (>10−4) in all the sampled fruits in adults, while Pb for adults and Pb and Cd for children were within the moderate risk limit (>10−3). The cumulative cancer risk (∑ILCR) of the studied fruits was within the moderate risk level (>10−3) in adults and above the level (>10−2) in children. The results of the study have suggested that the intake of the local fruits in Katsina State is of public health concern as it may lead to an increase in the population cancer cases.
{"title":"Evaluation of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk of Heavy Metal Exposures from Some Local Fruits in Katsina State, North West Nigeria","authors":"A. I. Yaradua, J. I. Bungudu, L. Shuaibu, A. Nasir, A. Usman, U. Bello, Z. Suleiman, I. Yaradua","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i430264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i430264","url":null,"abstract":"This work was carried out to evaluate the heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn) pollution load and health risks to the population of some local fruit samples in Katsina state Nigeria. Results from this study have shown that except for the mean concentration of Pb (1.152-1.623) and Cd (0.053-0.092), the mean concentration (mg/kg) range values of Fe (1.728-1.954), Mn (0.321-0.502) and Zn (0.263-0.967 ppm) in the samples were generally below the maximum allowable concentration for these metals. The risk level of Target Hazard Quotient below 1(< 1) was recorded for all the evaluated heavy metals for the population, indicating a no non-carcinogenic adverse health effect on the population. The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk for the heavy metal Cd was at the threshold risk limit (>10−4) in all the sampled fruits in adults, while Pb for adults and Pb and Cd for children were within the moderate risk limit (>10−3). The cumulative cancer risk (∑ILCR) of the studied fruits was within the moderate risk level (>10−3) in adults and above the level (>10−2) in children. The results of the study have suggested that the intake of the local fruits in Katsina State is of public health concern as it may lead to an increase in the population cancer cases.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77714768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-05DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i430263
R. Bhor, Sonali Pawar
A series of five-membered heterocyclic rings like Benzimidazole were synthesized by the reaction between benzene-1, 2 diamine and formic acid to form various Benzimidazole derivatives (BD- BK) compounds and was tested for their anti-inflammatory activity determined by rat-paw- oedema method. All the synthesis compounds have been characterized by 1HNMR, IR and some Mass spectral data. The compounds were purified by recrystallization method. The entire compound gives good response for the anti-inflammatory activity: Benzimidazole (AA), 1-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2-(3-hydroxyphenyl) ethanone (AC); 2-{3-[2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl] phenyl}-N-phenylacetamide (AJ); 2-{3-[2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl] phenyl}-N-(2-nitrophenyl) acetamide (AK); 2-{3-[2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl] phenyl}-N-(3-nitrophenyl) acetamide (AL). For this anti-inflammatory activity, Indometacin was used as a standard drug and compared to new synthesized drugs. Some new synthesized drugs have shown better activities for the anti-inflammation. The synthesize compounds were establish to be AA to AL. The compound AA, AC, AJ, AK and AL were established to be the most potent compound through compare to standard drugs Indomethacin.
