Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i4226
S. Garba, Okubanjo, O. Olubukola
The anti-pepsin enzyme (HIV-1) activities of crude extract of Vernonia amygdalina and Cymbopogon citratus were investigated using standard methods. A portion (0.5cm3) of pepsin enzyme solution was measured and transferred into viels, 2 cm3 of hemoglobin and 1 cm3 of the extracts were mixed together. The procedure was repeated for all the different extract. A standard control was also prepared using hemoglobin, enzyme and the various concentrations of the anti-retroviral drugs. A negative control was ran using only hemoglobin and pepsin enzyme whereas positive control was ran along with the standard using hemoglobin, enzyme and various concentrations of antiretroviral drugs. The mixture was allowed to incubate at 37 ºC, after 20 mins, 700 µl of 5% TCA was added to stop the reaction. It was then centrifuged at 14000 rev/min for 5 mins and the supernatant was collected. Absorbance was recorded spectrophotometrically at 280 nm. Each sample was taken in triplicate. UV-Visible spectrophotometer was used to detect the absorbance at 280 nm. The results of the anti-pepsin enzyme (HIV-1) activities showed that petroleum ether fraction of Cymbopogon citratus exhibited wavelength of maximum absorption (גmax) ranging from 0.788 nm - 0.789 nm and its ethyl acetate fraction exhibited גmax absorption ranging from 0.785 nm- 0.788 nm. Petroleum ether fraction of Vernonia amygdalina exhibited גmax absorption ranging from 1.383 nm-1.399 nm while its ethyl acetate fraction exhibited גmax absorption ranging from 1.384 nm-1.400 nm. The result of this work shows that both Cymbopogon citratus and Vernonia amygdalina ethyl acetate fraction have higher activity with Vernonia amygdalina being the highest. Column chromatography of the ethyl acetate fraction of Vernonia amygdalina led to the isolation of the compound which shows higher activity (1.384 nm- 1.400 nm). Available spectroscopic data using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and IR showed that the compound could be β-Sitosterol. The result of this work therefore showed that the extract from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina could be used for the treatment of HIV-1(since it has the same sequence and family with the pepsin enzyme) and other diseases caused by targeted virus.
{"title":"Isolation, Characterization and Anti-Pepsin (HIV-Protease) Activity of Vernonia amygdalina Del and Cymbopogon citratus (de Condole) Stapf","authors":"S. Garba, Okubanjo, O. Olubukola","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i4226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i4226","url":null,"abstract":"The anti-pepsin enzyme (HIV-1) activities of crude extract of Vernonia amygdalina and Cymbopogon citratus were investigated using standard methods. A portion (0.5cm3) of pepsin enzyme solution was measured and transferred into viels, 2 cm3 of hemoglobin and 1 cm3 of the extracts were mixed together. The procedure was repeated for all the different extract. A standard control was also prepared using hemoglobin, enzyme and the various concentrations of the anti-retroviral drugs. A negative control was ran using only hemoglobin and pepsin enzyme whereas positive control was ran along with the standard using hemoglobin, enzyme and various concentrations of antiretroviral drugs. The mixture was allowed to incubate at 37 ºC, after 20 mins, 700 µl of 5% TCA was added to stop the reaction. It was then centrifuged at 14000 rev/min for 5 mins and the supernatant was collected. Absorbance was recorded spectrophotometrically at 280 nm. Each sample was taken in triplicate. UV-Visible spectrophotometer was used to detect the absorbance at 280 nm. The results of the anti-pepsin enzyme (HIV-1) activities showed that petroleum ether fraction of Cymbopogon citratus exhibited wavelength of maximum absorption (גmax) ranging from 0.788 nm - 0.789 nm and its ethyl acetate fraction exhibited גmax absorption ranging from 0.785 nm- 0.788 nm. Petroleum ether fraction of Vernonia amygdalina exhibited גmax absorption ranging from 1.383 nm-1.399 nm while its ethyl acetate fraction exhibited גmax absorption ranging from 1.384 nm-1.400 nm. The result of this work shows that both Cymbopogon citratus and Vernonia amygdalina ethyl acetate fraction have higher activity with Vernonia amygdalina being the highest. Column chromatography of the ethyl acetate fraction of Vernonia amygdalina led to the isolation of the compound which shows higher activity (1.384 nm- 1.400 nm). Available spectroscopic data using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and IR showed that the compound could be β-Sitosterol. The result of this work therefore showed that the extract from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina could be used for the treatment of HIV-1(since it has the same sequence and family with the pepsin enzyme) and other diseases caused by targeted virus.","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84039499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-27DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i4225
