Atmospheric Research最新文献

{"title":"An overview of spatiotemporal variation, chemical characteristics, source apportionment, and potential influential factors of PM2.5 in coastal regions and at islands of East Asia","authors":"Po-Hsuan Yen ,&nbsp;Wen-Hsi Cheng ,&nbsp;Yu-Lun Tseng ,&nbsp;Chung-Shin Yuan ,&nbsp;Kuo-Cheng Lo ,&nbsp;Nian-Jie Li ,&nbsp;Jia-Yi Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article provides a comprehensive overview of the spatiotemporal variation, chemical characteristics, and source identification of PM_2.5 in the coastal and island regions of East Asia. We aimed to comprehensively ascertain the mass concentration and chemical signature of PM_2.5 in these distinctive maritime environments. To begin with, the inter-comparison of PM_2.5's sampling and analytical methods applied by previous researches were extensively employed. The spatial distribution of PM_2.5's mass concentrations and chemical composition were explored throughout the coasts and islands in East Asia. Coastal regions commonly exhibited considerably higher PM_2.5 concentrations (152.40 ± 51.20 μg/m³ in North China to 8.34 ± 4.60 μg/m³ in South Taiwan) than those at the island sites (63.08 ± 39.04 μg/m³ in Bohai Sea to 8.82 ± 4.09 μg/m³ in Western Pacific Ocean) with the distinct chemical fingerprints of PM_2.5 originated from continental and maritime sources, respectively. The source identification of PM_2.5 in the coastal and island regions clarify their distinct chemical characteristics and dominant sources. Coastal regions were predominantly influenced by industrial emissions, vehicular exhausts, and shipping activities, whereas island regions showed greater contributions from long-range transport, oceanic spray, and ship emissions. This article further investigated three major influential factors specifically affecting PM_2.5 levels in coastal regions and at islands of East Asia, including pollution sources, weather patterns, and transporting pathways. The study identified three distinct transport channels, namely the West, East, and South Channels which exhibited markedly different PM_2.5 levels: the West Channel (38.65 ± 17.07 μg/m³), East Channel (11.28 ± 5.11 μg/m³), and South Channel (9.16 ± 2.71 μg/m³). Anthropogenic sources were the major contributors to PM_2.5, while weather patterns and meteorological phenomena also played essential roles in shaping its spatiotemporal variation in East Asia. Moreover, this article further addressed the cluster of transport pathways in assessing three transport channels of PM_2.5. By synthesizing the findings from previous investigations, it provided a comprehensive understanding of PM_2.5 pollution dynamics in the coastal regions and at the islands of East Asia. It underscored the needs for targeting the interventions and pollution control measures to address the diverse sources and the complex atmospheric conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108759"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting microphysics and environmental drivers of weak and intense convection-induced extreme precipitation: Insights from GPM DPR observations","authors":"Zelin Wang ,&nbsp;Xiong Hu ,&nbsp;Weihua Ai ,&nbsp;Shensen Hu ,&nbsp;Junqi Qiao ,&nbsp;Xianbin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under global warming, extreme precipitation events (EPEs) have become frequent worldwide, with unclear microphysical differences in convective clouds. The weak and intense convection-induced EPEs (WeEPEs and InEPEs, respectively) over South China are identified with 10-year spaceborne dual-frequency precipitation radar observations. Results suggest that most EPEs occur in morning and nighttime. The distribution of WeEPEs (land-prevalent) and InEPEs (ocean-prevalent) is regulated by ocean thermal gradients, moisture transport, and orographic lifting. Weak sea surface temperature (SST) gradients and southerly moisture transport generate offshore moisture centers. The humid environment in the ocean may help the formation of WeEPEs. Conversely, strong SST gradients, coupled with stronger southerly moisture transport form inland moisture centers, with orographic forcing enhancing upward motion for strong convection. Weak convection generates extreme precipitation through synergistic increase in particle size and concentration below the 0 °C level, with high concentration being more critical. For oceanic events, InEPEs show a slightly larger particle diameter increase (0.11 mm) below the 0 °C level. However, WeEPEs have a much greater concentration increase (4.34 dB), resulting in a larger reflectivity factor increase (7.58 dBZ). For the most extreme precipitation, even if one of the warm-rain process and the ice-phase process dominates, the other still plays a significant role. Across eventsof different regions, continental WeEPEs reach peak rates through ice-particle melting (16.1 mm/h) and warm-rain coalescence to enhance particle size (70.6 mm/h); marine InEPEs (102.02 mm/h) rely on high liquid water path and efficient coalescence for maximum rates (warm-rain contribution: 43.3 mm/h).