通过苯- 1,2二胺与甲酸反应，合成一系列苯并咪唑类五元杂环，形成各种苯并咪唑衍生物(BD- BK)化合物，并采用大鼠足水肿法测定其抗炎活性。所有合成的化合物都通过1HNMR, IR和一些质谱数据进行了表征。用重结晶法对化合物进行了纯化。整个化合物具有良好的抗炎活性:苯并咪唑(AA)， 1-(1h -苯并咪唑-2-基)-2-(3-羟基苯基)乙酮(AC);2-{3-[2-(1h -苯并咪唑-2-基)-2-氧乙基]苯基}- n -苯乙酰胺;2-{3-[2-(1h -苯并咪唑-2-基)-2-氧乙基]苯基}- n -(2-硝基苯基)乙酰胺(AK);2-{3-[2-(1h -苯并咪唑-2-基)-2-氧乙基]苯基}- n -(3-硝基苯基)乙酰胺(AL)。吲哚美辛被用作标准药物，并与新合成的药物进行了比较。一些新的合成药物已显示出较好的抗炎活性。通过与标准药物吲哚美辛的比较，确定化合物AA、AC、AJ、AK和AL的药效最强。
{"title":"Synthesis; Characterization and Anti Inflammatory Activity of “3-(2-[1H Benzimidazole-2-YL)-2-Oxethyl] Phenyl) Acetic Acid and Its Derivatives”","authors":"R. Bhor, Sonali Pawar","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i430263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i430263","url":null,"abstract":"A series of five-membered heterocyclic rings like Benzimidazole were synthesized by the reaction between benzene-1, 2 diamine and formic acid to form various Benzimidazole derivatives (BD- BK) compounds and was tested for their anti-inflammatory activity determined by rat-paw- oedema method. All the synthesis compounds have been characterized by 1HNMR, IR and some Mass spectral data. The compounds were purified by recrystallization method. The entire compound gives good response for the anti-inflammatory activity: Benzimidazole (AA), 1-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2-(3-hydroxyphenyl) ethanone (AC); 2-{3-[2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl] phenyl}-N-phenylacetamide (AJ); 2-{3-[2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl] phenyl}-N-(2-nitrophenyl) acetamide (AK); 2-{3-[2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl] phenyl}-N-(3-nitrophenyl) acetamide (AL). For this anti-inflammatory activity, Indometacin was used as a standard drug and compared to new synthesized drugs. Some new synthesized drugs have shown better activities for the anti-inflammation. The synthesize compounds were establish to be AA to AL. The compound AA, AC, AJ, AK and AL were established to be the most potent compound through compare to standard drugs Indomethacin.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91308831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i430262
A. Mulula, Thierno N. Manoka, E. B. Bayindu, A. Bouzina
As the oils used for biodiesel production face food competition, many scientific research is now focusing on the upgrading of non-conventional oils, which are not edibles. This study consisted in revalorizing of Congolese nonedible Afzelia bella seeds oil as raw materials for the biodiesel production. Afzelia bella seeds oil was extracted with oil yield of 26.38±0.22% and subsequently transesterified by alkali-catalyst using methanol with KOH as catalyst. The maximum yield of the obtained Diacetylenic Light Fuel Oil was 96.53% and FTIR spectroscopy showed the presence of fatty acid methyl esters in the produced biodiesel. The FTIR spectrum of Diacetylenic Light Fuel Oil revealed the following characteristics functional groups: Carbonyl group stretching (C=O), Methyl asymmetric bending (CH3) and Methoxy group stretching (O-CH3) with the peaks at 1743.94, 1436.11 and 1197.38 cm-1, respectively. Physicochemical properties (Kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, Cetane number, cloud point, pour point, water contents, ash and sulfur contents) values of Biodiesel (B100), and biodiesel blend in Gasoil (B50 and B20), were within the range of values set by the international standards specifications of diesel and biodiesel (American Society of Testing Materials and European Standard). Thus, these three produced biodiesels (B100, B50 and B20) from the Congolese Afzelia bella seeds oil could be used as a substitute for diesel without damaging the engine.
