Atmospheric Research最新文献_第8页

Unravelling the drivers of the April–May 2024 extreme precipitation event in Rio Grande do Sul 揭开2024年4 - 5月巴西南格兰德州极端降水事件的驱动因素

IF 4.4 2区地球科学 Q1 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

Atmospheric Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108773

Albenis Pérez-Alarcón , Rogert Sorí , Milica Stojanovic , Renata Libonati , Ricardo M. Trigo , Raquel Nieto , Luis Gimeno

This study examines the extreme precipitation event that caused unprecedented flooding in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, during April–May 2024, leading to record-breaking floods in Porto Alegre. Using data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA5, the high-resolution Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation dataset, a Lagrangian moisture tracking approach, and an analogue-based analysis, we identified the atmospheric drivers and moisture sources fueling this event. Results show that a persistent, quasi-stationary dipole configuration, consisting of a high over the South Atlantic and a deep low over southern South America, drove this extreme event. This configuration, reinforced by heat wave conditions over central and southeastern Brazil, favoured a sustained, atmospheric river-like moisture transport from the Amazon region, channelled by a strengthened South American Low-Level Jet east of the Andes, configuring a compound event. We also found that the highest moisture contribution occurred predominantly 1–3 days before the precipitation over RS. The analogue-based analysis revealed that while the mean sea level pressure (MSLP) pattern was uncommon but not unique within the 1991–2020 reference period, the RS extreme event exhibited significantly enhanced moisture transport and uptake from the Amazon region compared to similar past occurrences. Additionally, we found lower predictability and persistence of the MSLP pattern during this event than that of its analogues. Overall, this research underscores the critical role of specific large-scale atmospheric patterns and sustained anomalous moisture supply in driving extreme precipitation, reinforcing the need for an improved understanding of climate-weather interactions and the development of mitigation strategies to address intensifying extreme precipitation events in a changing climate.

本研究考察了2024年4月至5月在巴西南里约热内卢Grande do （RS）造成前所未有洪水的极端降水事件，该事件导致阿雷格里港（Porto Alegre）发生破纪录的洪水。利用来自欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5的数据、高分辨率多源加权集合降水数据集、拉格朗日水分跟踪方法和基于模拟的分析，我们确定了这一事件的大气驱动因素和水分来源。结果表明，由南大西洋上空的高压和南美洲南部上空的深低压组成的持续的准平稳偶极子结构驱动了这次极端事件。巴西中部和东南部的热浪条件加强了这种结构，有利于亚马孙地区持续的、大气中河流般的水汽输送，由安第斯山脉以东加强的南美低空急流引导，形成一个复合事件。基于模拟的分析表明，虽然1991-2020年的平均海平面压力（MSLP）模式不常见，但并非唯一，但与过去类似事件相比，RS极端事件显著增强了亚马逊地区的水分输送和吸收。此外，我们发现MSLP模式在这次事件中的可预测性和持久性较低。总的来说，这项研究强调了特定的大尺度大气模式和持续的异常湿度供应在驱动极端降水中的关键作用，加强了对气候-天气相互作用的理解和制定缓解战略的必要性，以应对气候变化中日益加剧的极端降水事件。

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引用次数: 0

A novel approach for assimilating GNSS tropospheric gradient information to improve numerical weather prediction 同化GNSS对流层梯度信息以改进数值天气预报的新方法

IF 4.4 2区地球科学 Q1 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

Atmospheric Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108769

Yuxin Zheng , Cuixian Lu , Jiafeng Li , Jan Dousa , Xiaohong Zhang

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has emerged as a well-established atmospheric observing system, with Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) and integrated water vapor routinely assimilated by several global and regional Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) centers. While co-derived tropospheric gradients effectively capture water vapor horizontal anisotropy, their assimilation has yet to be widely adopted. Here, we introduce a novel approach for assimilating GNSS tropospheric gradients into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model by constructing pseudo-ZTD observations from GNSS-derived ZTD and gradient data. Through two comparative experiments, we evaluate the potential influence of GNSS tropospheric gradients on WRF forecasts. The results indicate that assimilating these gradients improves humidity and wind field predictions in the lower-to-middle troposphere (850–500 hPa), with a neutral impact on surface fields. Verification against radar estimates further demonstrates enhanced precipitation forecast skills, particularly for heavy precipitation events, by better resolving the spatial distribution and intensity of precipitation systems. A diagnosis of a precipitation event suggests that the assimilation of GNSS tropospheric gradients is able to adjust the forecast mid-level moisture distribution and modulate the forecast upward motion, thereby influencing the formation of spurious precipitation.

