Atmospheric Research最新文献

{"title":"Study on the contribution of the major desert groups on SDS weather in East Asia combining the model simulation and multiple observations","authors":"Huiqiong Ning ,&nbsp;Hong Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaodong Liu ,&nbsp;Yue Peng ,&nbsp;Wenjie Zhang ,&nbsp;Chen Han ,&nbsp;Yang Zhao ,&nbsp;Ping Wang ,&nbsp;Hailin Gui ,&nbsp;Jikang Wang ,&nbsp;Huizheng Che ,&nbsp;Xiaoye Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sand and Dust Storm (SDS) is an important disastrous weather, and spring 2023 marked the highest frequency of SDSs in the past decade in East Asia. Combining model prediction and multi-source observations, based on the generally good ability of the CMA_Meso/CUACE_SDS model to reproduce the dust emission, transportation paths, development stages, PM₁₀ concentration, and dust vertical distribution, five typical SDS events were selected to study the relative contributions of the major three deserts: Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang deserts to the desert sources, near and far downwind areas including Mongolia, China, Korean Peninsula, and Japan.</div><div>From the perspective of the total accumulated dust emission of the five SDSs in the three primary desert source regions, the Xinjiang desert had the highest emissions of 153.6 Tg, followed by the Mongolian deserts of 81.3 Tg, and the lowest emissions in the Inner Mongolian deserts of 41.4 Tg. However, the contributions of the three deserts to the surface dust concentration were not entirely consistent with their accumulated dust emissions. The sensitive experiments showed Mongolia desert contributes 40.5 %, 34.6 %, 47.0 %, 49.5 %, and 48.4 % of the surface dust concentration in Inner Mongolia deserts, Central China, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei in China, Northeast China, and Yangtze River Delta regions, indicating the first contribution to its near downwind regions in China by cross-boundary transportation; Xinjiang desert is second contributor, with corresponding contribution of 19.0 %, 27.7 %, 31.9 %, 35.3 %, and 42.6 % for the same regions; while the contribution of Inner Mongolia desert to the dust in downwind area was the smallest, contributing less than 25 % to most regions except for its neighboring Central China (37.7 %). The dust concentrations of far downwind regions of the Korean Peninsula and Japan were more influenced by the Xinjiang deserts, which contributed 47.0 % and 51.4 % to these two regions, Mongolia deserts contributed 35.1 % and 34.4 %. In general, the study results showed the significant influence of Mongolia's deserts on the SDS in East Asia in spring 2023.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"317 ","pages":"Article 107967"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhomogeneity of the seasonal distribution of tropical cyclogenesis over the western North Pacific associated with the out-of-phase change in genesis frequency between summer and autumn","authors":"Yuhao Cai ,&nbsp;Song Yang ,&nbsp;Weizhen Chen ,&nbsp;Juying Xu ,&nbsp;Jingzhi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study is focused on the unusual inhomogeneity of the seasonal distribution of genesis frequency of tropical cyclones (TCGF) over the western North Pacific (WNP), which tends to be linked to a significant phase reversal of TCGF anomaly. More active stage of tropical cyclones (TCs) shifting toward summer (autumn) corresponds to a positive (negative) TCGF anomaly in summer followed by a negative (positive) TCGF anomaly in autumn. The seasonal evolutions of middle-level humidity and vertical motions over the WNP are identified as the important factors contributing to the opposite signs of TCGF anomalies. Moist static energy budget analysis suggests that the advection of lower-level specific humidity by anomalous westerlies (northerlies) induces ascending (descending) motions over the WNP in summer (autumn), favoring (inhibiting) TC formation. Apart from the seasonal impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation, the oceanic forcing beyond the tropical Pacific is involved in seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation. Both statistical analysis and numerical experiments show that the anomalous westerlies in summer are simultaneously related to the significant sea surface temperature cooling in the tropical Indian Ocean, while anomalous northerlies in autumn are simultaneously related to the significant cooling in the extratropical Pacific. The results obtained benefit a better understanding and prediction of WNP TC seasonality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 107969"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction for remote estimation of return-stroke peak current using semi-supervised learning","authors":"Jie Li ,&nbsp;Qilin Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingxia Zhang ,&nbsp;Bingzhe Dai ,&nbsp;Yi Liu ,&nbsp;Quanbo Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The return-stroke peak current is an important parameter provided by the lightning location system and plays an important role in atmospheric electricity. In this paper, a new method combining classical estimation methods and semi-supervised learning techniques is proposed for more accurate remote estimation of return-stroke peak currents. The model achieves the prediction of propagation error, and hence the correction of return-stroke peak current estimation, in a large amount of unlabeled data by using the pseudo labels established by the multi-station consistency assumption to train the feature extraction capability, and then fine-tuning the output layer with a small number of 100 (±10) km real electric field strengths as the target. The results show a 22 % improvement in the mean value of the corrected estimated peak current, an improvement in the coefficient of determination from 0.8362 to 0.9178 and a reduction in the root mean square error from 21.51 % to 10.67 % with respect to the peak current calculated using empirical equation derived from rocket-triggered lightning and the electric field at close range. The proposed method is not only applicable to the Chinese region and our network but also can be extended to the global and other networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"317 ","pages":"Article 107968"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of bias correction methods for projecting extreme precipitation and temeprature indices in Pakistan","authors":"Zulfiqar Ali ,&nbsp;Mohd Khairul Idlan Muhammad ,&nbsp;Mansour Almazroui ,&nbsp;Shamsuddin Shahid","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the