Josphat Kipkoech, Jonathan O. Adongo
UV-visible spectroscopic measurements were used to characterize the formation of two ammonium-molybdate complexes, to elucidate its kinetics, and to carry out spectrophotometric quantitation of percent phosphate content in selected commercially available fertilizers. The kinetic study of ammonium-molybdate [(NH3)6Mo7O24] reaction with hydrazine (N2H2) yielding ammonium-hydrazine-molybdate complex (AHM) and that of reaction of AHM with phosphate [PO4]3- to give phospho-ammonium-hydrazine-molybdate (AHPM) complex revealed that both proceed via zero-order kinetics (R2= 0.99) with rate constants in the order of 10-5 and 10-4 M/s respectively. The kinetic experiments revealed that the rate of formation of the AHM complex is sensitive to an increase in N2H2 ligand concentration. For both reactions, the highest complexation rates were observed within the first 1000 s. Complex dissociation and association equilibria events were observed at extended reaction periods in the kinetic experiments. The AHPM system (containing complexed phosphates) used in spectrophotometric quantitation of phosphate levels in fertilizer samples was found to obey the Beer-Lambert equation in the visible region at λ max. = 820 nm within the concentration range of 5 – 90% phosphate content (R2 = 0.99). Of the fertilizer randomized sampled from Nakuru Municipality in Kenya, and analyzed the percent phosphate content among the inorganic fertilizers was found to range between 61.7% - 82% with a mean of 72.86% +/- 6.98 SD. Whereas in the organic fertilizer samples investigated, it was found to range between 43.8% - 58.2% with means of 52.55% +/- 6.77 SD. The organic fertilizers were found to have significantly lower phosphate levels based on an unpaired t-test revealing that the mean percent concentrations between the two groups of fertilizer samples tested are significantly different at 95% CI (P value < 0.05).
{"title":"Application of UV-Visible Spectroscopy in Kinetic Study of Molybdate Complexation Reactions and Phosphate Content Quantitation","authors":"Josphat Kipkoech, Jonathan O. Adongo","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i4225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i4225","url":null,"abstract":"UV-visible spectroscopic measurements were used to characterize the formation of two ammonium-molybdate complexes, to elucidate its kinetics, and to carry out spectrophotometric quantitation of percent phosphate content in selected commercially available fertilizers. The kinetic study of ammonium-molybdate [(NH3)6Mo7O24] reaction with hydrazine (N2H2) yielding ammonium-hydrazine-molybdate complex (AHM) and that of reaction of AHM with phosphate [PO4]3- to give phospho-ammonium-hydrazine-molybdate (AHPM) complex revealed that both proceed via zero-order kinetics (R2= 0.99) with rate constants in the order of 10-5 and 10-4 M/s respectively. The kinetic experiments revealed that the rate of formation of the AHM complex is sensitive to an increase in N2H2 ligand concentration. For both reactions, the highest complexation rates were observed within the first 1000 s. Complex dissociation and association equilibria events were observed at extended reaction periods in the kinetic experiments. The AHPM system (containing complexed phosphates) used in spectrophotometric quantitation of phosphate levels in fertilizer samples was found to obey the Beer-Lambert equation in the visible region at λ max. = 820 nm within the concentration range of 5 – 90% phosphate content (R2 = 0.99). Of the fertilizer randomized sampled from Nakuru Municipality in Kenya, and analyzed the percent phosphate content among the inorganic fertilizers was found to range between 61.7% - 82% with a mean of 72.86% +/- 6.98 SD. Whereas in the organic fertilizer samples investigated, it was found to range between 43.8% - 58.2% with means of 52.55% +/- 6.77 SD. The organic fertilizers were found to have significantly lower phosphate levels based on an unpaired t-test revealing that the mean percent concentrations between the two groups of fertilizer samples tested are significantly different at 95% CI (P value < 0.05).","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83975800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-23DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i4224
Issa Samb, V. Michelet
Stilbene and phenylethynylstilbene units are excellent candidates for fluorescent sensor synthesis. In this paper we show a fast and efficient method for the preparation of fluorophores based on biphenyl nuclei with phenylene-vinylene units functionalized by donor groups. Using pallado catalysed coupling reactions of Sonogashira types and Wittig or Wittig-Horner reaction, the stilbene and phenylethylsilbene arms functionalized with O-alkyl and N-alkyl donor groups were synthesized.