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）是一种成熟的大气观测系统，其天顶总延迟（ZTD）和综合水汽通常被几个全球和区域数值天气预报（NWP）中心吸收。虽然共同导出的对流层梯度有效地捕获了水汽的水平各向异性，但它们的同化尚未被广泛采用。本文提出了一种新的方法，利用GNSS导出的ZTD和梯度数据构建伪ZTD观测值，将GNSS对流层梯度同化到天气研究与预报（WRF）模型中。通过两个对比实验，我们评估了GNSS对流层梯度对WRF预报的潜在影响。结果表明，同化这些梯度可以改善对流层中下层（850 ~ 500 hPa）的湿度和风场预测，对地面场的影响为中性。通过更好地解析降水系统的空间分布和强度，对雷达估计的验证进一步证明了降水预报技能的提高，特别是对于强降水事件。对一次降水事件的诊断表明，GNSS对流层梯度的同化能够调整预报的中层水汽分布并调节预报的上升运动，从而影响假降水的形成。

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引用次数: 0

Spatiotemporal Variability of China's 800 mm Precipitation Isohyet (1961–2022): Multi-scale Analysis of its Migration and Impact on Hydroclimatic Extremes 第1节中国800mm降水等雨量（1961-2022）的时空变异：多尺度迁移及其对水文气候极端事件的影响

IF 4.4 2区地球科学 Q1 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

Atmospheric Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108770

Shaowei Ning , Le Chen , Rujian Long , Yuliang Zhou , Yi Cui , Min Zhang , Lichang Xu , Juliang Jin , Thapa bthapa

Under global climate change, precipitation variability and extreme events pose significant challenges to regional ecological security and water resource management. This study proposes the Dynamic Line Scanning Method (DLSM) to quantitatively assess the migration of China's 800 mm precipitation isohyet during 1961–2022. Using long-term precipitation data, we systematically examined its spatial and temporal variation, explored links with drought–flood regimes and extreme precipitation, and identified the main drivers. Results indicate that the isohyet experienced a two-phase shift: an initial southward retreat followed by accelerated northward movement after 2001, with the latter trend markedly intensifying. These shifts have directly influenced regional drought–flood patterns and altered the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events. Analysis further reveals that the East Asian Summer Monsoon Index (EASMI) is the dominant factor driving the isohyet's movement. Overall, this study provides novel methodological insights and robust empirical evidence regarding the dynamics of precipitation isohyets in China in the context of climate change. The findings enhance understanding of hydroclimatic variability and offer a scientific foundation for developing region-specific adaptation and water management strategies.

在全球气候变化背景下，降水变率和极端事件对区域生态安全和水资源管理提出了重大挑战。本文提出了动态线扫描法（DLSM）定量评价1961-2022年中国800mm降水等雨量线的迁移。利用长期降水数据，系统分析了其时空变化，探讨了其与旱涝和极端降水的联系，并确定了主要驱动因素。结果表明，该等雨量线经历了两个阶段的变化，即2001年以后先向南撤退，然后加速向北移动，后一阶段的趋势明显加剧。这些变化直接影响了区域旱涝格局，并改变了极端降水事件的频率和强度。进一步分析表明，东亚夏季风指数（EASMI）是驱动等雨量线运动的主导因素。总体而言，本研究为气候变化背景下中国降水等线的动态提供了新的方法见解和有力的经验证据。这些发现增强了对水文气候变率的认识，并为制定区域适应和水管理战略提供了科学基础。

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引用次数: 0

A machine learning-based backward extension of IMERG daily precipitation over the Greater Alpine Region 基于机器学习的大阿尔卑斯地区IMERG日降水的反向扩展

IF 4.4 2区地球科学 Q1 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

Atmospheric Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108763

Iman Goudarzi , Davide Fazzini , Claudia Pasquero , Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni , Matteo Borgnino

Accurate knowledge of precipitation at high spatio-temporal resolution is essential for climate studies and hydrological applications, particularly in mountainous regions where traditional models often underperform due to coarse resolution and sparse observational networks. In this study, we present a machine learning-based approach to enhance ERA5 reanalysis precipitation estimates using the satellite-derived IMERG (Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM) product as a reference. We focus on the Greater Alpine Region (GAR), using extreme gradient boosting combined with Shapley additive explanations to identify the most influential ERA5 variables. This method enables the creation of a new daily rainfall dataset, ML-IMEX-GAR (Machine Learning IMERG backward-EXtended precipitation dataset over GAR), at IMERG’s spatial resolution for the historical period 1960–2000.

