Pub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v5i130153
I. Hossain, A. Yaakob, H. Wagiran
We report comparative effect of radiation on Germanium incapacitated Optical fibres and commercially available TLD-100. The experiments were carried out using Siemens linear accelerator (LINAC) Primus Multileaf Collimator (MLC) 3339 to deliver photon and electron beams. The Harshaw model 3500 TLD reader with WinREMS software were used in this experiment. Both media were irradiated with 6 x106 eV electrons and 6 x106 volts photons beam. We found a good linearity for TL dose in the range from 20 to 240 mGy. Comparative studies of these compounds indicate that the TL responses using photon and electron irradiation are similar and the average intensity is enhanced by about 1.30 times in electrons than those for photon irradiation. The information of the mini review report of this paper presents in valuable for clinical linear accelerators applications.
{"title":"Effect of Radiation on Germanium Doped SiO2 Fibres","authors":"I. Hossain, A. Yaakob, H. Wagiran","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v5i130153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v5i130153","url":null,"abstract":"We report comparative effect of radiation on Germanium incapacitated Optical fibres and commercially available TLD-100. The experiments were carried out using Siemens linear accelerator (LINAC) Primus Multileaf Collimator (MLC) 3339 to deliver photon and electron beams. The Harshaw model 3500 TLD reader with WinREMS software were used in this experiment. Both media were irradiated with 6 x106 eV electrons and 6 x106 volts photons beam. We found a good linearity for TL dose in the range from 20 to 240 mGy. Comparative studies of these compounds indicate that the TL responses using photon and electron irradiation are similar and the average intensity is enhanced by about 1.30 times in electrons than those for photon irradiation. The information of the mini review report of this paper presents in valuable for clinical linear accelerators applications.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79337369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-11DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v5i130152
Diyadin Can, E. Güdekli
As it is known that General Theory of Relativity does not explain the current acceleration of the universe, so there are many attempts to generalize this theory in order to explain the cosmic acceleration without introducing some dark components such as the Dark Energy. Because of the crowd of models in literature, a need to check the models according to some criteria arises. In this study, we analyze two classes of models by means of energy condition restrictions and illustrate the analysis of those classes by graphical simulations. We consider the conservative and non-conservative cases of two classes of models to perform the analysis. The results of the viability of the classes are discussed and it is found that the value of the Hubble constant has no effect on the viability of the models. Focusing on some general classes for the models, we restrict them by means of the so-called energy conditions the energy-momentum tensor on physical grounds. Besides, we find numerical values for coefficients of those classes of models.
{"title":"An Analysis for Conservative and Non-conservative f(R, T) Gravity Models","authors":"Diyadin Can, E. Güdekli","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v5i130152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v5i130152","url":null,"abstract":"As it is known that General Theory of Relativity does not explain the current acceleration of the universe, so there are many attempts to generalize this theory in order to explain the cosmic acceleration without introducing some dark components such as the Dark Energy. Because of the crowd of models in literature, a need to check the models according to some criteria arises. In this study, we analyze two classes of models by means of energy condition restrictions and illustrate the analysis of those classes by graphical simulations. We consider the conservative and non-conservative cases of two classes of models to perform the analysis. The results of the viability of the classes are discussed and it is found that the value of the Hubble constant has no effect on the viability of the models. Focusing on some general classes for the models, we restrict them by means of the so-called energy conditions the energy-momentum tensor on physical grounds. Besides, we find numerical values for coefficients of those classes of models.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87065388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i430151
E. Uko, M. Alabraba, I. Tamunoberetonari, A. O. Oki
An analysis of Geothermal Gradients in the Eastern Niger Delta basin was done using Bore Hole Temperature (BHT) data from three (3) adjacent oil fields. BHT data was converted to static formation temperature by using the conventional method of increasing measured BHT data by 10% and Geothermal Gradient computed using its simple linear relationship with depth, surface temperature and static temperature at depth. Projections were then made for change in Geothermal gradients at 1km intervals to a depth of 4 km. Results obtained showed significant variations across Idama, Inda and Robertkiri fields with average geothermal gradients of 17.3⁰C/Km, 22.6⁰C/Km and 23.1⁰C/Km respectively. Variation in the geothermal gradients in the area is attributed to lithological control and differential rates of sedimentation during basin evolution. Also, results showed that the Geothermal Gradient in the area are generally moderate and could be a good reason for the occurrence of more oil hydrocarbons than gas in the area.
