Pub Date : 2023-06-03DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i3239
E. David, H. O. Uzoeto, C. Nelson, C. Samuel
Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. Phenols were the most abundant phytochemical compounds and accounted for 25.8% of the phytochemical composition of the honey. The presence of these phytochemicals implied that the honey could have therapeutic properties like antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory activities. two out of the six tested compounds faulted the Lipinski rule of 5 which states that Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD) < 5 Hydrogen –Bond Acceptor (HBA) < , 10 Molecular Weight < 500 < 500 Molecular weight, < 5 H-bond donors, <10 H-bond acceptors.< 10 number of rotatable bonds, and < 140 Å2 PSA value In this study. favourable overall docking score was observed in the range of -3.085 to -8.724. Chlorogenic acid had the best docked score (lowest binding energy)when compared to the synthetic inhibitors and other phytoligands. The binding manners and geometrical orientation of the studied phyto ligand from Honey and standard drugs against Staphylococcus aureus PBP2a (5M19). The results revealed that, Chlorogenic acid showed pivotal binding interactions with PBP2a, as it exhibited the best binding energy (-8.724 kcal/mol) compared with to standard drugs (Cefoxitin; -5.985 kcal/mol, Oxacillin; -5.222 kcal/mol and methiclin -3.08 kcal/mol) and other phytoligands (protocatechuic acid -4.473 kcal/mol and Hesperetin -4.191 kcal/mol) tested. Hence, Chlorogenic acid could be studied as promising lead candidates acting as allosteric effectors of PBP2a that might be subjecte d to further structural optimization to enhance their biological activity and hence been synthesized and tested to evaluate their actual biological activity.
{"title":"Therapeutic Activity of Phyto Ligands from Honey and Standard Drugs against Staphylococcus aureus PBP2a (5M19)","authors":"E. David, H. O. Uzoeto, C. Nelson, C. Samuel","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i3239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i3239","url":null,"abstract":"Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections and may be resistant to treatment with some antibiotics. Phenols were the most abundant phytochemical compounds and accounted for 25.8% of the phytochemical composition of the honey. The presence of these phytochemicals implied that the honey could have therapeutic properties like antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory activities. two out of the six tested compounds faulted the Lipinski rule of 5 which states that Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD) < 5 Hydrogen –Bond Acceptor (HBA) < , 10 Molecular Weight < 500 < 500 Molecular weight, < 5 H-bond donors, <10 H-bond acceptors.< 10 number of rotatable bonds, and < 140 Å2 PSA value In this study. favourable overall docking score was observed in the range of -3.085 to -8.724. Chlorogenic acid had the best docked score (lowest binding energy)when compared to the synthetic inhibitors and other phytoligands. The binding manners and geometrical orientation of the studied phyto ligand from Honey and standard drugs against Staphylococcus aureus PBP2a (5M19). The results revealed that, Chlorogenic acid showed pivotal binding interactions with PBP2a, as it exhibited the best binding energy (-8.724 kcal/mol) compared with to standard drugs (Cefoxitin; -5.985 kcal/mol, Oxacillin; -5.222 kcal/mol and methiclin -3.08 kcal/mol) and other phytoligands (protocatechuic acid -4.473 kcal/mol and Hesperetin -4.191 kcal/mol) tested. Hence, Chlorogenic acid could be studied as promising lead candidates acting as allosteric effectors of PBP2a that might be subjecte d to further structural optimization to enhance their biological activity and hence been synthesized and tested to evaluate their actual biological activity.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75922299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-23DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i3238
Umerah, Nkemjika Nnedinso, Asouzu, Ann Ifeoma
Lipolysis and lipogenesis causes obesity and these can be mediated by hormones. The study was aimed at determining the effect of malted hungry rice flour on lipogenic activity on diet-induced obese rats. The study was conducted between September to January 2021 and 2022. Twenty male adult albino rats were divided into four groups and obesity was induced which resemble mild obesity condition in human. The groups for the experiment were normal control (AIN-93), obese control, and two test diets were used to evaluate lipid profile parameter using a standard assay technique. There is an increase in BMI (from 0.37-0.41 to 0.58- 0.72). There are also an increase in other lipid profile with a decrease in HDL (p<0.05) after consumption of a palatable diet. Consumption of the test diet led to a significant reduction in the lipid profile parameter, and a significant increase in HDL cholesterol compared to the (group) obese control (p<0.05). The result suggests that malted hungry rice flour has an anti-obesity effect.
