Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6277
Koffi Pierre dit Adama N’goran, Tano Patrice Fato, N’guessan Louis Berenger Kouassi, D. Diabaté
Arsenic contamination of sediments is a worldwide concern, both for the environment and for human health. However, few data are available on the state of arsenic pollution in sediments near artisanal and industrial gold mining areas in Côte d'Ivoire. The aim of this study is to assess the spatial distribution of arsenic and its ecological and human health risks in sediments around gold mining areas in northern Côte d'Ivoire. Sampling was carried out in artisanal and industrial mining areas in Korhogo and Tengrela, northern Côte d'Ivoire. Spatial differences were determined using analysis of variance. Pollution indices were studied using the contamination factor and the enrichment factor. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk indices were used to investigate human health risks. The study revealed total arsenic concentrations ranging from 1.64 ± 0.04 to 159.72 ± 51.91 µg/g. It found Arsenic concentrations in sediments varied considerably from station to station. The results of the contamination factor indicated that the sediments were weakly to very strongly contaminate with arsenic. Non-carcinogenic risk index values ranged from 1.83E-04 to 1.78E-02, indicating low adverse effects on the surrounding habitats. In addition, the results of the potential risk (CRt) for human health revealed the existence of significant carcinogenic risks from arsenic for residents in the vicinity of the Tongon mining area.
{"title":"Ecological and Human Health Risks Assessment of Arsenic in Sediments Around Gold Mining Areas in Northern Côte d’Ivoire","authors":"Koffi Pierre dit Adama N’goran, Tano Patrice Fato, N’guessan Louis Berenger Kouassi, D. Diabaté","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6277","url":null,"abstract":"Arsenic contamination of sediments is a worldwide concern, both for the environment and for human health. However, few data are available on the state of arsenic pollution in sediments near artisanal and industrial gold mining areas in Côte d'Ivoire. The aim of this study is to assess the spatial distribution of arsenic and its ecological and human health risks in sediments around gold mining areas in northern Côte d'Ivoire. Sampling was carried out in artisanal and industrial mining areas in Korhogo and Tengrela, northern Côte d'Ivoire. Spatial differences were determined using analysis of variance. Pollution indices were studied using the contamination factor and the enrichment factor. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk indices were used to investigate human health risks. The study revealed total arsenic concentrations ranging from 1.64 ± 0.04 to 159.72 ± 51.91 µg/g. It found Arsenic concentrations in sediments varied considerably from station to station. The results of the contamination factor indicated that the sediments were weakly to very strongly contaminate with arsenic. Non-carcinogenic risk index values ranged from 1.83E-04 to 1.78E-02, indicating low adverse effects on the surrounding habitats. In addition, the results of the potential risk (CRt) for human health revealed the existence of significant carcinogenic risks from arsenic for residents in the vicinity of the Tongon mining area.","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138962609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-16DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6276
Sonali Sonulkar, Khush R. Jain, Fariah F. Rizwani, Rakesh Somani, Rupesh Pingale
To method develop and validate simple, linear, rapid, cost effective, precise, accurate and economical for the simultaneous estimation of Pregabalin, Methylcobalamin and Nortriptyline in sustained release tablet dosage form using UV-Spectrophotometry. The drug obeyed the Beer’s law and showed good correlation of concentration with absorption which reflect in linearity. The UV- Spectroscopic method was developed for estimation of Pregabalin, Methylcobalamin and Nortriptyline in sustained release tablet dosage form and also validated as per ICH guidelines. The method is based on measurement of absorbance at three wavelengths 219 nm, 222 nm, and 239 nm in Ethanol and distilled water. Linearity graph of Pregabalin, Methylcobalamin and Nortriptyline were found to be linear in the concentration ranges of 30-150 µg/ml, 0.6-3.0 µg/ml and 2-10 µg/ml. The correlation coefficient (R2) values at three wavelengths 219 nm, 222 nm, and 239 nm for Pregabalin are 0.9996, 0.9929, and 0.9996; for Methylcobalamin (R2) values are 0.9998, 0.9991, and 0.9997; for Nortriptyline (R2) values are 1.0, 0.9992 and 0.9997. The low % RSD values indicate method to be accurate and precise. The % recoveries of Pregabalin, Methylcobalamin and Nortriptyline were in the range of (99.30%-1-1.61%), (98.89%-100.02%) and (99.69%-100.23%) which was within standard acceptance limits. All other validation parameters were performed by following respective ICH guidelines.
