Purpose: This study aims to confirm the potential of rosemary, parsley, thyme, chive, and dill extracts as natural antimicrobial agents and incense cosmetic materials by evaluating the antioxidation effects and antimicrobial effects on the skin and related microorganisms.Methods: Rosemary, parsley, thyme, chive, and dill were extracted with 70% ethanol and used as a sample. Antioxidant effects were measured at the total polyphenol and flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging effects and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity effect. And for Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, Corynebacterium xerosis, Malassezia furfur, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes related to the skin, the antimicrobial effect was measured using the paper disc method.Results: Among the rosemary, parsley, thyme, chive, and dill extracts, the total polyphenol and flavonoids were found to be high in rosemary and parsley extracts. DPPH and ABS radical scavenging effects and SOD-like activity effects were confirmed to be in the order of rosemary>parsley>thyme> chives>dill. As a result of measuring the antimicrobial effects at a concentration of 5 mg/mL, S. epidermidis was confirmed to be in the order of parsley=rosemary=thyme>chive=dill, P. acnes was confirmed to be in the order of rosemary>parsley>dill>thyme=chive, C. xerosis was confirmed to be in the order of rosemary>parsley>dill>thyme=chives, M. furfur was confirmed to be in the order of rosemary>parsley>dill>chives>thyme, and T. mentagrophytes was confirmed to be in the order of rosemary>parsley>chives>dill>thyme.Conclusion: Rosemary, parsley, thyme, chive, and dill extracts were confirmed to have antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, confirming their potential as natural antimicrobial agents and incense cosmetic materials.
{"title":"Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Effect of Rosemary, Parsley, Thyme, Chive, and Dill Extracts","authors":"Rang Ju Park, M. Ryu","doi":"10.20402/ajbc.2022.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20402/ajbc.2022.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study aims to confirm the potential of rosemary, parsley, thyme, chive, and dill extracts as natural antimicrobial agents and incense cosmetic materials by evaluating the antioxidation effects and antimicrobial effects on the skin and related microorganisms.Methods: Rosemary, parsley, thyme, chive, and dill were extracted with 70% ethanol and used as a sample. Antioxidant effects were measured at the total polyphenol and flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging effects and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity effect. And for Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, Corynebacterium xerosis, Malassezia furfur, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes related to the skin, the antimicrobial effect was measured using the paper disc method.Results: Among the rosemary, parsley, thyme, chive, and dill extracts, the total polyphenol and flavonoids were found to be high in rosemary and parsley extracts. DPPH and ABS radical scavenging effects and SOD-like activity effects were confirmed to be in the order of rosemary>parsley>thyme> chives>dill. As a result of measuring the antimicrobial effects at a concentration of 5 mg/mL, S. epidermidis was confirmed to be in the order of parsley=rosemary=thyme>chive=dill, P. acnes was confirmed to be in the order of rosemary>parsley>dill>thyme=chive, C. xerosis was confirmed to be in the order of rosemary>parsley>dill>thyme=chives, M. furfur was confirmed to be in the order of rosemary>parsley>dill>chives>thyme, and T. mentagrophytes was confirmed to be in the order of rosemary>parsley>chives>dill>thyme.Conclusion: Rosemary, parsley, thyme, chive, and dill extracts were confirmed to have antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, confirming their potential as natural antimicrobial agents and incense cosmetic materials.","PeriodicalId":8508,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75793828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: This study attempted to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Echinacea angustifolia extract.Methods: For analysis of radical scavenging activities, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP were performed. To analyze antioxidant properties, in addition, polyphenol and flavonoid concentrations were measured. In cell-based assays, cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory assays were performed, using RAW 264.7.Results: The results found the followings: DPPH and ABTS assays revealed 27.98% and 20.29% respectively in terms of antioxidant activities when compared to ascorbic acid. In the FRAP assay, E. angustifolia extract (1 mg) showed 0.412±0.013 μg of reducing power (ascorbic acid). Polyphenol and flavonoid concentrations were 104.42±3.21 mg/g and 62.86±2.26 mg/g each. In terms of cytotoxicity, more than 80% cells survived after the assays, confirming the low toxicity of E. angustifolia extract. In anti-inflammatory activities, the extract reduced the inflammatory response and, at the same time, showed 51.07±4.58% inflammation-inhibiting effects at 200 μg/mL, confirming the potential of E. angustifolia extract as an ingredient of cosmeceuticals.Conclusion: These results confirmed the potential of E. angustifolia extract as an ingredient of cosmeceuticals.