{"title":"Modulation of the Expression of Lipogenic Activity by Malted Hungry Rice Flour (Digitaria exilis.) on Rats Induced with Obesity","authors":"Umerah, Nkemjika Nnedinso, Asouzu, Ann Ifeoma","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i3238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i3238","url":null,"abstract":"Lipolysis and lipogenesis causes obesity and these can be mediated by hormones. The study was aimed at determining the effect of malted hungry rice flour on lipogenic activity on diet-induced obese rats. The study was conducted between September to January 2021 and 2022. Twenty male adult albino rats were divided into four groups and obesity was induced which resemble mild obesity condition in human. The groups for the experiment were normal control (AIN-93), obese control, and two test diets were used to evaluate lipid profile parameter using a standard assay technique. There is an increase in BMI (from 0.37-0.41 to 0.58- 0.72). There are also an increase in other lipid profile with a decrease in HDL (p<0.05) after consumption of a palatable diet. Consumption of the test diet led to a significant reduction in the lipid profile parameter, and a significant increase in HDL cholesterol compared to the (group) obese control (p<0.05). The result suggests that malted hungry rice flour has an anti-obesity effect.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74783899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-15DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i3236
U. Evuen, E. D. Kpomah
The underlying cause of a number of neurological disorders is oxidative stress. Given the dearth of medications now available to treat such disorders and their accompanying detrimental impacts, an urgent need exists for the global identification of brand-new antioxidants and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. This study evaluated the comparative impacts of the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase activities of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of S. mombin leaves. The dried leaf samples of the plant were triturated. Following maceration of the powdered plant materials in each of the three extraction solvents (methanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate), the resulting solutions were separately subjected to lyophilization. The in-vitro antioxidant analysis was determined by employing the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) assays. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory abilities of the various extracts were also evaluated using a standard protocol. The methanol extract showed the greatest DPPH scavenging (75.91%) and AChE inhibitory (40.17%) properties in the DPPH and AChE inhibitory assays, respectively. The DPPH and lipid peroxidation assays also demonstrated that all extracts had dose-dependent antioxidant properties. In addition, evaluations of each extract's ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation revealed that, at initial concentrations of 0.05 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L, the methanol extract displayed stronger LPO inhibitory effects (5.90%, 6.15%) than the n-hexane (4.00%, 5.4%) and ethyl acetate (3.26%, 3.99%) extracts. Nonetheless, the n-hexane extract showed a greater LPO inhibitory effect (10.00%, 10.34%) at higher dosages of 0.2 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L respectively. The results of this study have shown that methanol is the best solvent for exploiting the pharmacological benefits of S. mombin leaves thereby reasserting the numerous applications of the plant in traditional medicine. It has also paved the way for the development of novel therapeutic alternatives for a range of neurodegenerative disorders and other health concerns.
{"title":"Comparative Impact of Solvent Extracts of Spondias mombin Leaves on In-vitro Antioxidant and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activities","authors":"U. Evuen, E. D. Kpomah","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i3236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i3236","url":null,"abstract":"The underlying cause of a number of neurological disorders is oxidative stress. Given the dearth of medications now available to treat such disorders and their accompanying detrimental impacts, an urgent need exists for the global identification of brand-new antioxidants and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. This study evaluated the comparative impacts of the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase activities of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of S. mombin leaves. The dried leaf samples of the plant were triturated. Following maceration of the powdered plant materials in each of the three extraction solvents (methanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate), the resulting solutions were separately subjected to lyophilization. The in-vitro antioxidant analysis was determined by employing the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) assays. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory abilities of the various extracts were also evaluated using a standard protocol. The methanol extract showed the greatest DPPH scavenging (75.91%) and AChE inhibitory (40.17%) properties in the DPPH and AChE inhibitory assays, respectively. The DPPH and lipid peroxidation assays also demonstrated that all extracts had dose-dependent antioxidant properties. In addition, evaluations of each extract's ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation revealed that, at initial concentrations of 0.05 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L, the methanol extract displayed stronger LPO inhibitory effects (5.90%, 6.15%) than the n-hexane (4.00%, 5.4%) and ethyl acetate (3.26%, 3.99%) extracts. Nonetheless, the n-hexane extract showed a greater LPO inhibitory effect (10.00%, 10.34%) at higher dosages of 0.2 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L respectively. The results of this study have shown that methanol is the best solvent for exploiting the pharmacological benefits of S. mombin leaves thereby reasserting the numerous applications of the plant in traditional medicine. It has also paved the way for the development of novel therapeutic alternatives for a range of neurodegenerative disorders and other health concerns.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82601835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-05DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i3235
N. J. Chinonso, U. K. Amah, Onuegbu J. Anaelechi, Okeke C. Stellarmaris, Oti D. Chukwudi, Iwuagwu G. Obioma, I. S. Nwaisaac, Ahams E. Chika
Background: Obesity is one of the characteristics of metabolic disorders, it has been linked to cardiovascular diseases. Remnant cholesterol has been proposed to be a link between obesity and coronary heart disease, thus a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease in obese people. We compared the level of calculated non-fasting remnant cholesterol, fasting and non-fasting lipid profile and fasting blood sugar in overweight, obese and normal weight participants in Nnewi, a town in South East Nigeria. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 90 apparently healthy obese, overweight and normal weight participants who met the inclusion criteria were randomly enrolled. They were grouped using their body mass index of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 (normal weight), 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 (overweight) and ≥30 kg/m2 (obese). The parameters were analyzed using standard methods. Results: Our results shows that there was progressive increase of remnant cholesterol among the group, this increase has no statistical difference (p>0.05) in the mean calculated remnant cholesterol (mmol/l) between the obese (0.72±0.4), overweight (0.68±0.46), and normal weight (0.50±0.28) participants. The mean fasting Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and Triglyceride (TG) (mmol/l) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in overweight compared to normal weight participants (0.76±0.31 vs. 0.47±0.22) and (1.72±0.60 vs. 1.09±0.51) and obese participants (0.82±0.23 vs. 0.47±0.22) and (1.85±0.59 vs. 1.09±0.51) when compared to normal weight participants respectively. FBS levels (mmol/l) were significantly lower in normal weight participants when compared to overweight participants (3.45±0.79 vs. 4.46±1.82) and obese participants (3.46± 0.79 vs. 4.94±1.26). Conclusion: The results obtained from this study demonstrated a progressive increase in the level of remnant cholesterol which was not statistically significant among apparently healthy individuals across the group. Furthermore we did not observed Remnant cholesterol as a sole predictor to obesity which will lead to cardiovascular diseases, with the rising prevalence of obesity in developing country as well as its associated complications and risks.
背景:肥胖是代谢性疾病的特征之一，它与心血管疾病有关。残余胆固醇被认为是肥胖和冠心病之间的联系，因此是肥胖人群发生心血管疾病的危险因素。我们比较了尼日利亚东南部Nnewi镇超重、肥胖和正常体重参与者的计算非空腹残余胆固醇水平、空腹和非空腹血脂和空腹血糖。方法:采用横断面研究方法，随机选取符合纳入标准的90例明显健康的肥胖、超重和正常体重的受试者。按体重指数18.5 ~ 24.9 kg/m2(正常体重)、25 ~ 29.9 kg/m2(超重)和≥30 kg/m2(肥胖)分组。采用标准方法对各参数进行分析。结果:我们的研究结果显示，组内残余胆固醇呈进行性增加，肥胖组(0.72±0.4)、超重组(0.68±0.46)和正常体重组(0.50±0.28)的平均计算残余胆固醇(mmol/l)的增加无统计学差异(p>0.05)。与正常体重组相比，超重组空腹极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)和甘油三酯(TG) (mmol/l)的平均值(0.76±0.31 vs. 0.47±0.22)和肥胖组(0.82±0.23 vs. 0.47±0.22)和肥胖组(1.85±0.59 vs. 1.09±0.51)分别显著高于正常体重组(p<0.05)。体重正常受试者的FBS水平(mmol/l)明显低于超重受试者(3.45±0.79 vs. 4.46±1.82)和肥胖受试者(3.46±0.79 vs. 4.94±1.26)。结论:本研究结果表明，残余胆固醇水平逐渐升高，但在整个组中，在表面健康的个体中没有统计学意义。此外，我们没有观察到残余胆固醇是肥胖导致心血管疾病的唯一预测因素，而肥胖在发展中国家的患病率及其相关并发症和风险正在上升。