{"title":"Method Development and Validation for the Simultaneous Estimation of Pregabalin, Methylcobalamin and Nortriptyline in Sustained Release Tablet Dosage Form Using UV-Spectrophotometry","authors":"Sonali Sonulkar, Khush R. Jain, Fariah F. Rizwani, Rakesh Somani, Rupesh Pingale","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6276","url":null,"abstract":"To method develop and validate simple, linear, rapid, cost effective, precise, accurate and economical for the simultaneous estimation of Pregabalin, Methylcobalamin and Nortriptyline in sustained release tablet dosage form using UV-Spectrophotometry. The drug obeyed the Beer’s law and showed good correlation of concentration with absorption which reflect in linearity. The UV- Spectroscopic method was developed for estimation of Pregabalin, Methylcobalamin and Nortriptyline in sustained release tablet dosage form and also validated as per ICH guidelines. The method is based on measurement of absorbance at three wavelengths 219 nm, 222 nm, and 239 nm in Ethanol and distilled water. Linearity graph of Pregabalin, Methylcobalamin and Nortriptyline were found to be linear in the concentration ranges of 30-150 µg/ml, 0.6-3.0 µg/ml and 2-10 µg/ml. The correlation coefficient (R2) values at three wavelengths 219 nm, 222 nm, and 239 nm for Pregabalin are 0.9996, 0.9929, and 0.9996; for Methylcobalamin (R2) values are 0.9998, 0.9991, and 0.9997; for Nortriptyline (R2) values are 1.0, 0.9992 and 0.9997. The low % RSD values indicate method to be accurate and precise. The % recoveries of Pregabalin, Methylcobalamin and Nortriptyline were in the range of (99.30%-1-1.61%), (98.89%-100.02%) and (99.69%-100.23%) which was within standard acceptance limits. All other validation parameters were performed by following respective ICH guidelines.","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138967383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6275
Maurice N’bouke, Sèlonou Gautier Kankinou, Assongba Gaston Kpotin, J. Gómez-Jeria, Salomé D. S. Kpoviessi, Guy Y. S. Atohoun
Bacillus subtilis is a bacterium that has demonstrated its efficacy across various domains, including industry, agriculture, and commerce, owing to its protective, inhibitory, and biological mechanisms against specific microbes. However, at high concentrations, it can lead to food poisoning and severe infections, resulting in symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting. Bacterial spores produced by Bacillus subtilis can induce conditions like gas gangrene and tetanus. In this context, benzohydrazones are recognized for their antimicrobial activity, particularly against Bacillus subtilis. This study aims to elucidate the relationship between the electronic structure of para-substituted benzaldehyde benzohydrazone derivatives and their antimicrobial activity. This leads to the proposal of a 2D pharmacophore for predicting the antibacterial activity of these derivatives. The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach employed is the KPG method. The electronic structures were optimized using the density functional theory (DFT) method with the B3LYP functional and the 6-31G (d,p) basis set. Charge and local molecular orbitals were considered in the optimization process. The resulting prediction equation (R=98.95%, R²=97.91%, Adjusted R²=96.76%, F(5,9)=84.52) derived from multiple linear regression provides the basis for the proposed 2D pharmacophore. This equation shows that antimicrobial activity of benzohydrazone derivative is on charge and orbital controlled. This pharmacophore holds potential utility in designing new molecular structures with enhanced activity against Bacillus subtilis.