{"title":"The Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Echinacea angustifolia Hot Water Extract","authors":"In-Jeong Choi","doi":"10.20402/ajbc.2022.0064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20402/ajbc.2022.0064","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study attempted to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Echinacea angustifolia extract.Methods: For analysis of radical scavenging activities, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP were performed. To analyze antioxidant properties, in addition, polyphenol and flavonoid concentrations were measured. In cell-based assays, cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory assays were performed, using RAW 264.7.Results: The results found the followings: DPPH and ABTS assays revealed 27.98% and 20.29% respectively in terms of antioxidant activities when compared to ascorbic acid. In the FRAP assay, E. angustifolia extract (1 mg) showed 0.412±0.013 μg of reducing power (ascorbic acid). Polyphenol and flavonoid concentrations were 104.42±3.21 mg/g and 62.86±2.26 mg/g each. In terms of cytotoxicity, more than 80% cells survived after the assays, confirming the low toxicity of E. angustifolia extract. In anti-inflammatory activities, the extract reduced the inflammatory response and, at the same time, showed 51.07±4.58% inflammation-inhibiting effects at 200 μg/mL, confirming the potential of E. angustifolia extract as an ingredient of cosmeceuticals.Conclusion: These results confirmed the potential of E. angustifolia extract as an ingredient of cosmeceuticals.","PeriodicalId":8508,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88939892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: To verify the biological effects including anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects, of fermented plant root extract mixtures that were measured in vitro.Method: To select the most effective plant root extract, the effects of DPPH free radical scavenging were measured. The mixture (MC) of selected plant roots was fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) (MF). Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was performed on human dermal fibroblast to measure the effects of MC and MF on the mRNA expression of COL1A1 and hyaluronic acid synthase 2 (HAS2) and on the anti-inflammatory-related gene expressions such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Additionally, we also tested the cell renewal and proliferation for skin cell migration. Student's t-test was performed for statistical analysis, and results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation.Results: Among 15 root extracts, those of Taraxacum officinale (T. officinale) rhizome, Arctium lappa (A. lappa), Anemarrhena asphodeloides (A. asphodeloides), Pueraria lobata (P. lobata), and Nelumbo nucifera (N. nucifera) were selected based on the effect of DPPH free radical scavenging. The mRNA expression levels of COL1A1 and HAS2 were increased by MC and MF in a concentration-dependent manner. MC and MF showed cell renewal and proliferation. Inflammation-related genes were inhibited by MC or MF in a concentration-dependent manner (TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2). MF showed significantly better efficacy than MC.Conclusion: Mixed root extracts of T. officinale rhizome/root, A. lappa, A. asphodeloides, P. lobata, and N. nucifera fermented with S. cerevisiae enable cell renewal, have anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects, and can be used as an active cosmetic raw materials.