Compared to ERA5, ML-IMEX-GAR reduces the spatiotemporal RMSD against IMERG by approximately 14%, and achieves strong agreement with in-situ observational monthly data, with an

R^{2}

of 0.87. These findings demonstrate the potential of machine learning to correct reanalysis biases, improve historical precipitation reconstructions, and support climate change research in data-scarce, complex terrains.

高时空分辨率降水的准确知识对于气候研究和水文应用至关重要，特别是在山区，传统模式往往由于分辨率粗和观测网络稀疏而表现不佳。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种基于机器学习的方法，以卫星衍生的IMERG （Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM）产品为参考，增强ERA5再分析降水估计。我们将重点放在大高寒地区（GAR），使用极端梯度增强结合Shapley加性解释来确定最具影响力的ERA5变量。这种方法可以创建一个新的日降雨量数据集，ML-IMEX-GAR（机器学习IMERG在GAR上的向后扩展降水数据集），以IMERG的空间分辨率为1960-2000年的历史时期。与ERA5相比，ML-IMEX-GAR将相对于IMERG的时空RMSD降低了约14%，与逐月现场观测数据具有较强的一致性，R2为0.87。这些发现证明了机器学习在纠正再分析偏差、改善历史降水重建和支持数据稀缺、复杂地形的气候变化研究方面的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

High-precision forecasting of 1 km resolution PWV and ZTD over China based on the Pangu-Weather system 基于盘古天气系统的中国1公里分辨率PWV和ZTD高精度预报

IF 4.4 2区地球科学 Q1 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

Atmospheric Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108771

Zhihao Wang , Hongzhou Chai , Yuhao Ye , Min Wang , Peng Chen

As key tropospheric parameters, zenith total delay (ZTD) and precipitable water vapor (PWV) serve as core data supports for precise positioning of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), meteorological monitoring, and disaster early warning. However, existing observation and estimation methods generally suffer from technical bottlenecks, including insufficient spatiotemporal resolution, poor real-time performance, and data blind spots. To address this problem, this study proposes a novel retrieval method based on the Pangu-Weather system, aiming to achieve 7-day high-precision real-time forecasting of PWV and ZTD with 1 km resolution over the China. Using ERA5 reanalysis data as the initial field, the Pangu-Weather system is utilized to forecast meteorological parameters for the next 7 days, and preliminary PWV and ZTD products (Pangu-PWV, Pangu-ZTD) are obtained through integral calculation. Subsequently, based on GNSS data, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) is employed to establish the mapping relationship between latitude, longitude, digital elevation model (DEM), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), time, and tropospheric parameters. The Pangu products are calibrated to the ground height, generating high-precision PWV and ZTD products with 1 km resolution (MLP-PWV, MLP-ZTD). Accuracy verification results indicate that the RMSE between MLP-PWV and GNSS-PWV is 3.63 mm, and the R² is 0.95. For MLP-ZTD and GNSS-ZTD, the RMSE is 26.55 mm and the R² is 0.99, both demonstrating excellent spatiotemporal consistency. Application analysis using typhoon Doksuri in 2023 as a case study shows that MLP-PWV can accurately depict the spatial distribution of PWV during hazardous weather processes, overcoming the limitation that Pangu-PWV is unable to reliably calculate PWV above the Earth's surface. This study provides reliable data support for real-time monitoring of tropospheric parameters with high spatiotemporal resolution.