{"title":"Effect of the Electronic Structure of Para-Substituted Benzaldehyde Benzohydrazone on Its Antimicrobial Activity: A DFT Analysis","authors":"Maurice N’bouke, Sèlonou Gautier Kankinou, Assongba Gaston Kpotin, J. Gómez-Jeria, Salomé D. S. Kpoviessi, Guy Y. S. Atohoun","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6275","url":null,"abstract":"Bacillus subtilis is a bacterium that has demonstrated its efficacy across various domains, including industry, agriculture, and commerce, owing to its protective, inhibitory, and biological mechanisms against specific microbes. However, at high concentrations, it can lead to food poisoning and severe infections, resulting in symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting. Bacterial spores produced by Bacillus subtilis can induce conditions like gas gangrene and tetanus. In this context, benzohydrazones are recognized for their antimicrobial activity, particularly against Bacillus subtilis. This study aims to elucidate the relationship between the electronic structure of para-substituted benzaldehyde benzohydrazone derivatives and their antimicrobial activity. This leads to the proposal of a 2D pharmacophore for predicting the antibacterial activity of these derivatives. The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach employed is the KPG method. The electronic structures were optimized using the density functional theory (DFT) method with the B3LYP functional and the 6-31G (d,p) basis set. Charge and local molecular orbitals were considered in the optimization process. The resulting prediction equation (R=98.95%, R²=97.91%, Adjusted R²=96.76%, F(5,9)=84.52) derived from multiple linear regression provides the basis for the proposed 2D pharmacophore. This equation shows that antimicrobial activity of benzohydrazone derivative is on charge and orbital controlled. This pharmacophore holds potential utility in designing new molecular structures with enhanced activity against Bacillus subtilis.","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139008084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6274
H. Simol, R. A. Jahan
An effective treatment process for 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in wastewater is highly essential, since it may cause great threat to our environment. In such context, a low-cost potential and environment-friendly technique has been demonstrated for the removal of a toxic compound 2,4-DCP from aqueous media. The electrochemically generated aluminum sorbent was used to remove 2,4-DCP from waste water by in-situ electrocoagulation and by adsorption. The experimental findings were analyzed based on the percent removal of 2,4-DCP with time. DCP-containing wastewater was electrocoagulated in a two-electrode monopolar electrocoagulation cell with aluminum as the sacrificial anode and 0.05 M NaCl as the internal electrolyte, with the electrolyte concentration kept constant throughout the experiment. Starting concentration and pH were found to have a significant impact on the electrocoagulation process for removing 2,4-DCP from wastewater.
废水中2,4-二氯酚(2,4- dcp)的有效处理工艺是非常必要的，因为它可能对我们的环境造成很大的威胁。在这种情况下，一种低成本、环保的技术已经被证明可以从水介质中去除有毒化合物2,4-二氯苯酚。采用原位电絮凝和吸附两种方法对废水中的2,4-二氯苯酚进行了电化学合成铝吸附剂的去除。根据2,4- dcp去除率随时间的变化对实验结果进行了分析。以铝为牺牲阳极，0.05 M NaCl为内电解质，在双电极单极电凝池中对含dcp废水进行电凝处理，整个实验过程中保持电解质浓度不变。研究发现，初始浓度和pH值对电凝法去除废水中2,4-二氯苯酚有显著影响。
{"title":"Electrochemically Generated Aluminum-Species for Remediation of Waste Water Containing 2, 4-Dichlorophenol","authors":"H. Simol, R. A. Jahan","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6274","url":null,"abstract":"An effective treatment process for 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in wastewater is highly essential, since it may cause great threat to our environment. In such context, a low-cost potential and environment-friendly technique has been demonstrated for the removal of a toxic compound 2,4-DCP from aqueous media. The electrochemically generated aluminum sorbent was used to remove 2,4-DCP from waste water by in-situ electrocoagulation and by adsorption. The experimental findings were analyzed based on the percent removal of 2,4-DCP with time. DCP-containing wastewater was electrocoagulated in a two-electrode monopolar electrocoagulation cell with aluminum as the sacrificial anode and 0.05 M NaCl as the internal electrolyte, with the electrolyte concentration kept constant throughout the experiment. Starting concentration and pH were found to have a significant impact on the electrocoagulation process for removing 2,4-DCP from wastewater.","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138603746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-02DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6272
Onyelucheya, C. M., Nwabanne, J. T.