{"title":"Biological Effects of Yeast-fermented Plant Root Extract Mixture on Skin Cells","authors":"Hyun-Seo Lee, Y. Kim, Wai Ho Cheung","doi":"10.20402/ajbc.2022.0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20402/ajbc.2022.0045","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To verify the biological effects including anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects, of fermented plant root extract mixtures that were measured <i>in vitro</i>.Method: To select the most effective plant root extract, the effects of DPPH free radical scavenging were measured. The mixture (MC) of selected plant roots was fermented with <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (<i>S. cerevisiae</i>) (MF). Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was performed on human dermal fibroblast to measure the effects of MC and MF on the mRNA expression of <i>COL1A1</i> and hyaluronic acid synthase 2 (<i>HAS2</i>) and on the anti-inflammatory-related gene expressions such as cyclooxygenase-2 (<i>COX-2</i>), interleukin-6 (<i>IL-6</i>), and tumor-necrosis factor (<i>TNF</i>)-α. Additionally, we also tested the cell renewal and proliferation for skin cell migration. Student's t-test was performed for statistical analysis, and results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation.Results: Among 15 root extracts, those of <i>Taraxacum officinale</i> (<i>T. officinale</i>) rhizome, <i>Arctium lappa</i> (<i>A. lappa</i>), <i>Anemarrhena asphodeloides</i> (<i>A. asphodeloides</i>), <i>Pueraria lobata</i> (<i>P. lobata</i>), and <i>Nelumbo nucifera</i> (<i>N. nucifera</i>) were selected based on the effect of DPPH free radical scavenging. The mRNA expression levels of <i>COL1A1</i> and <i>HAS2</i> were increased by MC and MF in a concentration-dependent manner. MC and MF showed cell renewal and proliferation. Inflammation-related genes were inhibited by MC or MF in a concentration-dependent manner (<i>TNF-α</i>, <i>IL-6</i>, and <i>COX-2</i>). MF showed significantly better efficacy than MC.Conclusion: Mixed root extracts of <i>T. officinale rhizome/root</i>, <i>A. lappa</i>, <i>A. asphodeloides</i>, <i>P. lobata</i>, and <i>N. nucifera</i> fermented with <i>S. cerevisiae</i> enable cell renewal, have anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects, and can be used as an active cosmetic raw materials.","PeriodicalId":8508,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74839203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: This study was designed to examine the cleansing effect of Liriope tuber soap on facial skin.Methods: Participants included 40 men and women in their who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The facial skin measurement test was carried out to compare skin changes before and after washing the face. To ensure that the experiment was conducted under the same conditions for all participants in the treatment group, the same amount of water and the same towel were used in the same facial regions. Meanwhile, the control group washed their faces with water and a foam cleanser, which is a popular commercial product.Results: After using the Liriope tuber soap, the pore size of participants’ facial skin decreased. Moreover, pigmentation and T-zone oil content significantly decreased.Conclusions: Our results indicate that a facial soap containing Liriope tuber has beneficial effects on facial skin, and it should be considered for use in new natural cosmetics.
{"title":"Cleansing Effects of Soap Containing Liriope Tuber on Facial Skin","authors":"S. Kim, J. Koo","doi":"10.20402/ajbc.2022.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20402/ajbc.2022.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study was designed to examine the cleansing effect of Liriope tuber soap on facial skin.Methods: Participants included 40 men and women in their who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The facial skin measurement test was carried out to compare skin changes before and after washing the face. To ensure that the experiment was conducted under the same conditions for all participants in the treatment group, the same amount of water and the same towel were used in the same facial regions. Meanwhile, the control group washed their faces with water and a foam cleanser, which is a popular commercial product.Results: After using the Liriope tuber soap, the pore size of participants’ facial skin decreased. Moreover, pigmentation and T-zone oil content significantly decreased.Conclusions: Our results indicate that a facial soap containing Liriope tuber has beneficial effects on facial skin, and it should be considered for use in new natural cosmetics.","PeriodicalId":8508,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology","volume":"238 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76115671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: This study evaluated the biological activity of five types of mints (Peppermint, Spearmint, Chocomint, Applemint, Pineapplemint).Methods: Five types of mints were extracted with an ethanol solvent to compare the total polyphenol and total flavonoid content, scavenging activities of DPPH and ABTS radical, SOD-like activity, and inhibitory effects of elastase, tyrosinase, and α-glucosidase.Results: All five types of mint extracts were confirmed to be effective significantly in concentration. The total polyphenol content was found to be effective in the order of peppermint>spearmint>chocomint>pineapplemint>applemint, and the total flavonoid content was found to be effective in the order of peppermint> chocomint>spearmint>pineapplemint>applemint. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to be in the order of peppermint>spearmint>chocomint> pineapplemint>applemint, and the ABTS radical scavenging activity was found to be in the order of peppermint>chocomint>spearmint>pineapplemint>applemi nt. The SOD-like activity was found to be in the order of peppermint>chocomint> spearmint> pineapplemint>applemint. The inhibitory effects of elastase, tyrosinase, α-glucosidase were found to be in the order of peppermint>spearmint>chocomint> pineapplemint>applemint.Conclusion: As above results, all five types of mint extracts were verified to be effective significantly in concentration. In particular, peppermint indicated the highest total polyphenol, total flavonoid, DDPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, and SOD-like activity, while chocomint displayed the highest tyrosine, elastase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects.