{"title":"Comparative Study of Remnant Cholesterol, Some Lipid Fractions and FBS Level in Overweight and Obese Participants in South East Nigeria","authors":"N. J. Chinonso, U. K. Amah, Onuegbu J. Anaelechi, Okeke C. Stellarmaris, Oti D. Chukwudi, Iwuagwu G. Obioma, I. S. Nwaisaac, Ahams E. Chika","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i3235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i3235","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Obesity is one of the characteristics of metabolic disorders, it has been linked to cardiovascular diseases. Remnant cholesterol has been proposed to be a link between obesity and coronary heart disease, thus a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease in obese people. We compared the level of calculated non-fasting remnant cholesterol, fasting and non-fasting lipid profile and fasting blood sugar in overweight, obese and normal weight participants in Nnewi, a town in South East Nigeria. \u0000Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 90 apparently healthy obese, overweight and normal weight participants who met the inclusion criteria were randomly enrolled. They were grouped using their body mass index of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 (normal weight), 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 (overweight) and ≥30 kg/m2 (obese). The parameters were analyzed using standard methods. \u0000Results: Our results shows that there was progressive increase of remnant cholesterol among the group, this increase has no statistical difference (p>0.05) in the mean calculated remnant cholesterol (mmol/l) between the obese (0.72±0.4), overweight (0.68±0.46), and normal weight (0.50±0.28) participants. The mean fasting Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and Triglyceride (TG) (mmol/l) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in overweight compared to normal weight participants (0.76±0.31 vs. 0.47±0.22) and (1.72±0.60 vs. 1.09±0.51) and obese participants (0.82±0.23 vs. 0.47±0.22) and (1.85±0.59 vs. 1.09±0.51) when compared to normal weight participants respectively. FBS levels (mmol/l) were significantly lower in normal weight participants when compared to overweight participants (3.45±0.79 vs. 4.46±1.82) and obese participants (3.46± 0.79 vs. 4.94±1.26). \u0000Conclusion: The results obtained from this study demonstrated a progressive increase in the level of remnant cholesterol which was not statistically significant among apparently healthy individuals across the group. Furthermore we did not observed Remnant cholesterol as a sole predictor to obesity which will lead to cardiovascular diseases, with the rising prevalence of obesity in developing country as well as its associated complications and risks.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77442727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Nano science and nano biotechnology provided enormous opportunities for exploring the bactericidal and fungicidal activities. Since ancient times, silver was known for its anti-bacterial effects and for centuries it has been used for prevention and control of disparate infections. On the effective use silver nanomaterials synthesized and characterized play a vital role of the modern science. Aims: Our goal is to prepare silver nanomaterials since studies have shown that silver nanoparticles have efficient activity against bacterial biofilms. Methodology: The silver nanoparticles were generally synthesized by non-aqueous sol-gel technique in the presence of different precursor by chelating agent. Results: Here found a cubic unit cell with miller indices (111) (200) (220) (311) (222) and crystallite size around 50.00nm by XRD. The morphology of the prepared nano particles has been revealed by SEM below 10.00 nm and TEM is below 5.00nm in size of graphical presentation such as size, shape, surface etc. of the nanoparticles. DLS is a unique technique to discern particle size around 65.00nm and size distributions in aqueous or physiological solutions of the nanoparticles. Conclusion: The studies on the combined synthesized and use of AgNPs with other antimicrobial agents generally help reduce the problem of toxicity and to avoid the potential for development of resistance and strongly enhance the microbicidal effect. This paper describes a short and very precise description about the chemical synthesis process of silver nanoparticles like no aqueous SGM. Also, this paper contains a brief description about different characterization technique of nanoparticles like X-ray Diffraction review the shape of crystal a cubic unit cell with miller indices (111) (200) (220) (311) (222) where crystallite size around 50.00nm, the morphology of the prepared nanoparticles has been revealed with size 10.00nm by SEM, Dynamic Light Scattering discern particle size around 65.00nm and Transmission Electron Microscope review the spherical shape of the nanomaterials. Further investigation will be continuing the antimicrobial activity test of AgNPs with ceramic coating.