{"title":"Determination of Geothermal Gradient from Bore Hole Temperature data in Some Parts of the Eastern Niger Delta Basin","authors":"E. Uko, M. Alabraba, I. Tamunoberetonari, A. O. Oki","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i430151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i430151","url":null,"abstract":"An analysis of Geothermal Gradients in the Eastern Niger Delta basin was done using Bore Hole Temperature (BHT) data from three (3) adjacent oil fields. BHT data was converted to static formation temperature by using the conventional method of increasing measured BHT data by 10% and Geothermal Gradient computed using its simple linear relationship with depth, surface temperature and static temperature at depth. Projections were then made for change in Geothermal gradients at 1km intervals to a depth of 4 km. Results obtained showed significant variations across Idama, Inda and Robertkiri fields with average geothermal gradients of 17.3⁰C/Km, 22.6⁰C/Km and 23.1⁰C/Km respectively. Variation in the geothermal gradients in the area is attributed to lithological control and differential rates of sedimentation during basin evolution. Also, results showed that the Geothermal Gradient in the area are generally moderate and could be a good reason for the occurrence of more oil hydrocarbons than gas in the area.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77618172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-30DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i430147
Ashwani Kumar
In this analysis the importance of mathematical modelling of the physical systems has been outlined. The constitutive relations and basic governing equations of motion for homogeneous isotropic elastic semiconductor (n-type) and homogeneous transversely isotropic ( class) piezoelectric elastic media, in the absence of body forces and electric sources are made non-dimensional in order to reduce the mathematical complexity. All the obtained equations are rewritten in matrix form. Then considering the harmonic wave solution the eigen values and eigen vectors are calculated to obtained the formal solution of the problem.
{"title":"Mathematical Modelling for Semiconductor and Piezoelectric Media","authors":"Ashwani Kumar","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i430147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i430147","url":null,"abstract":"In this analysis the importance of mathematical modelling of the physical systems has been outlined. The constitutive relations and basic governing equations of motion for homogeneous isotropic elastic semiconductor (n-type) and homogeneous transversely isotropic ( class) piezoelectric elastic media, in the absence of body forces and electric sources are made non-dimensional in order to reduce the mathematical complexity. All the obtained equations are rewritten in matrix form. Then considering the harmonic wave solution the eigen values and eigen vectors are calculated to obtained the formal solution of the problem.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76293501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-28DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i330146
S. U. Yerima, U. Abdulkarim, B. Tijjani, U. M. Gana, M. Idris, S. G. Durumin-Iya, M. Sani, R. Aliyu, M. Shamsuddeen, U. Y. Khamisu, D. Abdulhadi
This paper investigates the Impact of relative humidity, varying the concentrations of water-soluble aerosol particle concentrations (WASO), Mineral Nuclei Mode Aerosols Particle Concentration (MINN), mineral accumulation mode, nonspherical (MIAN) aerosol particles concentrations and Mineral Coarse Mode Aerosols Particle Concentration (MICN) on the visibility and particles size distribution of desert aerosols based on microphysical properties of desert aerosols. The microphysical properties (the extinction coefficients, volume mix ratios, dry mode radii and wet mode radii) were extracted from Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds (OPAC 4.0) at eight relative humidities, RHs (00 to 99%) and at the spectral visible range of 0.4-0.8mm, the concentrations were varied to obtain five different models for each above-mentioned component. Regression analysis of some standard equations were used to determine the Angstrom exponent (α), the turbidity coefficient (β), the curvature (α2), humidification factor (), the mean exponent of aerosol growth curve (µ) and the mean exponent of aerosol size distributions (n). The values of angstrom exponent (α) were observed to be less than 1 throughout the five models at all RHs for the four studied components, and this signifies the dominance of coarse mode particles over fine mode particles. But the magnitude of the angstrom exponent (α) fluctuates all through the studied components except for WASO which increased with the increase in RH across the models and this also signifies the dominance of coarse mode particles with some traces of fine mode particles. The investigation also revealed that the curvature (α2) has both monomodal (negative signs) and bimodal (positive signs) types of distributions all through the five models and this also signifies the dominance of coarse mode particles with some traces of fine mode particles across the individual models for all the studied components. it was also found that the visibility decreased with the increase in RH and increased with the increase in wavelength. The investigation further revealed that the