{"title":"Antioxidant and Elastase, Tyrosinase, α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effects of Five Types of Mint Extracts","authors":"Tae Soon Um, M. Ryu","doi":"10.20402/ajbc.2022.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20402/ajbc.2022.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study evaluated the biological activity of five types of mints (Peppermint, Spearmint, Chocomint, Applemint, Pineapplemint).Methods: Five types of mints were extracted with an ethanol solvent to compare the total polyphenol and total flavonoid content, scavenging activities of DPPH and ABTS radical, SOD-like activity, and inhibitory effects of elastase, tyrosinase, and α-glucosidase.Results: All five types of mint extracts were confirmed to be effective significantly in concentration. The total polyphenol content was found to be effective in the order of peppermint>spearmint>chocomint>pineapplemint>applemint, and the total flavonoid content was found to be effective in the order of peppermint> chocomint>spearmint>pineapplemint>applemint. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to be in the order of peppermint>spearmint>chocomint> pineapplemint>applemint, and the ABTS radical scavenging activity was found to be in the order of peppermint>chocomint>spearmint>pineapplemint>applemi nt. The SOD-like activity was found to be in the order of peppermint>chocomint> spearmint> pineapplemint>applemint. The inhibitory effects of elastase, tyrosinase, α-glucosidase were found to be in the order of peppermint>spearmint>chocomint> pineapplemint>applemint.Conclusion: As above results, all five types of mint extracts were verified to be effective significantly in concentration. In particular, peppermint indicated the highest total polyphenol, total flavonoid, DDPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, and SOD-like activity, while chocomint displayed the highest tyrosine, elastase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects.","PeriodicalId":8508,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85083594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate how the perception of risk of COVID-19 affects consumers' intentions or behaviors to purchase cosmeceuticals.Methods: Adults in their 20s or older living in the Seoul metropolitan area were sampled. The survey was conducted for two weeks from the third week to the fourth week of February 2022, and only 230 valid data were used for the final analysis, excluding insincere responses.Results: Perception of social/environmental, economic, and psychological risk for COVID-19 was found to have a negative (-) effect on purchase intention, and cosmeceutical cosmetics purchase intention had a significant positive (+) effect on purchase behavior. Also, among the perceptions of risk of COVID-19, social/environmental risk, economic risk, physical risk, and psychological risk perception were found to have a significant negative (-) effect on purchasing behavior. The mediating effect of purchase intention was confirmed in the relationship between risk perception of COVID-19 and cosmeceutical purchasing behavior.Conclusion: As a result of the study, it was found that the perceived risk of COVID-19 by adults in their 20s and older decreased their purchase intention or behavior for cosmeceutical cosmetics. The results of this study will be meaningful as it empirically examined how the risk perception of COVID-19 affects purchase intentions and behaviors for cosmeceuticals and will have great implications for the cosmeceutical industry preparing for the post-corona era.