{"title":"An Investigation on Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles","authors":"Md. Ashraful Alam, Salma Akter Munni, Sabrina Mostafa, Raton Kumar Bishwas, S. Jahan","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i3234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i3234","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Nano science and nano biotechnology provided enormous opportunities for exploring the bactericidal and fungicidal activities. Since ancient times, silver was known for its anti-bacterial effects and for centuries it has been used for prevention and control of disparate infections. On the effective use silver nanomaterials synthesized and characterized play a vital role of the modern science. \u0000Aims: Our goal is to prepare silver nanomaterials since studies have shown that silver nanoparticles have efficient activity against bacterial biofilms. \u0000Methodology: The silver nanoparticles were generally synthesized by non-aqueous sol-gel technique in the presence of different precursor by chelating agent. \u0000Results: Here found a cubic unit cell with miller indices (111) (200) (220) (311) (222) and crystallite size around 50.00nm by XRD. The morphology of the prepared nano particles has been revealed by SEM below 10.00 nm and TEM is below 5.00nm in size of graphical presentation such as size, shape, surface etc. of the nanoparticles. DLS is a unique technique to discern particle size around 65.00nm and size distributions in aqueous or physiological solutions of the nanoparticles. \u0000Conclusion: The studies on the combined synthesized and use of AgNPs with other antimicrobial agents generally help reduce the problem of toxicity and to avoid the potential for development of resistance and strongly enhance the microbicidal effect. This paper describes a short and very precise description about the chemical synthesis process of silver nanoparticles like no aqueous SGM. Also, this paper contains a brief description about different characterization technique of nanoparticles like X-ray Diffraction review the shape of crystal a cubic unit cell with miller indices (111) (200) (220) (311) (222) where crystallite size around 50.00nm, the morphology of the prepared nanoparticles has been revealed with size 10.00nm by SEM, Dynamic Light Scattering discern particle size around 65.00nm and Transmission Electron Microscope review the spherical shape of the nanomaterials. Further investigation will be continuing the antimicrobial activity test of AgNPs with ceramic coating.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86866053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-17DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i2233
F. N. Okwakpam, O. Azuonwu, S. Omeodu, D. H. Atako
This work investigated the possible effects of the administration of artemether-lumefantrine Ciprofloxacin, and their combinations on haematological parameters and cardiac biomarkers of adult male Wistar rats. A total of 20 rats were used for this study, the rats were divided into four groups of five rats each. Animals in group 1 served as control (distilled water), and Group 2 rats received 20/120g/kg body weight of artemether-lumefantrine. Group 3 rats received 125mg/kg body weight of ciprofloxacin. Group 4 took a combination of 20/120g/kg body weight of artemether-lumefantrine and 125mg/kg body weight of ciprofloxacin. The drugs were administered orally for 14 days. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples and heart tissues were collected for biochemical analysis. The results of this study showed that there was no significant (p<0.05) alteration in relative heart weight in all the test groups when compared to the control (group 1). However, the serum level of troponin, myoglobin and creatinine-kinase MB were significantly (p<0.05) elevated in group 4 animals treated with a combination of artemether-lumefantrine plus ciprofloxacin (group 4 when compared to control (group 1). The haematological results also showed that there was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the plasma level of PCV, HB, RBC and WBC in group 4 animals when compared to control (group 1). The histological heart examination showed no pathological changes. However, changes in haematological indices and serum activities of diagnostic proteins of cardiac origin should be taken into account.
{"title":"Hematological and Cardiac Marker Values of Adult Male Wistar Rats Administered a Combination of Common Antimalarial Drugs and Ciprofloxacin","authors":"F. N. Okwakpam, O. Azuonwu, S. Omeodu, D. H. Atako","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i2233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i2233","url":null,"abstract":"This work investigated the possible effects of the administration of artemether-lumefantrine Ciprofloxacin, and their combinations on haematological parameters and cardiac biomarkers of adult male Wistar rats. A total of 20 rats were used for this study, the rats were divided into four groups of five rats each. Animals in group 1 served as control (distilled water), and Group 2 rats received 20/120g/kg body weight of artemether-lumefantrine. Group 3 rats received 125mg/kg body weight of ciprofloxacin. Group 4 took a combination of 20/120g/kg body weight of artemether-lumefantrine and 125mg/kg body weight of ciprofloxacin. The drugs were administered orally for 14 days. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples and heart tissues were collected for biochemical analysis. The results of this study showed that there was no significant (p<0.05) alteration in relative heart weight in all the test groups when compared to the control (group 1). However, the serum level of troponin, myoglobin and creatinine-kinase MB were significantly (p<0.05) elevated in group 4 animals treated with a combination of artemether-lumefantrine plus ciprofloxacin (group 4 when compared to control (group 1). The haematological results also showed that there was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the plasma level of PCV, HB, RBC and WBC in group 4 animals when compared to control (group 1). The histological heart examination showed no pathological changes. However, changes in haematological indices and serum activities of diagnostic proteins of cardiac origin should be taken into account.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78513138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-13DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i2232
E. Okogbenin, N. U. Asiriuwa, B. O. Imoisi, D. C. Onyia, T. Okunwaye, V. Ezoguan, I. Gold, J. U. Obibuzor, H. Anemene, O. I. Akpose, E. Osawaru
The deleterious effect of consuming azo dye adulterants in palm oil is well documented including cancer. The presence of Sudan-III dye in palm oil cannot be detected by mere visual inspection. This study was aimed at developing a simple, cheap and convenient protocol for detection and identification of Sudan-III and other azo dyes in adulterated palm oil. The results revealed that the refractive index could be used to screen for azo dye adulteration in palm oil samples as the parameter increases with increasing concentration of Sudan-III dye in palm oil and were statistically different ((p<0.05) from crude unadulterated palm oil samples. Analytical thin layer chromatography and chemical bleaching using 20% v/v each of concentrated sulphuric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide in palm oil was effective in detecting Sudan III dye adulteration in concentrations of 10mg/L and above.