天顶总延迟（ZTD）和可降水量（PWV）作为对流层的关键参数，是全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）精确定位、气象监测和灾害预警的核心数据支撑。然而，现有的观测和估算方法普遍存在时空分辨率不足、实时性差、数据盲点等技术瓶颈。针对这一问题，本研究提出了一种基于盘古气象系统的新型检索方法，旨在实现中国上空1 km分辨率的PWV和ZTD的7 d高精度实时预报。以ERA5再分析资料为初始场，利用盘古天气系统预报未来7 d的气象参数，通过积分计算得到盘古PWV和ZTD的初步产品（盘古PWV、盘古ZTD）。随后，基于GNSS数据，利用多层感知器（MLP）建立经纬度、数字高程模型（DEM）、归一化植被指数（NDVI）、时间和对流层参数之间的映射关系。盘古产品经地面高度标定，生成1公里分辨率的高精度PWV和ZTD产品（MLP-PWV, MLP-ZTD）。精度验证结果表明，MLP-PWV与GNSS-PWV的RMSE为3.63 mm， R2为0.95。MLP-ZTD和GNSS-ZTD的均方根误差为26.55 mm， R2为0.99，均具有较好的时空一致性。以2023年台风“Doksuri”为例进行的应用分析表明，MLP-PWV能够准确描述危险天气过程中PWV的空间分布，克服了Pangu-PWV无法可靠计算地表以上PWV的局限性。该研究为高时空分辨率对流层参数的实时监测提供了可靠的数据支持。

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引用次数: 0

Cloud temperature gradient and inversion distribution in Xi’an, China, based on long-sequence radiosonde data 基于长序列探空资料的西安云温梯度与反演分布

IF 4.4 2区地球科学 Q1 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

Atmospheric Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108772

Ning Chen , Qimeng Li , Huige Di , Xiao Cheng , Jiaying Yang , Shuicheng Bai , Mei Cao , Dengxin Hua

Clouds are a critical component of the Earth–atmosphere system, exerting strong influence on climate change and the global water cycle. Temperature is a fundamental parameter governing cloud development and evolution, and its vertical gradient directly shapes the vertical structure of clouds, thereby modulating key cloud physical processes. However, cloud temperature observations remain limited, and previous studies have primarily focused on single-layer clouds (SLC) or a single inversion layer. In this study, ten years of radiosonde data (2014–2023) in Xi’an were used to investigate the occurrence frequency and vertical temperature structure of SLC, double-layer clouds (DLC), and multi-layer clouds (MLC). The results show that the occurrence frequency of SLC tends to decrease over time, while the frequency of DLC and MLC increases year by year in Xi’an. Cloud top heights (CTH) exhibit significant seasonal variations. In SLC, temperature inversions (TI) occur more frequently in the upper cloud during winter and spring and are generally stronger at cloud tops than at cloud bases, with the probability of strong cloud-top TI exceeding that at the cloud base by more than a factor of two. While SLC is dominated by single-layer radiative cooling, TI in DLC and MLC exhibits complex interlayer radiative coupling mechanisms. In DLC and MLC, upper clouds tend to show shallow inversion depths under strong TI, whereas weak TI is associated with deeper inversions. Lower clouds, in contrast, exhibit nearly twice the probability of strong cloud-top TI compared with upper clouds. This pronounced enhancement suggests that radiative forcing from upper clouds plays a key intermediary role in strengthening TI in lower clouds. When temperature gradients are small, however, this enhancement is reduced and inversion development in lower clouds may be suppressed. Overall, these findings clarify the vertical coupling between cloud layers and TI, providing refined insights and valuable observational evidence for future studies on cloud–radiation interactions and cloud physical processes.

云是地球-大气系统的重要组成部分，对气候变化和全球水循环具有重要影响。温度是控制云发展演变的基本参数，其垂直梯度直接决定云的垂直结构，从而调节云的关键物理过程。然而，云温观测仍然有限，以往的研究主要集中在单层云（SLC）或单层逆温层。利用西安市2014-2023年10年探空资料，研究了SLC、双层云（DLC）和多层云（MLC）的出现频率和垂直温度结构。结果表明：西安市SLC的发生频率随时间的推移呈下降趋势，而DLC和MLC的发生频率呈逐年上升趋势；云顶高度（CTH）表现出显著的季节变化。在SLC中，冬季和春季逆温（TI）在上层云中发生的频率更高，并且通常在云顶比在云底更强，云顶逆温（TI）强的概率超过云底的两倍以上。SLC以单层辐射冷却为主，而DLC和MLC中的TI则表现出复杂的层间辐射耦合机制。在DLC和MLC中，在强TI下，上层云呈现出较浅的逆温深度，而弱TI则与较深的逆温相关。相比之下，较低的云表现出强云顶TI的可能性几乎是上层云的两倍。这种明显的增强表明，来自上层云层的辐射强迫在加强下层云层的TI中起着关键的中介作用。然而，当温度梯度较小时，这种增强减弱，低层云层的逆温发展可能受到抑制。总的来说，这些发现阐明了云层与TI之间的垂直耦合，为未来云辐射相互作用和云物理过程的研究提供了精细化的见解和有价值的观测证据。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanism of the quasi-biweekly precipitation variability over the Mongolian Plateau and its simulations in CMIP6 models 蒙古高原准双周降水变率机制及其CMIP6模式模拟