{"title":"Effect of COVID-19 Risk Perception on Cosmeceutical Purchase Intention and Behavior","authors":"M. Choi, Yu Ri Kim","doi":"10.20402/ajbc.2022.0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20402/ajbc.2022.0032","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate how the perception of risk of COVID-19 affects consumers' intentions or behaviors to purchase cosmeceuticals.Methods: Adults in their 20s or older living in the Seoul metropolitan area were sampled. The survey was conducted for two weeks from the third week to the fourth week of February 2022, and only 230 valid data were used for the final analysis, excluding insincere responses.Results: Perception of social/environmental, economic, and psychological risk for COVID-19 was found to have a negative (-) effect on purchase intention, and cosmeceutical cosmetics purchase intention had a significant positive (+) effect on purchase behavior. Also, among the perceptions of risk of COVID-19, social/environmental risk, economic risk, physical risk, and psychological risk perception were found to have a significant negative (-) effect on purchasing behavior. The mediating effect of purchase intention was confirmed in the relationship between risk perception of COVID-19 and cosmeceutical purchasing behavior.Conclusion: As a result of the study, it was found that the perceived risk of COVID-19 by adults in their 20s and older decreased their purchase intention or behavior for cosmeceutical cosmetics. The results of this study will be meaningful as it empirically examined how the risk perception of COVID-19 affects purchase intentions and behaviors for cosmeceuticals and will have great implications for the cosmeceutical industry preparing for the post-corona era.","PeriodicalId":8508,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83768404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: This study aims to obtain scientific data for establishing female images based on results from an evaluation of brainwaves and emotions, after applying five different forms of eyeliners on big and small eyes.Methods: We comparatively analyzed coefficients of variations for the brainwaves and average preference indexes (API) of 60 males and females (age 21–29), after applying five different kinds of eyeliners on big and small eyes.Results: The brainwave responses in males and females were examined by applying five kinds of eyeliners to their big and small eyes. This showed that the activity of the γ-wave was entirely higher in people when they were stimulated by pin-up eyeliner (PU) and the α-wave was less reduced than other frequency bands. The stimulation by the forms of eyeliners, rather than by those of the eyes of the people, could be a factor influencing the brainwave responses. The active sites of the brains of the males and females were examined. The results showed that each stimulus caused prominent activity in the brain, especially in the prefrontal lobe (Fp1, Fp2, Fpz). Differences were found only in the active sites and the degree of activity among their responses to each stimulus, but their response trends were similar. The API responses by various forms of eyeliners indicated negative emotional responses only when the eyes of the people were stimulated by PU, while the other API responses indicated positive emotional responses.Conclusion: The results of the comparative analysis on differences in brainwave and emotional responses, by applying different forms of eyeliners to people with big and small eyes, are thought to suggest a basic direction for expressing facial images. Therefore, it would be possible to collect huge scientific data for establishing female images, if the correlation among physiological and emotional responses can be drawn by applying eyeliners to people with big and small eyes.
{"title":"Brainwave and Emotional Responses Based on Application of Five Kinds of Eyeliners on Big and Small Eyes","authors":"Min-Kyung Kim","doi":"10.20402/ajbc.2022.0063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20402/ajbc.2022.0063","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study aims to obtain scientific data for establishing female images based on results from an evaluation of brainwaves and emotions, after applying five different forms of eyeliners on big and small eyes.Methods: We comparatively analyzed coefficients of variations for the brainwaves and average preference indexes (API) of 60 males and females (age 21–29), after applying five different kinds of eyeliners on big and small eyes.Results: The brainwave responses in males and females were examined by applying five kinds of eyeliners to their big and small eyes. This showed that the activity of the γ-wave was entirely higher in people when they were stimulated by pin-up eyeliner (PU) and the α-wave was less reduced than other frequency bands. The stimulation by the forms of eyeliners, rather than by those of the eyes of the people, could be a factor influencing the brainwave responses. The active sites of the brains of the males and females were examined. The results showed that each stimulus caused prominent activity in the brain, especially in the prefrontal lobe (Fp1, Fp2, Fpz). Differences were found only in the active sites and the degree of activity among their responses to each stimulus, but their response trends were similar. The API responses by various forms of eyeliners indicated negative emotional responses only when the eyes of the people were stimulated by PU, while the other API responses indicated positive emotional responses.Conclusion: The results of the comparative analysis on differences in brainwave and emotional responses, by applying different forms of eyeliners to people with big and small eyes, are thought to suggest a basic direction for expressing facial images. Therefore, it would be possible to collect huge scientific data for establishing female images, if the correlation among physiological and emotional responses can be drawn by applying eyeliners to people with big and small eyes.","PeriodicalId":8508,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86545121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the brand equity factors for bio cosmetics and to examine how brand equity for bio cosmetics affects brand loyalty and word of mouth intention through empirical analysis.Methods: Adults in their 20s or older living in the Seoul metropolitan area who had experience in using bio cosmetics were used as the sample group. It was conducted for 2 weeks from the 2nd week to the 3rd week of March 2022, and only 232 valid data were used for the final analysis, excluding insincere responses.Results: First, it was found that brand trust and brand image, which are brand equity of bio cosmetics, had a significant effect on brand loyalty. Second, brand loyalty of bio cosmetics was found to have a significant effect on word of mouth intention. Third, brand image and brand trust, which are brand equity of bio cosmetics, were found to have a significant effect on word of mouth intention. Fourth, the partial mediating effect of brand loyalty on the relationship between brand equity (brand image, brand reliability) and word of mouth intentions of bio cosmetics was confirmed.Conclusion: This study is meaningful in that it empirically examines the relationship between brand equity and word of mouth intentions for bio cosmetics and examines the mediating effect of brand loyalty. It will have great implications for the bio-cosmetics industry preparing for the post-corona era.