{"title":"The Use of Chemical Bleaching and Thin-layer Chromatographic Methods for the Detection and Identification of Sudan-III Dye in Adulterated Palm Oil","authors":"E. Okogbenin, N. U. Asiriuwa, B. O. Imoisi, D. C. Onyia, T. Okunwaye, V. Ezoguan, I. Gold, J. U. Obibuzor, H. Anemene, O. I. Akpose, E. Osawaru","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i2232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i2232","url":null,"abstract":"The deleterious effect of consuming azo dye adulterants in palm oil is well documented including cancer. The presence of Sudan-III dye in palm oil cannot be detected by mere visual inspection. This study was aimed at developing a simple, cheap and convenient protocol for detection and identification of Sudan-III and other azo dyes in adulterated palm oil. The results revealed that the refractive index could be used to screen for azo dye adulteration in palm oil samples as the parameter increases with increasing concentration of Sudan-III dye in palm oil and were statistically different ((p<0.05) from crude unadulterated palm oil samples. Analytical thin layer chromatography and chemical bleaching using 20% v/v each of concentrated sulphuric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide in palm oil was effective in detecting Sudan III dye adulteration in concentrations of 10mg/L and above.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76856465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-06DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i2231
I. Haruna, A. Ijeomah, S. O. Ajiboso, O. P. Nzute, M. Zaruwa
Cardiomyopathy is one of the significant complications of diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia plays a central role in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The aqueous stem bark extract of Pterocarpus erinaceus was investigated for its phytochemical constituents, its effects on blood glucose level, lipid profile, antioxidants markers, and cardiac markers for heart tissue damage in alloxan induced diabetic wistar albino rats. Thirty five (35) rats were randomly divided into six groups. The animals in groups 2-6 were induced with a single dose of 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan intraperitoneally. They were confirmed hyperglycemic after 72 hours of induction. Group 3 rats were treated with vitamin C as standard drug while group 4-6 were treated with P. erinaceus extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body w. t) for 14 days. The results shows that P. erinaceus aqueous stem bark extract contains flavonoids as the most abundant constituent with concentration of (452.67±7.37 mg/100g). The aqueous stem bark extract given at dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg decrease blood glucose concentration of rats by 44.26%, 47.16% and 74.41% respectively at 14th day of treatment. The rats treated with the plant extract shows significant decrease (p < 0.05) in triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels as well as significant increase (p<0.05) in the levels of total protein (TP) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) compared to the diabetic untreated rats. Antioxidant markers such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione transferase (GST) significantly increased (p<0.05) in rats treated with the extract, while malondialdehyde (MDA) level was significantly reduced (p<0.05) compared to the diabetic untreated rats. Serum cardiac markers for heart tissue damage such as cardiac Troponin I (cTnI), aspartate transferase (AST) and creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) significantly increased (p<0.05) in untreated diabetic rats compared to the diabetic rats treated with the extracts at all doses. Aqueous stem bark extract exhibited antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities and mitigated damage to the heart from the alloxan-induced myocardial toxicity associated with type-1 diabetes.