{"title":"Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester from Congolese Non-Edible Afzelia bella Seeds Oil","authors":"A. Mulula, Thierno N. Manoka, E. B. Bayindu, A. Bouzina","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i430262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i430262","url":null,"abstract":"As the oils used for biodiesel production face food competition, many scientific research is now focusing on the upgrading of non-conventional oils, which are not edibles. This study consisted in revalorizing of Congolese nonedible Afzelia bella seeds oil as raw materials for the biodiesel production. Afzelia bella seeds oil was extracted with oil yield of 26.38±0.22% and subsequently transesterified by alkali-catalyst using methanol with KOH as catalyst. The maximum yield of the obtained Diacetylenic Light Fuel Oil was 96.53% and FTIR spectroscopy showed the presence of fatty acid methyl esters in the produced biodiesel. The FTIR spectrum of Diacetylenic Light Fuel Oil revealed the following characteristics functional groups: Carbonyl group stretching (C=O), Methyl asymmetric bending (CH3) and Methoxy group stretching (O-CH3) with the peaks at 1743.94, 1436.11 and 1197.38 cm-1, respectively. Physicochemical properties (Kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, Cetane number, cloud point, pour point, water contents, ash and sulfur contents) values of Biodiesel (B100), and biodiesel blend in Gasoil (B50 and B20), were within the range of values set by the international standards specifications of diesel and biodiesel (American Society of Testing Materials and European Standard). Thus, these three produced biodiesels (B100, B50 and B20) from the Congolese Afzelia bella seeds oil could be used as a substitute for diesel without damaging the engine.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89546230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-13DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i430261
A. I. Yaradua, J. I. Bungudu, L. Shuaibu, A. J. Alhassan, A. Nasir, U. Bello, A. Usman, Z. Suleiman, A. Abdullahi, M. M. Muhammad, I. Yaradua
The level of heavy metals in soybeans samples were evaluated to ascertain their likely health risks to the Katsina State populace. Atomic absorption spectrometry method was employed for the evaluation, while the three senatorial zones of the state were used for sampling. Using methods adapted from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the health risks to the population from the heavy metals in the samples were determined. The results have revealed the mean concentration (mg/kg) in decreasing order of concentrations to be for Zn (range: 1.204-1.432), Pb (range: 0.658-0.998), Fe (range: 0.563-0.687), Cr (range: 0.128-0.151) and Cd (range: 0.041-0.046), with the concentrations of Mn and Ni below the level of detection. The computed non-carcinogenic health risks from consumption of the samples were below 1 (THQ and HI>1). The cancer risk to the population lies beyond the threshold limit with the heavy metal Pb being the major contributor to the violation. It may be presumed that the Soybean samples in the study may add to the cancer manifestations in the population.
{"title":"Heavy Metals and Health Risk Burden, How Safe is the Consumer Population?: A Study on the Heavy Metal Content of Soybeans Cultivated in Katsina State, North West Nigeria","authors":"A. I. Yaradua, J. I. Bungudu, L. Shuaibu, A. J. Alhassan, A. Nasir, U. Bello, A. Usman, Z. Suleiman, A. Abdullahi, M. M. Muhammad, I. Yaradua","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i430261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i430261","url":null,"abstract":"The level of heavy metals in soybeans samples were evaluated to ascertain their likely health risks to the Katsina State populace. Atomic absorption spectrometry method was employed for the evaluation, while the three senatorial zones of the state were used for sampling. Using methods adapted from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the health risks to the population from the heavy metals in the samples were determined. The results have revealed the mean concentration (mg/kg) in decreasing order of concentrations to be for Zn (range: 1.204-1.432), Pb (range: 0.658-0.998), Fe (range: 0.563-0.687), Cr (range: 0.128-0.151) and Cd (range: 0.041-0.046), with the concentrations of Mn and Ni below the level of detection. The computed non-carcinogenic health risks from consumption of the samples were below 1 (THQ and HI>1). The cancer risk to the population lies beyond the threshold limit with the heavy metal Pb being the major contributor to the violation. It may be presumed that the Soybean samples in the study may add to the cancer manifestations in the population.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87292391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-08DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i330260
R. Bhor, K. Sable
A fundamental structural feature of benzimidazoles, a group of heterocyclic, aromatic compounds, is the fusion of a six-membered benzene ring with a five-membered imidazole moiety. Formic acid, Acetyl chloride, hydrazine hydrate, Benzene-1,2-diol, Glycolic Acid, Benzoyl chloride, Methyl chloride, Ethyl chloride, Benzamide, and other chemicals were utilized in this research study. In this research study different methods were used such as TLC, IR spectra, 1H-NMR, and MS. These derivatives were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity determined by rat-paw- oedema method. It was determined that the synthetic chemicals ranged from BA to BK. When compared to common medicines like Indomethacin, the compounds Benzimidazole (BA), 1-(1H-benzimidazole-2-yl)-(3-hydrazinylphenyl) ethanone (BC), N’- {4- [2 - (1H-benzimidazol-2yl) -2- oxoethyl] phenyl} -2-hydroxyaceto hydrazide N- (3-nitrophenyl) acetamide (BK), N’- {4- [2 - (1H-benzimidazol-2yl) -2- oxoethyl] phenyl} -2-hydroxyaceto hydrazide N- (2-nitrophenyl) acetamide (BJ),N’- {4- [2- (1H–benzimidazol-2-yl) -2 -oxoethyl] phenyl} -2-hydroxyaceto hydrazide –N - phenylacetamide (BI) were found to be the most potent.