{"title":"Effect of Bio Cosmetic Brand Equity on Brand Loyalty and WOM Intention","authors":"M. Choi, Yu Ri Kim","doi":"10.20402/ajbc.2022.0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20402/ajbc.2022.0040","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the brand equity factors for bio cosmetics and to examine how brand equity for bio cosmetics affects brand loyalty and word of mouth intention through empirical analysis.Methods: Adults in their 20s or older living in the Seoul metropolitan area who had experience in using bio cosmetics were used as the sample group. It was conducted for 2 weeks from the 2nd week to the 3rd week of March 2022, and only 232 valid data were used for the final analysis, excluding insincere responses.Results: First, it was found that brand trust and brand image, which are brand equity of bio cosmetics, had a significant effect on brand loyalty. Second, brand loyalty of bio cosmetics was found to have a significant effect on word of mouth intention. Third, brand image and brand trust, which are brand equity of bio cosmetics, were found to have a significant effect on word of mouth intention. Fourth, the partial mediating effect of brand loyalty on the relationship between brand equity (brand image, brand reliability) and word of mouth intentions of bio cosmetics was confirmed.Conclusion: This study is meaningful in that it empirically examines the relationship between brand equity and word of mouth intentions for bio cosmetics and examines the mediating effect of brand loyalty. It will have great implications for the bio-cosmetics industry preparing for the post-corona era.","PeriodicalId":8508,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76503951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cosmetic functionality of mixed extracts of Crassostrea gigas, Trichosanthes cucumeroides, Angelica dahurica and Asarum sieboldii (CTAA), which are effective in skin whitening.Methods: In this study, to evaluate the cosmetic functionality of the mixed extract, 2,2’-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity evaluation, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity evaluation, tyrosinase inhibitory activity evaluation, melanin production evaluation, cell toxicity evaluation was performed.Results: As a result of ABTS and DPPH radical analysis, CTAA-4 was 60.7% and 59.1% at 500 μg/mL, respectively, showing the best antioxidant activity. As a result of the SOD-like activity analysis, CTAA-4 was confirmed to be 32.3±3.7% at the concentration of 500μg/mL, and in the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity result, CTAA-4 was 29.6±3.6% at the concentration of 500 μg/mL. In the tyrosinase activity analysis result, CTAA-4 had the lowest tyrosinase activity at 59.7% at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. Melanin production was also found to be 44.6% of CTAA-4 compared to the control at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. As a result of cytotoxicity, all test substances had no cytotoxicity at a concentration of 100 to 500μg/mL as cell viability was confirmed to be more than 95%.Conclusion: As a result of the study, it was confirmed that the mixed extract developed in this study has excellent inhibitory activity of free radicals and reactive oxygen species, and has excellent skin whitening effect by inhibiting tyrosinase activity and melanin production.