{"title":"Rapid Methods of Synthesis of Stilbene and Phenylethynylstilbene Arms","authors":"Issa Samb, V. Michelet","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i4224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i4224","url":null,"abstract":"Stilbene and phenylethynylstilbene units are excellent candidates for fluorescent sensor synthesis. In this paper we show a fast and efficient method for the preparation of fluorophores based on biphenyl nuclei with phenylene-vinylene units functionalized by donor groups. Using pallado catalysed coupling reactions of Sonogashira types and Wittig or Wittig-Horner reaction, the stilbene and phenylethylsilbene arms functionalized with O-alkyl and N-alkyl donor groups were synthesized.","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75679950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-19DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i3223
Diégane Sarr, D. D. Thiaré, P. A. Diaw, Khémesse Kital, A. Saba, C. Sall, A. Coly, F. Delattre, A. Tine
In order to predict the fate of fluometuron in the aquatic environment and to assess the risk that it may pose, we studied its photolysis reaction in aqueous media. This reaction was monitored by UV absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. UV irradiation source consisting of a 254 nm mercury lamp was used. The study showed that fluometuron is unstable under the effect of light radiation when irradiated in water. The absorption band and the emission of this product were at 244 nm and 325 nm respectively. This study also shows that the photodegradation of fluometuron in water follows first order kinetics regardless of the method followed. However, a difference was noted in the half-life times (t1/2). Indeed, these times found in UV and fluorescence are respectively 18.2 min and 6.6 min. The relatively lower value obtained in fluorescence could be explained by the fact that the latter is more sensitive to UV and fluorescence. In all cases, the half-lives found were relatively short (t1/2<1h). For more information on the photolysis of this herbicide, these two methods were combined with NMR and GC-MS to identify the different photoproducts that may be formed.
{"title":"Study of the Photodegradation Kinetics of Fluometuron by UV Absorption Spectrophotometry and Fluorescence","authors":"Diégane Sarr, D. D. Thiaré, P. A. Diaw, Khémesse Kital, A. Saba, C. Sall, A. Coly, F. Delattre, A. Tine","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i3223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i3223","url":null,"abstract":"In order to predict the fate of fluometuron in the aquatic environment and to assess the risk that it may pose, we studied its photolysis reaction in aqueous media. This reaction was monitored by UV absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. UV irradiation source consisting of a 254 nm mercury lamp was used. The study showed that fluometuron is unstable under the effect of light radiation when irradiated in water. The absorption band and the emission of this product were at 244 nm and 325 nm respectively. This study also shows that the photodegradation of fluometuron in water follows first order kinetics regardless of the method followed. However, a difference was noted in the half-life times (t1/2). Indeed, these times found in UV and fluorescence are respectively 18.2 min and 6.6 min. The relatively lower value obtained in fluorescence could be explained by the fact that the latter is more sensitive to UV and fluorescence. In all cases, the half-lives found were relatively short (t1/2<1h). For more information on the photolysis of this herbicide, these two methods were combined with NMR and GC-MS to identify the different photoproducts that may be formed.","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90823344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i3222
C. Anarado, O. F. Obumselu, N. U. Ejimofor, N. Okafor, C. Igwe, J. C. Udekute, C. Igwe, C. B. Nsofor
The present research aimed to investigate the phytochemical bioactive constituents and proximate composition of the methanol extract of Kigelia africana and Annona senegalensis stem bark, as well as its in vitro antidiabetic potential. The results suggest that the presence of bioactive compounds may be responsible for the numerous medicinal capacities of these plants, including their antidiabetic abilities. The methanol stem bark extracts of K. africana and A. senegalensis demonstrated strong α-amylase and yeast cell glucose absorption inhibition, respectively. The stem bark methanol extract of A. senegalensis exhibited the highest level of inhibition (87.61%) at 0.1 mg/ml concentration when compared to conventional acarbose medication (56.0%) on the α-amylase enzyme. The percentage of glucose uptake by both methanol stem bark extract of Kigelia africana and Annona senegalensis was recorded maximum (31.40%) at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. The present research establishes the antidiabetic effect of methanol stem bark extract of Kigelia africana and Annona senegalensis by in vitro assays.