{"title":"Potentials of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir: Aqueous Stem Bark Extract to Prevent Development of cardiomyopathy in Rats","authors":"I. Haruna, A. Ijeomah, S. O. Ajiboso, O. P. Nzute, M. Zaruwa","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i2231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i2231","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiomyopathy is one of the significant complications of diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia plays a central role in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The aqueous stem bark extract of Pterocarpus erinaceus was investigated for its phytochemical constituents, its effects on blood glucose level, lipid profile, antioxidants markers, and cardiac markers for heart tissue damage in alloxan induced diabetic wistar albino rats. Thirty five (35) rats were randomly divided into six groups. The animals in groups 2-6 were induced with a single dose of 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan intraperitoneally. They were confirmed hyperglycemic after 72 hours of induction. Group 3 rats were treated with vitamin C as standard drug while group 4-6 were treated with P. erinaceus extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body w. t) for 14 days. The results shows that P. erinaceus aqueous stem bark extract contains flavonoids as the most abundant constituent with concentration of (452.67±7.37 mg/100g). The aqueous stem bark extract given at dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg decrease blood glucose concentration of rats by 44.26%, 47.16% and 74.41% respectively at 14th day of treatment. The rats treated with the plant extract shows significant decrease (p < 0.05) in triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels as well as significant increase (p<0.05) in the levels of total protein (TP) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) compared to the diabetic untreated rats. Antioxidant markers such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione transferase (GST) significantly increased (p<0.05) in rats treated with the extract, while malondialdehyde (MDA) level was significantly reduced (p<0.05) compared to the diabetic untreated rats. Serum cardiac markers for heart tissue damage such as cardiac Troponin I (cTnI), aspartate transferase (AST) and creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) significantly increased (p<0.05) in untreated diabetic rats compared to the diabetic rats treated with the extracts at all doses. Aqueous stem bark extract exhibited antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities and mitigated damage to the heart from the alloxan-induced myocardial toxicity associated with type-1 diabetes.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89879664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i2230
O. P. Nzute, A. Ijeomah, S. O. Ajiboso, B. Muhammad, I. Haruna
Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose, which over time leads to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. This present study investigated the potential of Pterocarpus erinaceus aqueous stem bark extract to prevent oxidative kidney damage in diabetic rats. Thirty six (36) male wistar rats of 100 to 200g were used. The rats were divided into six groups (A-F). Diabetes mellitus was induced in groups B-F by injecting alloxan at the dose of 150 mg/kg body weight. After 72hours, diabetes was confirmed. Vitamin C 25 mg/kg b.wt was used as standard treatment for group C and aqueous extract of Pterocarpus erinaceus stem bark at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt were administered to groups D, E and F respectively. All treatments were given orally, daily for 14 days. Phytochemical screening of the extract, Blood glucose level and oral glucose tolerance test were determined. At the end of the experiment, the serum, kidney tissue and kidney homogenate were obtained for the determination of kidney function parameters, histology, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant and inflammation markers. Phytochemical results shows the presence of phenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides and flavonoides. Diabetic rats administered with Pterocarpus erinaceus aqueous stem bark extract showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in, blood glucose, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), potassium, MDA, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and TGF-β when compared with diabetic control rats. Also a non significant (P>0.05) decrease in uric acid, albumin, and an increase in sodium, GSH when compared with the diabetic control group. A significant (P<0.05) increase was observed in SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST when compared with diabetic control rats. The kidney histology shows well protected kidney. These results obtained shows that aqueous extract of Pterocarpus erinaceus stem bark exhibited significant antihyperglycemic, improvement in kidney function, antioxidant and anti inflammatory markers and prevented kidney tissue damage in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. This might be useful in the management diabetes mellitus patients.