{"title":"Synthesis; Characterization and Anti-inflammatory Activity of N'-{4-[2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-YL)-2-oxoethyl] phenyl}-2-hydroxyacetohydrazide and it’s Derivatives","authors":"R. Bhor, K. Sable","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i330260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i330260","url":null,"abstract":"A fundamental structural feature of benzimidazoles, a group of heterocyclic, aromatic compounds, is the fusion of a six-membered benzene ring with a five-membered imidazole moiety. Formic acid, Acetyl chloride, hydrazine hydrate, Benzene-1,2-diol, Glycolic Acid, Benzoyl chloride, Methyl chloride, Ethyl chloride, Benzamide, and other chemicals were utilized in this research study. In this research study different methods were used such as TLC, IR spectra, 1H-NMR, and MS. These derivatives were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity determined by rat-paw- oedema method. It was determined that the synthetic chemicals ranged from BA to BK. When compared to common medicines like Indomethacin, the compounds Benzimidazole (BA), 1-(1H-benzimidazole-2-yl)-(3-hydrazinylphenyl) ethanone (BC), N’- {4- [2 - (1H-benzimidazol-2yl) -2- oxoethyl] phenyl} -2-hydroxyaceto hydrazide N- (3-nitrophenyl) acetamide (BK), N’- {4- [2 - (1H-benzimidazol-2yl) -2- oxoethyl] phenyl} -2-hydroxyaceto hydrazide N- (2-nitrophenyl) acetamide (BJ),N’- {4- [2- (1H–benzimidazol-2-yl) -2 -oxoethyl] phenyl} -2-hydroxyaceto hydrazide –N - phenylacetamide (BI) were found to be the most potent.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"119 49","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91403538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-27DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i330259
R. Rajalakshmi, S. Ramkumar, P. Arivuselvan
Absorption spectra of symmetrical azine derived from 2,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde have been recorded in various solvents in the range 200–400nm. The effects of solvents on the absorption spectra of investigated compound is interpreted by correlation of absorption maxima with Kirkwood function{ԑ, 1/ԑ and f(ԑ) }.