{"title":"Comparative Phytochemical, Proximate and In vitro Antihyperglycemic Analyses of the Stem Bark Extracts of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth and Annona senegalensis Pers","authors":"C. Anarado, O. F. Obumselu, N. U. Ejimofor, N. Okafor, C. Igwe, J. C. Udekute, C. Igwe, C. B. Nsofor","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i3222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i3222","url":null,"abstract":"The present research aimed to investigate the phytochemical bioactive constituents and proximate composition of the methanol extract of Kigelia africana and Annona senegalensis stem bark, as well as its in vitro antidiabetic potential. The results suggest that the presence of bioactive compounds may be responsible for the numerous medicinal capacities of these plants, including their antidiabetic abilities. The methanol stem bark extracts of K. africana and A. senegalensis demonstrated strong α-amylase and yeast cell glucose absorption inhibition, respectively. The stem bark methanol extract of A. senegalensis exhibited the highest level of inhibition (87.61%) at 0.1 mg/ml concentration when compared to conventional acarbose medication (56.0%) on the α-amylase enzyme. The percentage of glucose uptake by both methanol stem bark extract of Kigelia africana and Annona senegalensis was recorded maximum (31.40%) at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. The present research establishes the antidiabetic effect of methanol stem bark extract of Kigelia africana and Annona senegalensis by in vitro assays.","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84074956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-07DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i3219
Ikechukwu Iloh Udema
Background: Previous research has shown that the intrinsic reverse (backward) and forward rate constants are larger than the effective or apparent rate constants for the formation and dissociation of an enzyme-substrate complex (ES). It is speculated that such intrinsic rate constants could be larger if an appropriate mathematical equation was adopted for their computation. Methods: Theoretical, experimental (Bernfeld method), and computational methods. Objectives: 1) To rederive the equations for calculating the intrinsic rate constants for forward (k1) and reverse (i.e., backward) (k2) reactions; 2) to calculate the intrinsic rate constants; and 3) to show that the probability (1/g) (or req(r)) that an enzyme is at a distance from the substrate is a variable. Results and Discussion: The equations for the determination of k2 and k1 were rederived. Unlike previous findings, the intrinsic (reverse) first order rate, k2 and forward second order rate, k1 were larger than their apparent counterparts, but they were, however, very similar in magnitude. The intrinsic rate constants were much larger than previously reported values when the enzyme (E) total concentration [ET] was much less than substrate’s total concentration [ST]. The k1 and apparent forward second order rate (kf) values where [ET] is much less than [ST] were > where [ET] is less than [ST]. Therefore, the magnitude of the second order rate constant is a function of [ET]. The values of k1 and k2 where [ET] is much less than [ST] and vice-versa were respectively, 7.41 exp. (+6) L/mol. min and 81.34 exp. (+4) /min, and 15.76 exp. (+6) L/mol. min and 58.08 exp.(+4) /min. It was discovered that the probability (1/g) (or req(r))) that an enzyme is at a distance from the substrate with the possibility of mutual attraction is not constant. Conclusion: If the intrinsic forward rate constant (k1) is not equal to diffusion limited rate (kD) of encounter, the k1 and k2 values could be larger than values where k1 is equal to kD. The probability (1/g) (or req(r)) that an enzyme is at a distance from the substrate with the possibility of mutual attraction has been discovered to be a variable constant dependent on the concentration of the reaction mixture components and the enzyme's affinity for the substrate, and vice versa. Future research may attempt to derive an equation for the determination of an intrinsic catalytic rate constant for the formation of a product.