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature, duration, and water dilution on the composition of glucan, xylan, and lignin in cowpea shells (CS) pretreated with a neat and diluted Lactic acid-proline solvent. The composition of glucan, xylan, and lignin was analyzed using the NREL method. The highest xylan removal (12%) was achieved after a 6-hour pretreatment at 150°C, while 11.35% lignin removal was observed after 5 hours at the same temperature. The most significant increase in glucan content, reaching 78.3 %, was observed after 4 hours at 150°C using a 2.5% (w/w) water-diluted solvent. Comparing the effect of the neat solvents and diluted solvents it can be concluded that while the neat solvent promoted the dissolution of xylan and lignin, the addition of water preserved glucan from the harshness of the pretreatment. Therefore, the decision to dilute a natural deep eutectic solvent before its application in biomass pretreatment depends on the desired product from biomass fractionation (lignin or a carbohydrate-rich material) and pretreatment temperature. These findings provide a foundation for further investigations into optimizing the entire process.
{"title":"Lactic Acid-Proline Solvent Pretreatment of CS: Effects of Process Variables on Glucan, Xylan, and Lignin Composition","authors":"Onyelucheya, C. M., Nwabanne, J. T.","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6272","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature, duration, and water dilution on the composition of glucan, xylan, and lignin in cowpea shells (CS) pretreated with a neat and diluted Lactic acid-proline solvent. The composition of glucan, xylan, and lignin was analyzed using the NREL method. The highest xylan removal (12%) was achieved after a 6-hour pretreatment at 150°C, while 11.35% lignin removal was observed after 5 hours at the same temperature. The most significant increase in glucan content, reaching 78.3 %, was observed after 4 hours at 150°C using a 2.5% (w/w) water-diluted solvent. Comparing the effect of the neat solvents and diluted solvents it can be concluded that while the neat solvent promoted the dissolution of xylan and lignin, the addition of water preserved glucan from the harshness of the pretreatment. Therefore, the decision to dilute a natural deep eutectic solvent before its application in biomass pretreatment depends on the desired product from biomass fractionation (lignin or a carbohydrate-rich material) and pretreatment temperature. These findings provide a foundation for further investigations into optimizing the entire process.","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138607367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6271
Sourav Dey, Pranab Ghosh
An efficient, straight forward and sustainable synthetic procedures for the synthesis of few important class of bioactive heterocyclic compounds like dihydro-dichromeno-pyridine-6,8-diones, tetrahydrotetrazolo[5,1-b]quinazolinones and2,4-diaryl hexahydroquinoline-5-ones have been designed using a novel bio-degradable heterogeneous catalyst-sulphonated rice-husk (SRH). The greener catalyst has high porosity and high density of acid groups along with bio-degradable characteristics which has made it different and advantageous material for catalysis as compared to other conventional homogenous solid acid catalyst. We report primarily a new protocol for the synthesis of a group of biologically active compounds such as dihydro-dichromeno-pyridine-6,8-dione, tetrahydrotetrazolo[5,1-b]quinazolinone and2,4-diaryl hexahydroquinoline-5-ones derivatives using sulphonated rice husk (SRH) under greener condition. Operational simplicity, easy recovery of the product, metal free technique and reusability of the catalyst with excellent yield are the important and promising features of this procedure. The prepared solid heterogeneous catalyst was subjected for characterization using different spectroscopic techniques like FTIR, SEM, EDX, Powder XRD before its application for desired reaction.