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108762"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145961779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Rossby wave trains triggered by two successive typhoons in 2023 on local air pollutant concentrations in China","authors":"Xin Liu ,&nbsp;Jianing Feng ,&nbsp;Lu Liu ,&nbsp;Hongxiong Xu ,&nbsp;Dajun Zhao ,&nbsp;Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Yike Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air pollution is strongly linked to local and synoptic-scale atmospheric conditions, and tropical cyclones (TCs) are recognized as high-wind systems that facilitate pollutant scavenging. A key question is whether TC-triggered Rossby wave trains exert direct or remote indirect influences on pollutant concentrations. Using multi-source reanalysis datasets, this study examined the dynamic impacts of the Rossby wave trains from two successive TCs in 2023 (Doksuri, TC1; Khanun, TC2) on central China's pollutant concentrations. Results showed a prominent Rossby wave train was excited by TC1; its alternating anticyclone (A) - cyclone (C) structure drove periodic high-low pressure oscillations in the study area. Pollutant concentrations correlated with wave train phases: cyclonic phases (TC1/TC2/C1) brought strong ascent, enhanced winds, and precipitation, reducing PM2.5 and CO rapidly; anticyclonic phases (A0/A1/A2) caused subsidence and weak winds, worsening diffusion and increasing pollutants. TC1 directly affected local pollution by passing through the area. TC2 propagated northward over the ocean with no direct impact on the study area, but its wave train blocked mid-latitude energy transport, forcing mid-latitude high-pressure energy southward and inducing secondary pollution. This study is the first to quantify TC-Rossby wave train effects on pollutant diffusion (direct/indirect), providing a novel perspective for TC-air pollution links.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108768"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145968540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traffic and PM10 in Veneto region (northeastern Italy): The lesson of the 2020 lockdown","authors":"Denise Pernigotti ,&nbsp;Mario Marcello Miglietta","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108766","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108766","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 represented a unique opportunity to evaluate the way reduced traffic may influence air pollution levels. In the present study, this analysis is performed in the Veneto region, northeastern Italy, one of the most polluted areas in Europe, in the eastern Po Valley. During the first month of the COVID-19 lockdown period, the concentrations of fine particles (PM10) fell by 20–25% in the area, which corresponded to a 30–40% decrease in NO₂ emissions, mostly attributed to lower traffic volumes.</div><div>In order to understand if the specific atmospheric conditions of the period affected the decrease in PM10 concentration, meteorological data from ground stations and radio-soundings, together with ERA5 reanalysis data, were analysed to better define the role of meteorology in the reduced pollution concentrations. The analysis does not identify significant changes in the meteorological conditions.</div><div>The improvement in the concentrations of PM10 during the lockdown period emphasizes the potential benefits of traffic reduction in achieving air quality goals. Unfortunately, current policy plans are insufficient, failing the 39% reduction in traffic emissions declared as necessary by the Veneto region to comply with EU standards. This consideration highlights the urgent need for significant changes in traffic management strategies in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108766"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145968538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the spatial heterogeneity of black carbon variation drivers in China: Views from explainable machine learning","authors":"Huang Zheng ,&nbsp;Weiwei Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Bi ,&nbsp;Nan Chen ,&nbsp;Cheng Wu ,&nbsp;Mingming Zheng ,&nbsp;Shaofei Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Differences in black carbon (BC) emissions and diverse climate zones in China result in significant spatial heterogeneity of BC levels. Understanding the roles of emissions, meteorological conditions, and other factors in BC variation is important for mitigating its adverse effects. This study conducted synchronous observations of BC in Changchun (CC), Tianjin (TJ), Wuhan (WH), and Guangzhou (GZ) during winter. Results showed that BC levels were highest in WH compared to the other cities (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Simulations using the Flexible Particle Dispersion (FLEXPART) model and BC emission inventories quantified the contributions from local transport and different sectors. Results indicated that local emissions were the dominant geographical source of observed BC levels at all four sites. BC from residential, commercial, and other sectors was the dominant source in TJ, WH, and GZ. Using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method, emissions were identified as the predominant factor influencing BC variation at the four sites. While changes in meteorological conditions were the most influential factor contributing to BC concentration increases as air quality worsened from clean to polluted in CC, TJ, and WH. Regarding the impacts of features on model outputs, emissions showed a linear relationship with simulated BC, while the effects of transport and meteorological conditions exhibited spatial heterogeneity. This study highlights the need for continuous reduction of BC emissions to decrease ambient BC levels, and this recommendation can be extended to other parts of the country.