{"title":"Larger Intrinsic Rate Constants of Alpha-amylase is Possible if Intrinsic Forward Rate Constant is ≠ Diffusion limited Rate of Encounter","authors":"Ikechukwu Iloh Udema","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i3219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i3219","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Previous research has shown that the intrinsic reverse (backward) and forward rate constants are larger than the effective or apparent rate constants for the formation and dissociation of an enzyme-substrate complex (ES). It is speculated that such intrinsic rate constants could be larger if an appropriate mathematical equation was adopted for their computation. Methods: Theoretical, experimental (Bernfeld method), and computational methods. Objectives: 1) To rederive the equations for calculating the intrinsic rate constants for forward (k1) and reverse (i.e., backward) (k2) reactions; 2) to calculate the intrinsic rate constants; and 3) to show that the probability (1/g) (or req(r)) that an enzyme is at a distance from the substrate is a variable. Results and Discussion: The equations for the determination of k2 and k1 were rederived. Unlike previous findings, the intrinsic (reverse) first order rate, k2 and forward second order rate, k1 were larger than their apparent counterparts, but they were, however, very similar in magnitude. The intrinsic rate constants were much larger than previously reported values when the enzyme (E) total concentration [ET] was much less than substrate’s total concentration [ST]. The k1 and apparent forward second order rate (kf) values where [ET] is much less than [ST] were > where [ET] is less than [ST]. Therefore, the magnitude of the second order rate constant is a function of [ET]. The values of k1 and k2 where [ET] is much less than [ST] and vice-versa were respectively, 7.41 exp. (+6) L/mol. min and 81.34 exp. (+4) /min, and 15.76 exp. (+6) L/mol. min and 58.08 exp.(+4) /min. It was discovered that the probability (1/g) (or req(r))) that an enzyme is at a distance from the substrate with the possibility of mutual attraction is not constant. Conclusion: If the intrinsic forward rate constant (k1) is not equal to diffusion limited rate (kD) of encounter, the k1 and k2 values could be larger than values where k1 is equal to kD. The probability (1/g) (or req(r)) that an enzyme is at a distance from the substrate with the possibility of mutual attraction has been discovered to be a variable constant dependent on the concentration of the reaction mixture components and the enzyme's affinity for the substrate, and vice versa. Future research may attempt to derive an equation for the determination of an intrinsic catalytic rate constant for the formation of a product.","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91246880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-07DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i3220
A. Kunyima, J. C. Kuburhanwa, H. M. Kaseya, M. Kunyima
Background: Why this miraculous and amphiphilic compound, the curcumin, which has a very extraordinary therapeutic potential (because can react with many targets in the organism), has a weak bioavailability in the organism and is metabolized in compounds having very weak activity or inactive compounds?. How to improve substantially its bioavailability and therefore its absorption in the organism in order to allow its incorporation in making of pharmaceuticals regardless of its nanoparticles of which obtention is furthermore hardworking? Aim: It seems indicated to search the response in the kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of this compound or in its co-administration with the other compounds in vitro in order to understand how to increase its absorption in vivo because bioavailability entails hydrosolubility (hydrophile) of curcuminoids of which the molecules are naturally hydrophobes. Objective: So our objective is to make better our understanding of the absorption of natural curcuminoids in the organism without resorting to chemical transformation in nanoparticles that is additionally hardworking. Methodology: In this paper, kinetic and thermodynamic study of extraction of oleoresin containing curcuminoids from Turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.), using KUNYIMA’s first law, has been performed in acetone that can be reduced in propan-2-ol which is water-like solvent by catalytic hydrogenating (H2,Ni ) or by chemical reduction (LiAlH4). Results: The weak global kinetic constant of extraction of oleoresin containing curcuminoids has been determined at 250 rpm (round per minute) and found the same at 500 rpm (k= 0.1520 ± 0.0005) min-1 for temperature of 27,5°C and constant pressure in acetone in closed system. Conclusion: Kunyima’s first law has made possible the kinetic and thermodynamic study of extraction of oleoresin containing curcuminoids from Turmeric. Kinetic constant is a measure of solubility of oleoresin containing curcuminoids and therefore a measure of solubility of curcuminoids in a given solvent, ethanol and acetone being concerned in this paper