turbidity coefficient (β) fluctuates with the increase in RH and the particles concentrations, and this might be due to major coagulation and sedimentation. The analysis further found that there is a direct inverse power relation between the humidification factor and the mean exponent of aerosols size distribution with the mean exponent of aerosols growth curve. It was also found that as the magnitude of µ increased for MIAN, MINN and MICN, the effective hygroscopic growth decreased. For WASO, it was found that as the magnitude of µ decreased, the effective hygroscopic growth increased with the increase in particles concentrations and RH. The decreased in the magnitude of µ for WASO might be due to the fact that as we increase the non-hygroscopic particles, we decrease the deliquescence. The mean exponent of aerosol size distribution (n) being less than 3 shows foggy co
{"title":"Impacts of the Variations of Aerosols Components and Relative Humidity on the Visibility and Particles Size Distribution of the Desert Atmosphere","authors":"S. U. Yerima, U. Abdulkarim, B. Tijjani, U. M. Gana, M. Idris, S. G. Durumin-Iya, M. Sani, R. Aliyu, M. Shamsuddeen, U. Y. Khamisu, D. Abdulhadi","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i330146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i330146","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the Impact of relative humidity, varying the concentrations of water-soluble aerosol particle concentrations (WASO), Mineral Nuclei Mode Aerosols Particle Concentration (MINN), mineral accumulation mode, nonspherical (MIAN) aerosol particles concentrations and Mineral Coarse Mode Aerosols Particle Concentration (MICN) on the visibility and particles size distribution of desert aerosols based on microphysical properties of desert aerosols. The microphysical properties (the extinction coefficients, volume mix ratios, dry mode radii and wet mode radii) were extracted from Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds (OPAC 4.0) at eight relative humidities, RHs (00 to 99%) and at the spectral visible range of 0.4-0.8mm, the concentrations were varied to obtain five different models for each above-mentioned component. Regression analysis of some standard equations were used to determine the Angstrom exponent (α), the turbidity coefficient (β), the curvature (α2), humidification factor (), the mean exponent of aerosol growth curve (µ) and the mean exponent of aerosol size distributions (n). The values of angstrom exponent (α) were observed to be less than 1 throughout the five models at all RHs for the four studied components, and this signifies the dominance of coarse mode particles over fine mode particles. But the magnitude of the angstrom exponent (α) fluctuates all through the studied components except for WASO which increased with the increase in RH across the models and this also signifies the dominance of coarse mode particles with some traces of fine mode particles. The investigation also revealed that the curvature (α2) has both monomodal (negative signs) and bimodal (positive signs) types of distributions all through the five models and this also signifies the dominance of coarse mode particles with some traces of fine mode particles across the individual models for all the studied components. it was also found that the visibility decreased with the increase in RH and increased with the increase in wavelength. The investigation further revealed that the turbidity coefficient (β) fluctuates with the increase in RH and the particles concentrations, and this might be due to major coagulation and sedimentation. The analysis further found that there is a direct inverse power relation between the humidification factor and the mean exponent of aerosols size distribution with the mean exponent of aerosols growth curve. It was also found that as the magnitude of µ increased for MIAN, MINN and MICN, the effective hygroscopic growth decreased. For WASO, it was found that as the magnitude of µ decreased, the effective hygroscopic growth increased with the increase in particles concentrations and RH. The decreased in the magnitude of µ for WASO might be due to the fact that as we increase the non-hygroscopic particles, we decrease the deliquescence. The mean exponent of aerosol size distribution (n) being less than 3 shows foggy co","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81344536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i330145
Selçuk Güler, E. Güdekli
In this paper, we study the -gravitation theory under the assumption that the standard matter-energy content of the universe is a perfect fluid with linear barotropic equation of state within the framework of Bianchi-Type III model from the class of homogeneous and anisotropic universe models. However, whether such a restriction lead to any contradictions or inconsistencies in the field equations will create an issue that needs to be examined. Under the effective fluid approach, we will be concerned mainly the field equations in an orthonormal tetrad framework with an equimolar and examined the situation of establishing the functional form of together with the scale factors, which are their solutions. Unlike similar studies, which are very few in the literature, instead of assuming preliminary solutions, we determined the consistency conditions of the field equations by assuming the matter energy content of the universe as an isotropic perfect fluid for Bianchi-Type III.