{"title":"Skin Whitening Efficacy of Mixed Extracts of Crassostrea gigas, Trichosanthes cucumeroides, Angelica dahurica and Asarum sieboldii","authors":"Mi-jeong Choi","doi":"10.20402/ajbc.2021.0283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20402/ajbc.2021.0283","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cosmetic functionality of mixed extracts of Crassostrea gigas, Trichosanthes cucumeroides, Angelica dahurica and Asarum sieboldii (CTAA), which are effective in skin whitening.Methods: In this study, to evaluate the cosmetic functionality of the mixed extract, 2,2’-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity evaluation, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity evaluation, tyrosinase inhibitory activity evaluation, melanin production evaluation, cell toxicity evaluation was performed.Results: As a result of ABTS and DPPH radical analysis, CTAA-4 was 60.7% and 59.1% at 500 μg/mL, respectively, showing the best antioxidant activity. As a result of the SOD-like activity analysis, CTAA-4 was confirmed to be 32.3±3.7% at the concentration of 500μg/mL, and in the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity result, CTAA-4 was 29.6±3.6% at the concentration of 500 μg/mL. In the tyrosinase activity analysis result, CTAA-4 had the lowest tyrosinase activity at 59.7% at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. Melanin production was also found to be 44.6% of CTAA-4 compared to the control at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. As a result of cytotoxicity, all test substances had no cytotoxicity at a concentration of 100 to 500μg/mL as cell viability was confirmed to be more than 95%.Conclusion: As a result of the study, it was confirmed that the mixed extract developed in this study has excellent inhibitory activity of free radicals and reactive oxygen species, and has excellent skin whitening effect by inhibiting tyrosinase activity and melanin production.","PeriodicalId":8508,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78608247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: This study analyzes the mediating effect of affective commitment in the relationship between long-term relationship orientation and customers perceived relational benefits highlight the importance of positive relationships with customers in cosmetic stores, and how relational benefits improve the affective commitment and long-term relationship orientation.Methods: This study conducted a survey of 300 customers who visited cosmetics stores in Seoul and the metropolitan area from November 16 to December 31, 2021, and used 297 copies as the final analysis data; three that could not be used as samples were excluded. Frequency, factor, reliability, and three-stage mediated multi-regression analyses were conducted using SPSS Ver.21.0 as an analysis method.Results: The results found the following: First, the perceived relational benefits of customers visiting cosmetics stores have a positive impact on affective commitment, and long-term relationship orientation to maintain long-term relationships with stores that have visited. Second, affective commitment in relationships with relational benefits and long-term relationship orientation was shown to have a partial mediating effect.Conclusion: Customers who experience and perceive service benefits and homogeneity experience an emotional commitment that to revisit. Such an experience is believed to create long-term and positive bonds with customers to achieve efficient management performance.
{"title":"Effect of Cosmetics Store Relational Benefits on Affective Commitment and Long-term Relationships","authors":"Younghee Sheen","doi":"10.20402/ajbc.2022.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20402/ajbc.2022.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study analyzes the mediating effect of affective commitment in the relationship between long-term relationship orientation and customers perceived relational benefits highlight the importance of positive relationships with customers in cosmetic stores, and how relational benefits improve the affective commitment and long-term relationship orientation.Methods: This study conducted a survey of 300 customers who visited cosmetics stores in Seoul and the metropolitan area from November 16 to December 31, 2021, and used 297 copies as the final analysis data; three that could not be used as samples were excluded. Frequency, factor, reliability, and three-stage mediated multi-regression analyses were conducted using SPSS Ver.21.0 as an analysis method.Results: The results found the following: First, the perceived relational benefits of customers visiting cosmetics stores have a positive impact on affective commitment, and long-term relationship orientation to maintain long-term relationships with stores that have visited. Second, affective commitment in relationships with relational benefits and long-term relationship orientation was shown to have a partial mediating effect.Conclusion: Customers who experience and perceive service benefits and homogeneity experience an emotional commitment that to revisit. Such an experience is believed to create long-term and positive bonds with customers to achieve efficient management performance.","PeriodicalId":8508,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81738328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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