as solvents. Results show that kinetic constant is inversely proportional to solubility of solvent and it can be a parameter abling the determination of the endothermic or exothermic behavior of extraction of curcuminoids. The endothermic behavior of curcuminoids hereby determined in ethanol and acetone in vitro, increased by magnetic stirring, suggests their weak bioavailability and therefore the weak bioavailability of curcumin. The challenge of this actual research is to improve our understanding of kinetics and thermodynamics of extraction of oleoresin containing curcuminoids from Turmeric in vitro in order to presage their bioavailability still weak for an efficient validated action. The increase of bioavailability will be done whether through improved formulations of curcumin or through new pathways of administration. The conception of curcumin analogous is also a way to promote its effec
背景:为什么姜黄素这种神奇的两亲性化合物，具有非常非凡的治疗潜力(因为可以与生物体中的许多靶点发生反应)，在生物体中的生物利用度很弱，并且代谢成活性非常弱或无活性的化合物?如何实质性地提高其生物利用度，从而提高其在生物体中的吸收，以便将其纳入药物制造中，而不管其纳米颗粒是如何引起进一步的注意的?目的:研究姜黄素在体外的动力学和热力学行为或与其他化合物共同给药的反应，以了解如何增加其在体内的吸收，因为生物利用度需要姜黄素的水溶性(亲水性)，而姜黄素分子是天然疏水的。目的:因此，我们的目标是更好地了解天然姜黄素在生物体中的吸收，而不诉诸于纳米颗粒中的化学转化，这是额外的努力。方法:以丙酮为溶剂，利用KUNYIMA第一定律对姜黄(Curcuma Longa L.)中含有姜黄素的油树脂进行了动力学和热力学研究，丙酮可通过催化加氢(H2,Ni)或化学还原(LiAlH4)在类水溶剂丙烯-2-醇中还原。结果:测定了含姜黄素的油树脂在250 rpm(圆/ min)和500 rpm (k= 0.1520±0.0005)min-1条件下在封闭体系中27,5℃、恒压丙酮中提取的弱总动力学常数。结论:昆依马第一定律为从姜黄中提取含姜黄素的油树脂的动力学和热力学研究提供了可能。动力学常数是测定含有姜黄素的油树脂溶解度的一种方法，因此也是测定姜黄素在给定溶剂中的溶解度的一种方法，本文所讨论的溶剂是乙醇和丙酮。结果表明，动力学常数与溶剂溶解度成反比，可以作为测定姜黄素提取吸热或放热行为的参数。姜黄素在乙醇和丙酮中的体外吸热行为，通过磁搅拌增加，表明其生物利用度较弱，因此姜黄素的生物利用度较弱。本实际研究的挑战是提高我们对姜黄中含姜黄素的油树脂的体外提取动力学和热力学的理解，以预测其生物利用度仍然较弱，从而有效地验证其作用。提高生物利用度将通过改进姜黄素的配方或通过新的给药途径来实现。姜黄素类似物的概念也是促进其作用的一种方式。这种现象在类水溶剂中越放热，所涉及的化合物就越具有生物可利用性。本研究通过含姜黄素的油树脂提取的吸热行为和较弱的整体动力学常数揭示了姜黄素在丙酮中的酮型优势和姜黄素(姜黄素)缺乏生物利用度。丙酮中熵的变化毫不奇怪地显示了萃取后系统的扰动。比较了姜黄素在丙酮和乙醇中作为类水溶剂的动力学常数值，发现姜黄素在丙酮中的溶解度较好，动力学常数较弱。姜黄素预示着充满希望的未来。
{"title":"Kinetic and Thermodynamic Behavior of Extraction of Oleoresin Containing Curcuminoids from Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) in Acetone and Their Bioavailability","authors":"A. Kunyima, J. C. Kuburhanwa, H. M. Kaseya, M. Kunyima","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i3220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i3220","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Why this miraculous and amphiphilic compound, the curcumin, which has a very extraordinary therapeutic potential (because can react with many targets in the organism), has a weak bioavailability in the organism and is metabolized in compounds having very weak activity or inactive compounds?. How to improve substantially its bioavailability and therefore its absorption in the organism in order to allow its incorporation in making of pharmaceuticals regardless of its nanoparticles of which obtention is furthermore hardworking? \u0000Aim: It seems indicated to search the response in the kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of this compound or in its co-administration with the other compounds in vitro in order to understand how to increase its absorption in vivo because bioavailability entails hydrosolubility (hydrophile) of curcuminoids of which the molecules are naturally hydrophobes. \u0000Objective: So our objective is to make better our understanding of the absorption of natural curcuminoids in the organism without resorting to chemical transformation in nanoparticles that is additionally hardworking. \u0000Methodology: In this paper, kinetic and thermodynamic study of extraction of oleoresin containing curcuminoids from Turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.), using KUNYIMA’s first law, has been performed in acetone that can be reduced in propan-2-ol which is water-like solvent by catalytic hydrogenating (H2,Ni ) or by chemical reduction (LiAlH4). \u0000Results: The weak global kinetic constant of extraction of oleoresin containing curcuminoids has been determined at 250 rpm (round per minute) and found the same at 500 rpm (k= 0.1520 ± 0.0005) min-1 for temperature of 27,5°C and constant pressure in acetone in closed system. \u0000Conclusion: Kunyima’s first law has made possible the kinetic and thermodynamic study of extraction of oleoresin containing curcuminoids from Turmeric. Kinetic constant is a measure of solubility of oleoresin containing curcuminoids and therefore a measure of solubility of curcuminoids in a given solvent, ethanol and acetone being concerned in this paper as solvents. Results show that kinetic constant is inversely proportional to solubility of solvent and it can be a parameter abling the determination of the endothermic or exothermic behavior of extraction of curcuminoids. The endothermic behavior of curcuminoids hereby determined in ethanol and acetone in vitro, increased by magnetic stirring, suggests their weak bioavailability and therefore the weak bioavailability of curcumin. The challenge of this actual research is to improve our understanding of kinetics and thermodynamics of extraction of oleoresin containing curcuminoids from Turmeric in vitro in order to presage their bioavailability still weak for an efficient validated action. The increase of bioavailability will be done whether through improved formulations of curcumin or through new pathways of administration. The conception of curcumin analogous is also a way to promote its effec","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82371307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i2218