{"title":"Consistency Conditions of f(R,G)-Gravity Field Equations for Bianchi-Type III Metric","authors":"Selçuk Güler, E. Güdekli","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i330145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i330145","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study the -gravitation theory under the assumption that the standard matter-energy content of the universe is a perfect fluid with linear barotropic equation of state within the framework of Bianchi-Type III model from the class of homogeneous and anisotropic universe models. However, whether such a restriction lead to any contradictions or inconsistencies in the field equations will create an issue that needs to be examined. Under the effective fluid approach, we will be concerned mainly the field equations in an orthonormal tetrad framework with an equimolar and examined the situation of establishing the functional form of together with the scale factors, which are their solutions. Unlike similar studies, which are very few in the literature, instead of assuming preliminary solutions, we determined the consistency conditions of the field equations by assuming the matter energy content of the universe as an isotropic perfect fluid for Bianchi-Type III.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80005508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i430150
I. Mustapha, Atimga B. James, Sulayman M. Bello
In this study, photon attenuation parameters of (30-x) SiO2–15PbO–10CdO-xTiO2, with x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% mol, were determined and their application as shielding material were discussed. The WinXCOM software was used to determine the mass attenuation coefficient of the studied glasses for the energy range (0.015-15MeV). The mass attenuation coefficient of the glass samples first decline up to 0.09 MeV and slightly increase abruptly and then declined uniformly for all the glasses to approximately zero after about 10 MeV. The effective atomic number (Zeff) was also calculated for the glass samples and were observe to raise from 0.015 to 0.02 MeV and then decreased between 0.02-5 MeV. On account of the dominance of the photoelectric effect in the low energy region, there was a sudden increase in Zeff at about 0.08 MeV close to the absorption edge of the Pb (0.088 MeV). The rapid increment was observed at 0.1–1.5 MeV by transcending typical Compton scattering interaction at intermediate energies for Zeff'’s and began to decrease in the same form again. The lower Zeff values were found in low and high energy region for all SPCT glasses. The calculated mean free path, half value layer and tenth value layer values were observe to decline as the TiO2 doping of the glasses increased which accounts for the three photon interaction mechanisms effectiveness in the variation of MFP and HVL values with energy. It can be concluded that SPCT glasses may be considered an alternative material for radiation shielding practices.