{"title":"Potential of Pterocarpus erinaceus Aqueous Stem Bark Extract to Prevent Oxidative Kidney Damage in Diabetic Rats","authors":"O. P. Nzute, A. Ijeomah, S. O. Ajiboso, B. Muhammad, I. Haruna","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i2230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i2230","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose, which over time leads to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. This present study investigated the potential of Pterocarpus erinaceus aqueous stem bark extract to prevent oxidative kidney damage in diabetic rats. Thirty six (36) male wistar rats of 100 to 200g were used. The rats were divided into six groups (A-F). Diabetes mellitus was induced in groups B-F by injecting alloxan at the dose of 150 mg/kg body weight. After 72hours, diabetes was confirmed. Vitamin C 25 mg/kg b.wt was used as standard treatment for group C and aqueous extract of Pterocarpus erinaceus stem bark at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt were administered to groups D, E and F respectively. All treatments were given orally, daily for 14 days. Phytochemical screening of the extract, Blood glucose level and oral glucose tolerance test were determined. At the end of the experiment, the serum, kidney tissue and kidney homogenate were obtained for the determination of kidney function parameters, histology, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant and inflammation markers. Phytochemical results shows the presence of phenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides and flavonoides. Diabetic rats administered with Pterocarpus erinaceus aqueous stem bark extract showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in, blood glucose, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), potassium, MDA, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and TGF-β when compared with diabetic control rats. Also a non significant (P>0.05) decrease in uric acid, albumin, and an increase in sodium, GSH when compared with the diabetic control group. A significant (P<0.05) increase was observed in SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST when compared with diabetic control rats. The kidney histology shows well protected kidney. These results obtained shows that aqueous extract of Pterocarpus erinaceus stem bark exhibited significant antihyperglycemic, improvement in kidney function, antioxidant and anti inflammatory markers and prevented kidney tissue damage in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. This might be useful in the management diabetes mellitus patients.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85129894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Persea americana seeds have been used in ethnomedicine as a potent remedy for putative health conditions such as muscular and menstrual pains, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, anaemia, insomnia, hyperlipidaemia, diarrhoea, dysentery, gastric and peptic ulcers. Aim: This study investigated the antioxidant scavenging activities of the methanol extract of Persea americana seed. Methods: The seed samples were collected, dried, ground into powder and extracted in methanol by cold maceration. The antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl, lipid peroxidation and reducing power assays. Antioxidant vitamins (A, E and C) and enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase) were assayed using absorption spectroscopic methods. Results: There was a significant increase (p≤0.05) in the DPPH scavenging effect and inhibition of lipid peroxidation activity with increasing extract concentration. There is an increase in spectroscopic absorbance value as the concentration of the sample extract, in the reaction mixture, increases indicating its reducing power ability. The EC50 values for DPPH, lipid peroxidation and reducing power assays were 610 µg/ml, 640.51 µg/ml and 580 µg/ml respectively. Vitamin E (267.73 ± 0.07 mg/ 100 g) content was the highest among the antioxidant vitamins investigated (Vitamin A (7.60 ± 0.01 mg/100 g) and C (3.88 ± 0.03 mg/100 g). Conclusion: The chemical compositions of the investigated samples might be responsible for their medicinal values in phytomedicine. This study shows that Persea americana seeds are adequate in maintaining healthy nutrition for preventing the accumulation of destructive free radicals. The radical scavenging abilities exhibited by the seed extract may be attributed to the high polyphenolic content and antioxidant enzymes present.
{"title":"Evaluation of Selected Vitamins and Antioxidant Potential of Methanol Seed Extract of Persea americana","authors":"Omorevbarhia, Omorovbiye, Umerie, Sunday Chidozie, Aniefuna, Ejike Louis, Oguazu Chinenye Enoch","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i2228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i2228","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Persea americana seeds have been used in ethnomedicine as a potent remedy for putative health conditions such as muscular and menstrual pains, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, anaemia, insomnia, hyperlipidaemia, diarrhoea, dysentery, gastric and peptic ulcers. \u0000Aim: This study investigated the antioxidant scavenging activities of the methanol extract of Persea americana seed. \u0000Methods: The seed samples were collected, dried, ground into powder and extracted in methanol by cold maceration. The antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl, lipid peroxidation and reducing power assays. Antioxidant vitamins (A, E and C) and enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase) were assayed using absorption spectroscopic methods. \u0000Results: There was a significant increase (p≤0.05) in the DPPH scavenging effect and inhibition of lipid peroxidation activity with increasing extract concentration. There is an increase in spectroscopic absorbance value as the concentration of the sample extract, in the reaction mixture, increases indicating its reducing power ability. The EC50 values for DPPH, lipid peroxidation and reducing power assays were 610 µg/ml, 640.51 µg/ml and 580 µg/ml respectively. Vitamin E (267.73 ± 0.07 mg/ 100 g) content was the highest among the antioxidant vitamins investigated (Vitamin A (7.60 ± 0.01 mg/100 g) and C (3.88 ± 0.03 mg/100 g). \u0000Conclusion: The chemical compositions of the investigated samples might be responsible for their medicinal values in phytomedicine. This study shows that Persea americana seeds are adequate in maintaining healthy nutrition for preventing the accumulation of destructive free radicals. The radical scavenging abilities exhibited by the seed extract may be attributed to the high polyphenolic content and antioxidant enzymes present.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76864550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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