G. Swarnabala, S. Khatavkar, G. Sadana, A. Bharadwaj
In view of unique physico-chemical observations affecting the geometry and various properties of the substituted thiourea complexes in literature along with several biological activities, N-(hydroxy)-N,N-diphenyl thiourea was taken up for study. Complexes with geometries of high spin octahedral for iron(II), cobalt(II); tetrahedral & square planar for nickel(II); and dimeric square planar for copper chloride, copper perchlorate, copper acetate and distorted octahedral for copper nitrate were synthesized and characterized based on magnetic moments, visible spectra, diffuse reflectance spectra, electron spin resonance, infrared spectral studies, and thermal analysis. Interestingly, the nature of anion influenced the geometry, the complex from copper nitrate salt resulted in a distorted octahedral structure and complexes formed from copper chloride, copper perchlorate, copper acetate exhibited sub-normal magnetic moments, highly insoluble in the most common organic solvents and water. Based on these and spectral data, polymeric or square-planar dimeric geometry with sulfur bridging between copper atoms is proposed. It was confirmed by the application of Bleaney-Bower’s equation for magnetic susceptibility, applicable to dimeric copper complexes. The overall thermal behavior of the ligand and complexes were observed and the detailed calculations interestingly lead to confirmation of the above proposed geometrical structures.
{"title":"Physico-chemical Characterization of Some Metal Complexes Formed by Substituted Thiourea","authors":"G. Swarnabala, S. Khatavkar, G. Sadana, A. Bharadwaj","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i2218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i2218","url":null,"abstract":"In view of unique physico-chemical observations affecting the geometry and various properties of the substituted thiourea complexes in literature along with several biological activities, N-(hydroxy)-N,N-diphenyl thiourea was taken up for study. Complexes with geometries of high spin octahedral for iron(II), cobalt(II); tetrahedral & square planar for nickel(II); and dimeric square planar for copper chloride, copper perchlorate, copper acetate and distorted octahedral for copper nitrate were synthesized and characterized based on magnetic moments, visible spectra, diffuse reflectance spectra, electron spin resonance, infrared spectral studies, and thermal analysis. \u0000Interestingly, the nature of anion influenced the geometry, the complex from copper nitrate salt resulted in a distorted octahedral structure and complexes formed from copper chloride, copper perchlorate, copper acetate exhibited sub-normal magnetic moments, highly insoluble in the most common organic solvents and water. Based on these and spectral data, polymeric or square-planar dimeric geometry with sulfur bridging between copper atoms is proposed. It was confirmed by the application of Bleaney-Bower’s equation for magnetic susceptibility, applicable to dimeric copper complexes. \u0000The overall thermal behavior of the ligand and complexes were observed and the detailed calculations interestingly lead to confirmation of the above proposed geometrical structures.","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74595459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-11DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i219145
J. K. Prasannakumar, G. Prakash, B. Basavarajappa, B. Suresh
Agricultural biomasses are the prominent natural sources of cellulose currently available on the planet. When this was treated chemically, this acquire the properties such as toughness, good biocompatibility, and higher thermal stability. In this study, Nanocellulose was extracted from Mango wood (Mangifera indica) a largely available agricultural biomass. The cellulose was alkali-treated followed by bleaching to remove lignin and hemicellulose, pectins, and waxes. The green solvent i.e Ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim] Cl) was used to dissolve cellulose to yield Nanocellulose through sonication and centrifugation. The functional groups and significant conversion of cellulose to nanocellulose are confirmed by FT-IR spectra. The crystallinity of synthesized nanocellulose is illustrated by XRD. The surface architecture and size obtained are represented by SEM and TEM monographs. The TEM images show the synthesized nanocellulose has a dimension between 27.33 to 34.85 nm. The thermal stability of the obtained nanocellulose was evidenced using TGA/DTA. The thermal studies records that synthesized nanocellulose shows superior thermal stability up to 473.8°C. The efficient conversion of agricultural waste into value added material is achieved through a greener pathway.