{"title":"A Collaborative Study: Greener Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds Using Rice Husk-Based Catalyst","authors":"Sourav Dey, Pranab Ghosh","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6271","url":null,"abstract":"An efficient, straight forward and sustainable synthetic procedures for the synthesis of few important class of bioactive heterocyclic compounds like dihydro-dichromeno-pyridine-6,8-diones, tetrahydrotetrazolo[5,1-b]quinazolinones and2,4-diaryl hexahydroquinoline-5-ones have been designed using a novel bio-degradable heterogeneous catalyst-sulphonated rice-husk (SRH). The greener catalyst has high porosity and high density of acid groups along with bio-degradable characteristics which has made it different and advantageous material for catalysis as compared to other conventional homogenous solid acid catalyst. We report primarily a new protocol for the synthesis of a group of biologically active compounds such as dihydro-dichromeno-pyridine-6,8-dione, tetrahydrotetrazolo[5,1-b]quinazolinone and2,4-diaryl hexahydroquinoline-5-ones derivatives using sulphonated rice husk (SRH) under greener condition. Operational simplicity, easy recovery of the product, metal free technique and reusability of the catalyst with excellent yield are the important and promising features of this procedure. The prepared solid heterogeneous catalyst was subjected for characterization using different spectroscopic techniques like FTIR, SEM, EDX, Powder XRD before its application for desired reaction.","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139249506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-21DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6270
Abulkhair Abdullah, Muhammad Zulfian A. Disi, Muhammad Fakhrur Rajih Hi. Yusuf, Mutmainnah
In 2019, North Maluku exported 54,470,489 kg of copra and 2,712,999 kg of nutmeg. The large export value of these two commodities shows that not a small amount of organic waste is produced per year. The high market demand for these two superior commodities will have an impact on the high production of waste generated. Nutmeg shells and coconut shells are dry organic waste. Although organic waste can decompose naturally, both wastes will take a long time to decompose compared to wet organic waste. Waste that is not handled properly will have a worse impact in the future. On the other hand, these wastes have excellent potential if utilized as a renewable energy source. In this study, briquettes were made from nutmeg shell charcoal (NSC) and coconut shell charcoal (CSC) as basic materials, while the adhesive used a 4 % starch solution. This study aims to obtain the optimum ratio of nutmeg shell and coconut shell mixture as raw material for briquettes. The ratio of AP:AK in the briquettes is as follows: Formula B1 (3:1); Formula B2 (1:1); and Formula B3 (1:3). The briquettes were evaluated with reference to SNI 01-6235-2000. The results of the briquette evaluation are as follows: Formula B1 (water content 7.21 %; volatile matter 36.28 %; ash content 7.50 %; calories 6219.07 cal/g); Formula B2 (water content 7.18 %; volatile matter 32.39 %; ash content 6.52 %; calories 6485.14 cal/g); and Formula B3 (water content 6.93 %; volatile matter 29.41 %; ash content 7.06 %; calories 6813.80 cal/g). Based on the briquette evaluation results, Formula B3 is the best quality briquette.
{"title":"Potential Renewable Energy Source from Nutmeg-Coconut Shell Waste in North Maluku, Indonesia","authors":"Abulkhair Abdullah, Muhammad Zulfian A. Disi, Muhammad Fakhrur Rajih Hi. Yusuf, Mutmainnah","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6270","url":null,"abstract":"In 2019, North Maluku exported 54,470,489 kg of copra and 2,712,999 kg of nutmeg. The large export value of these two commodities shows that not a small amount of organic waste is produced per year. The high market demand for these two superior commodities will have an impact on the high production of waste generated. Nutmeg shells and coconut shells are dry organic waste. Although organic waste can decompose naturally, both wastes will take a long time to decompose compared to wet organic waste. Waste that is not handled properly will have a worse impact in the future. On the other hand, these wastes have excellent potential if utilized as a renewable energy source. In this study, briquettes were made from nutmeg shell charcoal (NSC) and coconut shell charcoal (CSC) as basic materials, while the adhesive used a 4 % starch solution. This study aims to obtain the optimum ratio of nutmeg shell and coconut shell mixture as raw material for briquettes. The ratio of AP:AK in the briquettes is as follows: Formula B1 (3:1); Formula B2 (1:1); and Formula B3 (1:3). The briquettes were evaluated with reference to SNI 01-6235-2000. The results of the briquette evaluation are as follows: Formula B1 (water content 7.21 %; volatile matter 36.28 %; ash content 7.50 %; calories 6219.07 cal/g); Formula B2 (water content 7.18 %; volatile matter 32.39 %; ash content 6.52 %; calories 6485.14 cal/g); and Formula B3 (water content 6.93 %; volatile matter 29.41 %; ash content 7.06 %; calories 6813.80 cal/g). Based on the briquette evaluation results, Formula B3 is the best quality briquette.","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139251686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-16DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6269
G. Swarnabala, K. Suresh, B. Divya, A. Bharadwaj
The aqueous solutions of toxic hexavalent chromium have been analyzed using diphenyl carbazide (DPC) dissolved in organic solvents as a coordinating ligand since early nineteen hundreds. The chemistry is not clear due to the formation of an unstable, suggested organometallic complex, which is only An intermediary. The structure of the same could not be determined or is hypothetical even today with a further suggested, molecular structure in which instead of pi bonded delocalization of benzene rings expected to be as in sandwich compounds, electron empty d-orbital of hexavalent chromium facilitating the electron transfer and giving the observed color of the obtained complex as in inner field coordinating complexes. The electrical and electronic equipment requires the estimation of hexavalent chromium up to ~0.2 % (~2000 ppm) present in high chromium containing solid matrix, with DPC using standard International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) method. However, the visible yellow color can be directly measured on UV-Vis spectrophotometer with the hexavalent chromium stripped or leached out into acidic aqueous solutions from these materials using the known IEC method for leaching. The presence of interfering ions is ruled out with the leaching procedure given in it. Therefore, the stability of these aqueous acidic solutions containing hexavalent chromium was checked for 16 days. So that direct measurement can be done without DPC. Screws, Fork Pivot Bore and Rat Trap Box containing hexavalent chromium were analyzed and compared with and without DPC. It is noted that the analysis of these materials can satisfactorily be achieved easily or simply without adding DPC on UV-Vis spectrophotometer or any other organic ligands or using high-end equipment such as Ion Chromatography (IC).