{"title":"Photon Shielding Characterization of SiO2-PbO-CdO-TiO2 Glasses for Radiotheraphy Shielding Application","authors":"I. Mustapha, Atimga B. James, Sulayman M. Bello","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i430150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i430150","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, photon attenuation parameters of (30-x) SiO2–15PbO–10CdO-xTiO2, with x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% mol, were determined and their application as shielding material were discussed. The WinXCOM software was used to determine the mass attenuation coefficient of the studied glasses for the energy range (0.015-15MeV). The mass attenuation coefficient of the glass samples first decline up to 0.09 MeV and slightly increase abruptly and then declined uniformly for all the glasses to approximately zero after about 10 MeV. The effective atomic number (Zeff) was also calculated for the glass samples and were observe to raise from 0.015 to 0.02 MeV and then decreased between 0.02-5 MeV. On account of the dominance of the photoelectric effect in the low energy region, there was a sudden increase in Zeff at about 0.08 MeV close to the absorption edge of the Pb (0.088 MeV). The rapid increment was observed at 0.1–1.5 MeV by transcending typical Compton scattering interaction at intermediate energies for Zeff'’s and began to decrease in the same form again. The lower Zeff values were found in low and high energy region for all SPCT glasses. The calculated mean free path, half value layer and tenth value layer values were observe to decline as the TiO2 doping of the glasses increased which accounts for the three photon interaction mechanisms effectiveness in the variation of MFP and HVL values with energy. It can be concluded that SPCT glasses may be considered an alternative material for radiation shielding practices.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81834513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i430148
J. T. Zhimwang, E. P. Ogherohwo, D. D. Iliya, I. Aminu, O. S. Shaka
This paper presents the measurement and prediction of received signal level and path loss through vegetation. Results were estimated under free space, single tree, and vegetation conditions which revealed that the presence of isolated trees along a radio path can affect signal propagation leading to reduction in signal strength (attenuation). The attenuation was found to be dependent on many factors and parameters of the trees e.g. Geometry of measurement, (either trunk or canopy path), state of trees foliation, frequency, canopy thickness among others. In the measured data, high loss values were recorded at canopy geometry which is due to high presence of interacting and attenuating elements at the canopy. Also, high variation in Received signal strength (RSS) was noted at canopy geometry. However, the trend shows variation from path to path. The main factor is the density of tree parameters along the chosen path. Depending on the density of tree parameters along the chosen path, the depth dependence may be extremely slow as seen in the measure data. With this evidence, for radio communication inside woodlands or forests, localizing the two nodes inside the vegetation will certainly give overall best performance in terms of signal impairment. The propagation mechanism in each case are the same at the antenna geometries used following the trend of signal decay. Different transmit antenna inclination angles were used and this has not shown any significant contribution to the excess loss. However, antenna height with respect to the trees canopy showed significant contribution to the excess loss. This information will be useful to network planning engineers in link budget estimation.
{"title":"Measurement and Prediction of Received Signal Level and Path Loss through Vegetation","authors":"J. T. Zhimwang, E. P. Ogherohwo, D. D. Iliya, I. Aminu, O. S. Shaka","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i430148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i430148","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the measurement and prediction of received signal level and path loss through vegetation. Results were estimated under free space, single tree, and vegetation conditions which revealed that the presence of isolated trees along a radio path can affect signal propagation leading to reduction in signal strength (attenuation). The attenuation was found to be dependent on many factors and parameters of the trees e.g. Geometry of measurement, (either trunk or canopy path), state of trees foliation, frequency, canopy thickness among others. In the measured data, high loss values were recorded at canopy geometry which is due to high presence of interacting and attenuating elements at the canopy. Also, high variation in Received signal strength (RSS) was noted at canopy geometry. However, the trend shows variation from path to path. The main factor is the density of tree parameters along the chosen path. Depending on the density of tree parameters along the chosen path, the depth dependence may be extremely slow as seen in the measure data. With this evidence, for radio communication inside woodlands or forests, localizing the two nodes inside the vegetation will certainly give overall best performance in terms of signal impairment. The propagation mechanism in each case are the same at the antenna geometries used following the trend of signal decay. Different transmit antenna inclination angles were used and this has not shown any significant contribution to the excess loss. However, antenna height with respect to the trees canopy showed significant contribution to the excess loss. This information will be useful to network planning engineers in link budget estimation.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82875806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v5i230158
D. Akpootu, D. E. Ohaji, I. Nouhou, M. Iliyasu, M. Abubakar, A. O. Aina, M. Idris, W. Mustapha
In this study, the monthly average minimum and maximum temperature meteorological data obtained from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) during the period of thirty eight years (1979 – 2016) were used to estimate the mean velocity and most probable velocity of atomic Oxygen and Hydrogen for Ilorin. The values of the mean velocity and most probable velocity for these atoms were compared to the value of escape velocity. The results revealed that the highest values of mean velocity and most probable velocity for atomic Oxygen were found to be in the month of March with and respectively and the highest values of mean velocity and most probable velocity for atomic Hydrogen were found to be in the month of March with and respectively. Based on the values of the mean velocity and most probable velocity for atomic Oxygen and Hydrogen obtained during the studied period suggests that these atoms cannot escape the gravitational field as their values are less than the escape velocity .