{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Mango Wood Nanocellulose Fibers","authors":"J. K. Prasannakumar, G. Prakash, B. Basavarajappa, B. Suresh","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i219145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i219145","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural biomasses are the prominent natural sources of cellulose currently available on the planet. When this was treated chemically, this acquire the properties such as toughness, good biocompatibility, and higher thermal stability. In this study, Nanocellulose was extracted from Mango wood (Mangifera indica) a largely available agricultural biomass. The cellulose was alkali-treated followed by bleaching to remove lignin and hemicellulose, pectins, and waxes. The green solvent i.e Ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim] Cl) was used to dissolve cellulose to yield Nanocellulose through sonication and centrifugation. The functional groups and significant conversion of cellulose to nanocellulose are confirmed by FT-IR spectra. The crystallinity of synthesized nanocellulose is illustrated by XRD. The surface architecture and size obtained are represented by SEM and TEM monographs. The TEM images show the synthesized nanocellulose has a dimension between 27.33 to 34.85 nm. The thermal stability of the obtained nanocellulose was evidenced using TGA/DTA. The thermal studies records that synthesized nanocellulose shows superior thermal stability up to 473.8°C. The efficient conversion of agricultural waste into value added material is achieved through a greener pathway.","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80712038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-25DOI: 10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i219143
Dumitru Petru I. Iga, D. Popescu, V. Niculescu
It is believed that the place called Bermuda triangle is able to hide of human seeing objects entered its area. A Bermuda triangle in chemistry is able to hide (mask) atoms or planar molecular fragments cut by their mirror plane of symmetry, not of human eyes but, of polarized light. A triangular skeleton (frame) has been imagined, possessing the ability to cover many hundreds of molecular formulae, providing the latter refer to aliphatic, or partially aliphatic, compounds, and with a low degree of oxidation. This skeleton (frame) is based on a very general and strong principle, valid in meso entities. The idea is advanced that isomers coming up from a molecular formula could be of four types (groups): meso, C2 symmetrical (CTS), irrechi (from irregular chiral) and constitutional (constit.). The following universal rule is revealed: all CTS and irrechi can be converted to meso ones, but the reverse is not true, at least for the same skeleton. At the same time, an impressive number of constitutional natural or synthetic combinations are characterized by at least one real or envisaged meso isomer. Thus, from a structural point of view, meso isomers are justified as reference compounds. The above mentioned principles have been applied to numerous natural compounds: amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleosides, vitamins, steroids, alkaloids, hydrocarbons. A mathematical equation sustaining the triangular representation has been proposed. One raises the question which of the four types is the upper. A tentative answer is given to this question.
{"title":"Bermuda Triangle in Chemistry","authors":"Dumitru Petru I. Iga, D. Popescu, V. Niculescu","doi":"10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i219143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2022/v12i219143","url":null,"abstract":"It is believed that the place called Bermuda triangle is able to hide of human seeing objects entered its area. A Bermuda triangle in chemistry is able to hide (mask) atoms or planar molecular fragments cut by their mirror plane of symmetry, not of human eyes but, of polarized light. A triangular skeleton (frame) has been imagined, possessing the ability to cover many hundreds of molecular formulae, providing the latter refer to aliphatic, or partially aliphatic, compounds, and with a low degree of oxidation. This skeleton (frame) is based on a very general and strong principle, valid in meso entities. The idea is advanced that isomers coming up from a molecular formula could be of four types (groups): meso, C2 symmetrical (CTS), irrechi (from irregular chiral) and constitutional (constit.). The following universal rule is revealed: all CTS and irrechi can be converted to meso ones, but the reverse is not true, at least for the same skeleton. At the same time, an impressive number of constitutional natural or synthetic combinations are characterized by at least one real or envisaged meso isomer. Thus, from a structural point of view, meso isomers are justified as reference compounds. The above mentioned principles have been applied to numerous natural compounds: amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleosides, vitamins, steroids, alkaloids, hydrocarbons. A mathematical equation sustaining the triangular representation has been proposed. One raises the question which of the four types is the upper. A tentative answer is given to this question.","PeriodicalId":8505,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86062821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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