IF 4.4 2区地球科学 Q1 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

Atmospheric Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108767

Yepeng Xiao , Yingxia Gao , Rong Li , Yitian Qian , Xiaodong Liu

The Mongolian Plateau (MP), a typical arid and semi-arid region, hosts fragile ecosystems that are highly sensitive to variations in precipitation. Within a summer season, precipitation in the MP exhibits significant 10–30-day variability, accounting for ∼40% of the total precipitation variability. This study investigates the characteristics of quasi-biweekly precipitation in the MP and evaluates its representation in 20 CMIP6 climate models. Surprisingly, all models underestimate the intensity of the quasi-biweekly precipitation (only 35–80%). Further analysis shows that this deficiency mainly results from the insufficiency of dynamic conditions associated with ascending motion rather than the thermodynamic conditions related to moisture. Diagnosis of the scale-decomposed moisture budget equation reveals that the anomalous water vapor in the MP mostly comes from horizontal moisture advection, in which both anomalous southeasterlies transporting the background moisture and background westerlies transporting the moisture perturbations into the MP play positive roles. CMIP6 models reasonably capture these moisture processes, but they poorly simulate the mid-latitude wave-train system that is critical for generating ascending motion. The pronounced positive vorticity advection observed on the lee-side of the Altai Mountains is not captured in the CMIP6 simulations. Consequently, compared to the ascending motion appearing over the entire MP in the observations, the simulated upward motion is only present in the eastern plateau. The negative biases of the circulation anomalies greatly suppress the quasi-biweekly rainfall intensity, highlighting dynamical deficiencies in current climate models.

蒙古高原是典型的干旱半干旱地区，生态系统脆弱，对降水变化高度敏感。在夏季，中高原的降水表现出显著的10 - 30天变率，占总降水变率的约40%。本文研究了青藏高原准双周降水特征，并对其在20个CMIP6气候模式中的代表性进行了评价。令人惊讶的是，所有模式都低估了准双周降水的强度（只有35-80%）。进一步分析表明，这种不足主要是由于与上升运动有关的动力条件的不足，而不是与湿度有关的热力学条件的不足。对尺度分解水汽平衡方程的诊断表明，高原异常水汽主要来自水平水汽平流，其中输送本底水汽的异常东南风和输送本底水汽扰动的异常西风带都起到了积极作用。CMIP6模式合理地捕获了这些水汽过程，但它们对中纬度波列系统的模拟很差，而中纬度波列系统对产生上升运动至关重要。CMIP6模拟没有捕捉到在阿尔泰山背风侧观测到的明显的正涡度平流。因此，与观测中整个高原出现的上升运动相比，模拟的上升运动只出现在高原东部。环流异常的负偏极大地抑制了准双周降水强度，突出了当前气候模式的动力学缺陷。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation of model performance in simulating extreme precipitation indices over eastern China: A comparison of CORDEX and NEX-GDDP models 模拟中国东部极端降水指数的模式性能评价：CORDEX和NEX-GDDP模式的比较