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108749"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between the thermal spring timing variability and atmospheric teleconnection patterns over the past six decades in Finland","authors":"Sadegh Kaboli ,&nbsp;Ville Kankare ,&nbsp;Ali Torabi Haghighi ,&nbsp;Cintia Bertacchi Uvo ,&nbsp;Elina Kasvi","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The timing of the spring season in the boreal region is shifting under global warming, with profound impacts on ecosystems and hydrological processes. However, the mechanisms driving this transition and its considerable interannual variability are not well described, especially regarding the influence of large-scale atmospheric teleconnection patterns. This study examines the temporal variability of the observed thermal spring season across Finland, a boreal country warming faster than the global average. Key spring timing indices, including onset, end, duration, and growing season onset, were calculated and analyzed using high-resolution (1 km × 1 km) daily mean temperature data from 1961 to 2023. Spatial and temporal patterns were identified through Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) decomposition, and their associations with major atmospheric teleconnection patterns were examined. Results indicated that during the past six decades, the spring onset has advanced by 2–6 days/decade, with the most pronounced changes in the coastal and southwestern parts of the country. The duration of the spring season has extended by 3–6 days/decade in the northern areas and along the southwestern coast. The early spring onset was associated with a strong positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation (AO), and delayed spring end and growing season onset were linked to the positive phase of the East Atlantic–West Russia (EAWR) pattern. By contrast, an early growing season start was linked to the positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The duration of the thermal spring season showed a strong association with the Scandinavian (SCA) pattern.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108752"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric CO₂ concentration gradients at the coastal region of the Yangtze River Delta: Patterns and drivers","authors":"Yi Lin ,&nbsp;Honggang Lv ,&nbsp;Kehan Chen ,&nbsp;Peng Guo ,&nbsp;Yifei Jiang ,&nbsp;Lin Xiao ,&nbsp;Tienan Zhao ,&nbsp;Haiyan Wang ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Chen ,&nbsp;Kunpeng Zang ,&nbsp;Shuangxi Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂), the primary anthropogenic greenhouse gas, is a critical tracer for understanding carbon-cycle–climate feedback. Despite intense industrialization and population density, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) lacks high-frequency in situ CO₂ observations in its coastal and marine-influenced zones. In this study, the continuous atmospheric CO₂ measurements collected between December 2020 and December 2022 at an urban tower in Shanghai and a coastal background site in Shengsi were analyzed. Results reveal a distinct bimodal diurnal cycle in Shanghai, primarily driven by local anthropogenic emissions, whereas Shengsi exhibits a unimodal pattern more closely coupled to biospheric processes and marine dilution. Nighttime data from Shanghai station reliably represents urban background concentrations, as the stable concentration performance, less planetary boundary layer (PBL) and anthropogenic impacts. Wind and trajectory analyses link CO₂ enhancement at Shanghai to emissions from northern and northwestern sectors, whereas Shengsi concentrations are modulated by ocean-atmosphere carbon exchange—as evidenced by correlations with sea surface temperature, salinity, and pressure, alongside stronger negative links to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and air temperature compared to Shanghai. Furthermore, partial least squares regression (PLSR) further highlights the dominance of local emissions at Shanghai (&lt; 200 km scale) and oceanic/biospheric drivers at Shengsi, with regional transport amplifying variability across scales. These findings advance understanding of CO₂ spatiotemporal variability in coastal megaregions and provide an empirical basis for improving top-down carbon flux estimates and informing targeted climate mitigation strategies in eastern China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108746"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MCF-XCO2: A cross-mission consistency and fusion framework for integrating multi-satellite XCO2 observations","authors":"Yutang Yu ,&nbsp;Wenjie Tian ,&nbsp;Lili Zhang ,&nbsp;Tao Yu ,&nbsp;Yu Wu ,&nbsp;Tianhai Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon satellites, as an essential means of obtaining atmospheric XCO₂ concentration, play a key role in monitoring the global carbon cycle. However, the differences in observation platforms, resolutions, and inversion algorithms among different satellites lead to apparent inconsistencies among multi-source XCO₂ data, which limits the joint application and comprehensive analysis of the data. In this paper, we develop a framework named <strong>MCF-XCO</strong>_{<strong>2</strong>} (<strong>M</strong>ulti-source <strong>C</strong>onsistency <strong>F</strong>usion of <strong>XCO</strong>_{<strong>2</strong>}) for correcting multi-source satellite XCO₂ observations and performing uncertainty-weighted fusion. The method leverages high-precision satellite products as references, while minimizing the need for direct ground-based correction, to enhance the consistency and overall accuracy of multi-source observations. Based on this framework, multi-source satellite data, including GOSAT, GOSAT-2, OCO-2, and OCO-3, were integrated to construct a sparsely gridded global XCO₂ fusion dataset at 0.01° × 0.02° nominal spatial resolution and nominal daily sampling, reflecting available observations. The findings indicate that the fused dataset shows improved coverage in grids with available observations compared to individual satellite products, improved accuracy, and better consistency over time. Independent validation against TCCON ground-based observations further confirms the method's effectiveness, with R² = 0.91, RMSE = 1.09 ppm, bias = 0.07 ppm, and MRE = 0.2 %. The spatial and temporal dynamic analysis of the fused dataset reveals the typical spatial structure and seasonal variation of global carbon concentration, demonstrating the potential application of this dataset in studying the carbon cycle. The MCF-XCO₂ framework is also designed to accommodate future satellite missions, supporting timely updates and extended temporal coverage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108747"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145902909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case study of aircraft icing in-cloud measurements and explicit supercooled water prediction in Eastern China","authors":"Liping Luo ,&nbsp;Ming Xue ,&nbsp;Xin Xu ,&nbsp;Lin Deng ,&nbsp;Junxia Li ,&nbsp;Rong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108748","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the morning of 12 November 2022, severe aircraft icing occurred over Anhui Province, Eastern China during weather modification operations. In-situ airborne measurements revealed the presence of a substantial concentration of supercooled droplets with effective diameter exceeding 45 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m, and liquid water content (LWC) above 1.2 g m⁻³ during the icing event.</div><div>Given the importance of microphysical parameterization (MP) scheme for icing conditions, simulations using different multi-moment MP schemes, i.e., WDM6, NSSL, Milbrandt-Yau (MY) schemes, are conducted at 1-km grid spacing for the case. Comparisons against satellite observations indicate that the general evolution of the frontal system and surface precipitation are well reproduced by the simulations. However, all simulations underpredict upper-level clouds with cloud-top temperature below 240 K over the northeastern part of the front. Besides, WDM6 scheme produces ice cloud-top area (CTA) closest to satellite observations but only produces approximately half of the observed CTA for supercooled cloud tops. The Milbrandt-Yau scheme shows superior performance in simulating the cloud top features during the icing event. Examinations of explicit supercooled cloud water (SCW) prediction skills indicate that WDM6 generates excessive total number concentration (<em>Nt</em>) of small SCW, with <em>Nt</em> reaching up to 10¹¹ m⁻³ and effective diameter (<em>ED</em>) below 20 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m. In contrast, the NSSL scheme produces significantly larger SCW particles but substantially lower <em>Nt</em> at approximately 10⁷ m⁻³ and <em>ED</em> of above 200 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m. Notably, the particle size distribution of SCW predicted by MY scheme is more realistic compared with in-situ aircraft measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108748"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145902906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"K-means clustering analysis of autumn rainfall patterns over West China and their underlying mechanisms","authors":"Han Zhang,&nbsp;Ke Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Through k-means clustering analysis, this study identified three dominant anomalous patterns of autumn rainfall over West China: (1) a region-wide positive anomalies in precipitation, (2) a south-positive–north-negative dipole pattern, and (3) a west-positive–east-negative dipole pattern. The first two patterns account for most of the explained variance annually. The first pattern is influenced primarily by a strengthened and westward-extended western Pacific subtropical high and an intensified East Asian subtropical jet (EAJ), driven mainly by negative sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical central-eastern Pacific. Reduced snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau also plays a moderating role by altering the thermal forcing that affects the EAJ. The second pattern is associated mainly with an anomalous anticyclone over the South China Sea and a weakened, southward-shifted EAJ, which are closely linked to El Niño-like SST anomalies in the tropical central-eastern Pacific and cold SST anomalies in the eastern North Atlantic. The above mechanisms were verified using the Linear Baroclinic Model and the ECHAM5 model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108745"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}