{"title":"Synthesis and Solvatochromic Studies on the Uv-Absorption Spectra of Symmetrical Azine Derived from 2,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde","authors":"R. Rajalakshmi, S. Ramkumar, P. Arivuselvan","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i330259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i330259","url":null,"abstract":"Absorption spectra of symmetrical azine derived from 2,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde have been recorded in various solvents in the range 200–400nm. The effects of solvents on the absorption spectra of investigated compound is interpreted by correlation of absorption maxima with Kirkwood function{ԑ, 1/ԑ and f(ԑ) }.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"182 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78480168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-22DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i330258
Patrick Onen, Denish Adolfo Ogenrwot, Elidad Galiwango, Eric Niringiyimana, Gabson Baguma, Ivan Byaruhanga, Daniel Mushikoma
Aims: This work investigated the phytochemical constituents and synergistic antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Mondia whytei roots and Physalis peruviana leaves. Study Design: This study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. Place and Duration of Study: All research works were performed at the Central Science Laboratories, Faculty of science, Kyambogo University between September 2021 and March 2022. Methodology: Standard methods were followed for phytochemical screening of ethanolic extracts of Mondia whytei roots, and Physalis peruviana leaves. The potential synergistic antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts were evaluated through agar well diffusion assay. The bacteria strains were cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar. Sterile cork borer (6 mm diameter) was used to create the wells on petri discs and filled aseptically with 10 µl of the test extract (100 mg/ml) and Chloramphenicol (0.5 mg/ml) was used as the positive control. The interaction between the extracts and the combined extract was assessed by determining their fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index. Results: Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols were found to be present in both extracts. Cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, anthraquinnones and steroids were present only in ethanolic extract of Physalis peruviana leaves. The antibacterial activities of Mondia whytei roots extract, Physalis peruviana leaves extract and combined extract were obtained with the following zone of inhibitions; 19.20 ± 0.72 mm, 19.77 ± 0.60 mm, 25.93 ± 0.83 mm for S. aureus and 15.50 ± 0.46 mm, 15.00 ± 0.26 mm, 17.87 ± 0.61 mm for E.coli respectively, as compared with the standard reference antibiotic with zone of inhibitions; 26.00 ± 0.00 mm for S. aureus and 24.00 ± 0.00 mm E. coli. The MICs were determined at 0.1-100 mg/ml, and the FIC index were obtained from the evaluated MIC values with the corresponding values of 0.5 (synergistic) for S. aureus and 1.0 (additive) for E. coli. Conclusion: The results obtained from the present study support the traditional claims of using the selected plants to treat bacterial infections. The extracts had low antibacterial activities on the selected human pathogens, Hence, if these extracts are used in unison, greater efficacy could be achieved; further studies should be done using combined extracts combined with commercial antibiotics.
{"title":"Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Mondia whytei Roots and Physalis peruviana Leaves against S. aureus and E. coli","authors":"Patrick Onen, Denish Adolfo Ogenrwot, Elidad Galiwango, Eric Niringiyimana, Gabson Baguma, Ivan Byaruhanga, Daniel Mushikoma","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i330258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2022/v11i330258","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This work investigated the phytochemical constituents and synergistic antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Mondia whytei roots and Physalis peruviana leaves. \u0000Study Design: This study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: All research works were performed at the Central Science Laboratories, Faculty of science, Kyambogo University between September 2021 and March 2022. \u0000Methodology: Standard methods were followed for phytochemical screening of ethanolic extracts of Mondia whytei roots, and Physalis peruviana leaves. The potential synergistic antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts were evaluated through agar well diffusion assay. The bacteria strains were cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar. Sterile cork borer (6 mm diameter) was used to create the wells on petri discs and filled aseptically with 10 µl of the test extract (100 mg/ml) and Chloramphenicol (0.5 mg/ml) was used as the positive control. The interaction between the extracts and the combined extract was assessed by determining their fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index. \u0000Results: Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols were found to be present in both extracts. Cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, anthraquinnones and steroids were present only in ethanolic extract of Physalis peruviana leaves. The antibacterial activities of Mondia whytei roots extract, Physalis peruviana leaves extract and combined extract were obtained with the following zone of inhibitions; 19.20 ± 0.72 mm, 19.77 ± 0.60 mm, 25.93 ± 0.83 mm for S. aureus and 15.50 ± 0.46 mm, 15.00 ± 0.26 mm, 17.87 ± 0.61 mm for E.coli respectively, as compared with the standard reference antibiotic with zone of inhibitions; 26.00 ± 0.00 mm for S. aureus and 24.00 ± 0.00 mm E. coli. The MICs were determined at 0.1-100 mg/ml, and the FIC index were obtained from the evaluated MIC values with the corresponding values of 0.5 (synergistic) for S. aureus and 1.0 (additive) for E. coli. \u0000Conclusion: The results obtained from the present study support the traditional claims of using the selected plants to treat bacterial infections. The extracts had low antibacterial activities on the selected human pathogens, Hence, if these extracts are used in unison, greater efficacy could be achieved; further studies should be done using combined extracts combined with commercial antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"425 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84947162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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