IF 4.4 2区地球科学 Q1 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

Atmospheric Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108760

Honglin Yu , Shuping Li , Siyi Wang , Wenping He

Coarse-resolution global climate models (GCMs) have limited capability to simulate mean and extreme precipitation over eastern China, thus requiring the use of downscaling techniques to improve model performance. This study evaluates two types of downscaled climate models: regional climate models (RCMs) from the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment Phase II for East Asia (CORDEX), which use a dynamical downscaling approach, and the NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections (NEX-GDDP, NEX), which apply a statistical downscaling method. CORDEX and NEX models are driven by CMIP5 and CMIP6 GCM outputs, respectively. For all precipitation indices (PRCPTOT, R95p, R99p, Rx5day, CWD, and SDII), the CORDEX ensemble mean marginally improves their representation south of 30°N compared to CMIP5. Among the four model groups, NEX models achieve the highest skill in reproducing PRCPTOT over eastern China. However, CORDEX models outperform NEX models in simulating extreme precipitation events, with NEX models systematically underestimating extremes, indicating that dynamical downscaling is generally more effective than statistical downscaling for capturing extreme precipitation. Both CORDEX and NEX models successfully capture the timing and peak of the annual precipitation cycle over eastern China, despite notable inter-model discrepancies. These results provide a comprehensive reference for selecting appropriate models to project mean and extreme precipitation over eastern China.

粗分辨率全球气候模式（GCMs）模拟中国东部平均和极端降水的能力有限，因此需要使用降尺度技术来提高模式的性能。本研究评估了两种类型的降尺度气候模式：采用动态降尺度方法的东亚协调区域降尺度实验第二阶段（CORDEX）的区域气候模式（RCMs），以及采用统计降尺度方法的NASA地球交换全球每日降尺度预估（NEX- gddp， NEX）。CORDEX和NEX模型分别由CMIP5和CMIP6 GCM输出驱动。对于所有降水指数（PRCPTOT、R95p、R99p、Rx5day、CWD和SDII）， CORDEX集合平均在30°N以南的代表性较CMIP5略有提高。在四个模式组中，NEX模式对中国东部地区PRCPTOT的再现能力最高。然而，CORDEX模型在模拟极端降水事件方面优于NEX模型，NEX模型系统地低估了极端事件，这表明在捕获极端降水方面，动态降尺度通常比统计降尺度更有效。CORDEX和NEX模式都成功地捕获了中国东部年降水周期的时间和峰值，尽管模式间存在显著差异。这些结果为选择合适的模式预测中国东部地区的平均和极端降水提供了综合参考。

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引用次数: 0

Unusual tropical cyclone looping tracks associated with monsoon gyre near an isolated high mountain 在一座孤立的高山附近，与季风环流有关的不寻常的热带气旋循环路径

IF 4.4 2区地球科学 Q1 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

Atmospheric Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108761

Weihao Wang , Xuyang Ge , Melinda Peng

The processes on Tropical cyclones' (TCs) looping tracks (LTs) near an isolated terrain are investigated with numerical simulations. The large-scale environmental fields of observed TCs approaching Taiwan Island with and without LTs are compared. LT cases exhibit a monsoon gyre (MG)-like circulation on the southeast side of the TC, in contrast to the non-looping cases. This circulation serves as a key background difference of the two types of TC motions. Idealized simulations show that when a TC approaches the island's topography from the east, the channeling effect enhances the northerly flow, accelerating the TC southward. Meanwhile, the MG is blocked by the topography, preventing it from merging with the TC as it does in the absence of topography, contributing to a separation between their centers. As a result, the westerly flow from the southern flank of MG can subsequently steer the TC. Thereafter, the merger of MG and TC circulation completes the LT. In contrast, a TC in the absence of either an MG or topography only exhibits a southward or northward deflection, without undergoing a LT. This study highlights the interactions among the TC, MG and topography may induce unusual TC tracks.

用数值模拟方法研究了热带气旋在孤立地形附近的环流过程。比较了有LTs和没有LTs的TCs接近台湾岛的大尺度环境场。与非环流的案例相比，LT案例在TC的东南侧表现出季风环流（MG）样环流。这种环流是两种TC运动的关键背景差异。理想模拟结果表明，当热带风暴从东部接近岛屿地形时，通道效应增强了偏北气流，加速了热带风暴向南移动。与此同时，MG被地形阻挡，阻止了它与TC的合并，因为它在没有地形的情况下会这样做，从而导致它们中心之间的分离。因此，来自MG南侧的西风气流随后可以引导TC。此后，MG和TC环流的合并完成了lt。相比之下，没有MG或地形的TC只表现出向南或向北的偏转，而不会发生lt。本研究强调了TC、MG和地形之间的相互作用可能导致异常的TC轨迹。

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引用次数: 0

An overview of spatiotemporal variation, chemical characteristics, source apportionment, and potential influential factors of PM2.5 in coastal regions and at islands of East Asia 东亚沿海和海岛PM2.5时空变化、化学特征、来源分配及潜在影响因素综述