{"title":"Estimation of Toxic Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+) in Metal Components Present in Electronic and Electrical Materials with or without using Coordinating Ligands","authors":"G. Swarnabala, K. Suresh, B. Divya, A. Bharadwaj","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6269","url":null,"abstract":"The aqueous solutions of toxic hexavalent chromium have been analyzed using diphenyl carbazide (DPC) dissolved in organic solvents as a coordinating ligand since early nineteen hundreds. The chemistry is not clear due to the formation of an unstable, suggested organometallic complex, which is only An intermediary. The structure of the same could not be determined or is hypothetical even today with a further suggested, molecular structure in which instead of pi bonded delocalization of benzene rings expected to be as in sandwich compounds, electron empty d-orbital of hexavalent chromium facilitating the electron transfer and giving the observed color of the obtained complex as in inner field coordinating complexes. The electrical and electronic equipment requires the estimation of hexavalent chromium up to ~0.2 % (~2000 ppm) present in high chromium containing solid matrix, with DPC using standard International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) method. However, the visible yellow color can be directly measured on UV-Vis spectrophotometer with the hexavalent chromium stripped or leached out into acidic aqueous solutions from these materials using the known IEC method for leaching. The presence of interfering ions is ruled out with the leaching procedure given in it. Therefore, the stability of these aqueous acidic solutions containing hexavalent chromium was checked for 16 days. So that direct measurement can be done without DPC. Screws, Fork Pivot Bore and Rat Trap Box containing hexavalent chromium were analyzed and compared with and without DPC. It is noted that the analysis of these materials can satisfactorily be achieved easily or simply without adding DPC on UV-Vis spectrophotometer or any other organic ligands or using high-end equipment such as Ion Chromatography (IC).","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139270427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6267
Mboso I. Obodom, Inemesit A. Akpan, Okon U. Abakedi
Mild steel corrosion inhibition in 1 M HCl solution by semi-pure seeds extracts of Cola nitida was investigated using gravimetric and electrochemical (potentiodynamic polarization) methods. The results obtained reveal that dichloromethane (DCM) semi-pure seeds extracts of C. nitida coded Mb4 and Mb5) inhibited mild steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid solution. The inhibition efficiency, by the gravimetric method, increased with increase in the extracts concentration but decreased with increase in temperature. The inhibition efficiency by the potentiodynamic polarization also increased with increase in extract concentration. The evaluated thermodynamic parameters revealed that the corrosion inhibition process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements revealed that the extracts were mixed – type inhibitors since E_corrvalues were less than the threshold value of 85 mV. The adsorption of the extracts onto mild steel surface fitted the Temkin adsorption isotherm. Scanning electron micrographs revealed the formation of protective dense film on the steel surface in the presence of the extracts compared to the blank. Physical adsorption has been proposed for the adsorption of C. nitida seeds extracts onto mild steel surface.