{"title":"Estimation and Investigation of Mean and Most Probable Velocities of Tropospheric Gases over Ilorin, Nigeria","authors":"D. Akpootu, D. E. Ohaji, I. Nouhou, M. Iliyasu, M. Abubakar, A. O. Aina, M. Idris, W. Mustapha","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v5i230158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v5i230158","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the monthly average minimum and maximum temperature meteorological data obtained from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) during the period of thirty eight years (1979 – 2016) were used to estimate the mean velocity and most probable velocity of atomic Oxygen and Hydrogen for Ilorin. The values of the mean velocity and most probable velocity for these atoms were compared to the value of escape velocity. The results revealed that the highest values of mean velocity and most probable velocity for atomic Oxygen were found to be in the month of March with and respectively and the highest values of mean velocity and most probable velocity for atomic Hydrogen were found to be in the month of March with and respectively. Based on the values of the mean velocity and most probable velocity for atomic Oxygen and Hydrogen obtained during the studied period suggests that these atoms cannot escape the gravitational field as their values are less than the escape velocity .","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85508961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i430149
A. Musa, A. B. Ahmed, Mansur Said, Mani Tsoho, A. Suleiman
Fluorine doped tin oxide, Cadmium Sulphide and Cadmium Telluride thin films have been deposted on Soda Lime glass substrate at respectively by spray pyrolysis (SP) technique and are important semiconductor materials in optoelectronic devices such as optical sensors, light-emitting diodes, transistors and photovoltaic cells. thin films were characterized by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction, SEM and optical studies. X-ray diffraction measurements show that the deposited was found to be of cassiterite type with tetragonal rutile structure, observation of peaks of different planes on an X-ray diffraction graph of thin film showed that film obtained were cubic structure. The main peak value of thin film is seen at , which is the characteristic peak of the compound and the film structure was obtained at the major peak indicating the preferred orientation of films along direction. This confirms the formation of thin film, with (111) as the strongest preferred plane of orientation. The surface morphology of the thin films was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optical energy band gap of thin films are determine The results showed that the prepared FTO, CdS and CdTe films can be used in solar energy applications.
{"title":"Thin Films Growth of SnO_2:F/CdS/CdTe, and Studies of Their Physical and Optical Properties using Spray Pyrolysis Techniques","authors":"A. Musa, A. B. Ahmed, Mansur Said, Mani Tsoho, A. Suleiman","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i430149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2021/v4i430149","url":null,"abstract":"Fluorine doped tin oxide, Cadmium Sulphide and Cadmium Telluride thin films have been deposted on Soda Lime glass substrate at respectively by spray pyrolysis (SP) technique and are important semiconductor materials in optoelectronic devices such as optical sensors, light-emitting diodes, transistors and photovoltaic cells. thin films were characterized by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction, SEM and optical studies. X-ray diffraction measurements show that the deposited was found to be of cassiterite type with tetragonal rutile structure, observation of peaks of different planes on an X-ray diffraction graph of thin film showed that film obtained were cubic structure. The main peak value of thin film is seen at , which is the characteristic peak of the compound and the film structure was obtained at the major peak indicating the preferred orientation of films along direction. This confirms the formation of thin film, with (111) as the strongest preferred plane of orientation. The surface morphology of the thin films was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optical energy band gap of thin films are determine The results showed that the prepared FTO, CdS and CdTe films can be used in solar energy applications.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90708274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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