IF 4.4 2区地球科学 Q1 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

Atmospheric Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108759

Po-Hsuan Yen , Wen-Hsi Cheng , Yu-Lun Tseng , Chung-Shin Yuan , Kuo-Cheng Lo , Nian-Jie Li , Jia-Yi Zhao

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the spatiotemporal variation, chemical characteristics, and source identification of PM_2.5 in the coastal and island regions of East Asia. We aimed to comprehensively ascertain the mass concentration and chemical signature of PM_2.5 in these distinctive maritime environments. To begin with, the inter-comparison of PM_2.5's sampling and analytical methods applied by previous researches were extensively employed. The spatial distribution of PM_2.5's mass concentrations and chemical composition were explored throughout the coasts and islands in East Asia. Coastal regions commonly exhibited considerably higher PM_2.5 concentrations (152.40 ± 51.20 μg/m³ in North China to 8.34 ± 4.60 μg/m³ in South Taiwan) than those at the island sites (63.08 ± 39.04 μg/m³ in Bohai Sea to 8.82 ± 4.09 μg/m³ in Western Pacific Ocean) with the distinct chemical fingerprints of PM_2.5 originated from continental and maritime sources, respectively. The source identification of PM_2.5 in the coastal and island regions clarify their distinct chemical characteristics and dominant sources. Coastal regions were predominantly influenced by industrial emissions, vehicular exhausts, and shipping activities, whereas island regions showed greater contributions from long-range transport, oceanic spray, and ship emissions. This article further investigated three major influential factors specifically affecting PM_2.5 levels in coastal regions and at islands of East Asia, including pollution sources, weather patterns, and transporting pathways. The study identified three distinct transport channels, namely the West, East, and South Channels which exhibited markedly different PM_2.5 levels: the West Channel (38.65 ± 17.07 μg/m³), East Channel (11.28 ± 5.11 μg/m³), and South Channel (9.16 ± 2.71 μg/m³). Anthropogenic sources were the major contributors to PM_2.5, while weather patterns and meteorological phenomena also played essential roles in shaping its spatiotemporal variation in East Asia. Moreover, this article further addressed the cluster of transport pathways in assessing three transport channels of PM_2.5. By synthesizing the findings from previous investigations, it provided a comprehensive understanding of PM_2.5 pollution dynamics in the coastal regions and at the islands of East Asia. It underscored the needs for targeting the interventions and pollution control measures to address the diverse sources and the complex atmospheric conditions.

本文综述了东亚沿海和岛屿地区PM2.5的时空变化、化学特征和来源识别。我们的目的是全面确定PM2.5在这些独特的海洋环境中的质量浓度和化学特征。首先，广泛采用了以往研究中PM2.5采样和分析方法的相互比较。研究了东亚沿海岛屿地区PM2.5质量浓度和化学成分的空间分布特征。沿海地区PM2.5浓度（华北152.40±51.20 μg/m3 ~台湾南部8.34±4.60 μg/m3）明显高于海岛地区（渤海63.08±39.04 μg/m3 ~西太平洋8.82±4.09 μg/m3），具有明显的陆源和海源化学指纹图谱。沿海和海岛地区PM2.5的来源识别明确了其独特的化学特征和优势来源。沿海地区主要受工业排放、汽车尾气和航运活动的影响，而岛屿地区则受远程运输、海洋喷雾和船舶排放的影响更大。本文进一步研究了具体影响东亚沿海地区和岛屿PM2.5水平的三个主要影响因素，包括污染源、天气模式和运输途径。研究发现，PM2.5水平存在明显差异的3个通道分别为西、东、南通道，西通道（38.65±17.07 μg/m3）、东通道（11.28±5.11 μg/m3）和南通道（9.16±2.71 μg/m3）。人为来源是东亚地区PM2.5的主要来源，天气模式和气象现象对东亚地区PM2.5的时空变化也有重要影响。此外，本文还在评估PM2.5的三种运输通道时进一步讨论了运输路径集群。通过综合以往调查的结果，该研究对东亚沿海地区和岛屿的PM2.5污染动态有了全面的了解。它强调需要有针对性地采取干预措施和污染控制措施，以处理各种来源和复杂的大气条件。

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引用次数: 0