& # x0D;采用重量法和电化学(动电位极化)方法研究了半纯乳香可乐种子提取物在1 M HCl溶液中对低碳钢的缓蚀作用。结果表明，二氯甲烷(DCM)半纯nitida种子提取物(编码Mb4和Mb5)在盐酸溶液中具有抑制低碳钢腐蚀的作用。重量法测定的抑菌效果随萃取液浓度的增加而增加，随温度的升高而降低。动电位极化抑制效果随萃取物浓度的增加而增加。评价的热力学参数表明，缓蚀过程是自发的、吸热的。动电位极化测量表明，萃取物为混合型抑制剂，e_corrvalue小于85 mV的阈值。提取液在低碳钢表面的吸附符合Temkin吸附等温线。扫描电镜显示，与空白相比，在提取物存在的情况下，钢表面形成了保护性致密膜。提出了一种物理吸附的方法来吸附硝酸菌种子提取物在低碳钢表面。
{"title":"Gravimetric and Electrochemical Assessments of the Corrosion Inhibition Potential of Cola nitida Seeds Extract on Mild Steel Surface in Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Solution","authors":"Mboso I. Obodom, Inemesit A. Akpan, Okon U. Abakedi","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6267","url":null,"abstract":"
 Mild steel corrosion inhibition in 1 M HCl solution by semi-pure seeds extracts of Cola nitida was investigated using gravimetric and electrochemical (potentiodynamic polarization) methods. The results obtained reveal that dichloromethane (DCM) semi-pure seeds extracts of C. nitida coded Mb4 and Mb5) inhibited mild steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid solution. The inhibition efficiency, by the gravimetric method, increased with increase in the extracts concentration but decreased with increase in temperature. The inhibition efficiency by the potentiodynamic polarization also increased with increase in extract concentration. The evaluated thermodynamic parameters revealed that the corrosion inhibition process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements revealed that the extracts were mixed – type inhibitors since E_corrvalues were less than the threshold value of 85 mV. The adsorption of the extracts onto mild steel surface fitted the Temkin adsorption isotherm. Scanning electron micrographs revealed the formation of protective dense film on the steel surface in the presence of the extracts compared to the blank. Physical adsorption has been proposed for the adsorption of C. nitida seeds extracts onto mild steel surface.","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134953984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6268
S. Nagarajan, G. Kayalvizhi
Chemical graph theory is the mathematical modeling of molecules. It is a branch of graph theory that studies all of the efects of connection in a chemical network. Pneumonia is an infection of one or both of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Antibiotic drugs such as Azithromycin, Amoxicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Clindamycin, Levofloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole, Metronidazole, Moxifloxacin, Tetracycline, Cefotaxime are used to treat pneumonia. In this paper, various degree based topological indices of these drugs are calculated and different types of regression models predicting the physicochemical properties of these drugs in terms of proposed indices are obtained and analyzed. Furthermore, we calculate the M-polynomial of these drugs.
化学图论是分子的数学模型。它是图论的一个分支，研究化学网络中所有连接的影响。肺炎是由细菌、病毒或真菌引起的一侧或双侧肺部感染。阿奇霉素、阿莫西林、环丙沙星、红霉素、克拉霉素、克林霉素、左氧氟沙星、磺胺甲噁唑、甲硝唑、莫西沙星、四环素、头孢噻肟等抗生素药物可用于治疗肺炎。本文计算了这些药物的各种基于度的拓扑指数，并获得和分析了根据拟议指数预测这些药物理化性质的不同类型的回归模型。此外，我们还计算了这些药物的 M 多项式。
{"title":"Topological Indices of Antibiotic Drugs used in Pneumonia Treatment with their QSPR Analysis and M-polynomial","authors":"S. Nagarajan, G. Kayalvizhi","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6268","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical graph theory is the mathematical modeling of molecules. It is a branch of graph theory that studies all of the efects of connection in a chemical network. Pneumonia is an infection of one or both of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Antibiotic drugs such as Azithromycin, Amoxicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Clindamycin, Levofloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole, Metronidazole, Moxifloxacin, Tetracycline, Cefotaxime are used to treat pneumonia. In this paper, various degree based topological indices of these drugs are calculated and different types of regression models predicting the physicochemical properties of these drugs in terms of proposed indices are obtained and analyzed. Furthermore, we calculate the M-polynomial of these drugs.","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139277254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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