performance of twelve bias correction (BC) approaches, encompassing machine learning and traditional statistical methods, in reproducing temperature and precipitation extreme indices developed by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) for the period 1975–2014. Among the evaluated methods, power transformation and variance scaling emerged as the most effective techniques for correcting biases in precipitation and temperature extremes. The bias-corrected climate variables were utilized to assess spatiotemporal changes in extreme indices across Pakistan for two future periods. Results demonstrated that the selected methods significantly reduced biases in all climate variables, yielding notably improved precipitation and temperature extreme indices compared to raw GCM outputs. Multimodel ensemble median projections under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) indicated a consistent increase in temperature indices, with the most pronounced changes under SSP585. The mountainous northern region exhibited the highest increases in indices such as TXX (4.5 °C), TNN (&gt;4.5 °C), and Prcptot (80 mm), while the arid western parts showed significant rises in TXX (4.0 °C), TNN (&gt;4.5 °C), TR (80 days), and SU (60 days) in the late future. In the southern region, notable increases in RX1day (15 mm), CDD (20 days), and Prcptot (80 mm) were observed under SSP585. These findings highlight that mountainous northern and western arid areas will face heightened risks of extreme temperature events, while southern regions will be increasingly exposed to extreme precipitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 107957"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143228018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particulate-bound PAHs, nitro and oxy-PAHs from small scale boilers fueled with non-woody biomass","authors":"Esperanza Monedero ,&nbsp;Rocío Collado ,&nbsp;Florentina Villanueva ,&nbsp;Elena Borjabad ,&nbsp;Raquel Ramos ,&nbsp;Juan José Hernandez","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives (oxy-PAHs and nitro-PAHs) are released during the biomass combustion process, both in the exhaust gas and bound to the particulate matter (PM). The composition of PAHs, including the number of carbon atoms and their molecular weight, is directly related to their toxicity. The aim of this work was to determine the PM-bound emission of the 16 EPA priority PAHs and some of their nitrated and oxygenated derivatives from the combustion of exhausted olive cake (EOC) and almond shell (AS) in a domestic boiler at two loads, nominal (55 kW) and partial (24 kW). In addition, pine pellet (P) was investigated as a reference fuel. Total PAHs emissions ranged from 1.7 to 8.4 μg/kg and from 5.7 to 357.8 μg/kg at nominal and partial load, respectively. While AS was the most PAHs-forming fuel at nominal load, EOC caused the highest emission at low load. The influence of the boiler load was quite relevant regarding the molecular weight of PAHs bound to PM. At nominal load, EOC and AS were dominated by low molecular weight compounds (LMW) and high molecular weight compounds (HHW), respectively, while at partial load medium molecular weight (MMW) PAHs gained importance for AS (59 %) and EOC PM were clearly dominated by high molecular weight PAHs (99 %). The higher unburned matter at partial load led to higher oxy and nitro-PAHs concentrations for the three biomass fuels, being in all cases 3 to 4 orders of magnitude lower than their derivative PAHs. EOC at partial load presented the highest value of <em>KE</em>_<em>sum</em> and therefore its use in a modular boiler is less recommended from the health risk point of view.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 107954"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143143979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of cloud presence on sky radiances and the retrieval of aerosol properties","authors":"Sara Herrero-Anta ,&nbsp;Roberto Román ,&nbsp;Daniel González-Fernández ,&nbsp;Claudia Emde ,&nbsp;David Mateos ,&nbsp;Celia Herrero del Barrio ,&nbsp;Ramiro González ,&nbsp;Oleg Dubovik ,&nbsp;Carlos Toledano ,&nbsp;Abel Calle ,&nbsp;Victoria E. Cachorro ,&nbsp;Bernhard Mayer ,&nbsp;Ángel M. de Frutos","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107938","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107938","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores the influence of the presence of clouds on sky radiances. It also analyses their impact on the retrieval of aerosol properties when using an inversion algorithm whose radiative transfer model (RTM) is designed for cloud-free atmospheres. For that, synthetic observations are simulated for 9 partially cloudy skies and for their equivalent cloud-free skies, considering 16 different aerosol scenarios. A parameter named cloud enhancement factor (CEF) has been used to determine the modifications induced in the sky radiances by each partially cloudy scenario with respect to the cloud-free sky. This parameter indicates that the sky radiances remaining after applying a cloud-screening are affected by the presence of clouds. In general, they show enhancements between 0 and 20 % with respect to the cloud-free radiances, depending on the cloudy conditions and the scattering angle. The synthetic observations used as input for the retrieval of aerosol properties are the ones required by the inversion strategy used, GRASP<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mi>pac</mi></msub></math></span>: the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and sky radiances at 4 different wavelengths together with the ceilometer range corrected signal (RCS). In partially cloudy scenarios with low CEFs, the aerosol properties do not present significant changes with respect to the cloud-free conditions. However, for partially cloudy scenarios with higher CEFs, a clear differentiation between the aerosol optical properties retrieved with and without clouds is observed. In these scenarios, the precision of the retrieval is similar for both conditions, but the accuracy is lower for the cloudy conditions. In particular, under partially cloudy conditions, it is observed an overestimation of the real refractive index (RRI) and the single scattering albedo (SSA) between 0.05 and 0.06 and between 0.03 and 0.06 respectively, and an underestimation of the asymmetry factor (g) and the imaginary refractive index (IRI) of about −0.02 and − 0.005, respectively. These values slightly vary with the aerosol load and wavelength for the RRI and SSA. The effects on the size distribution parameters are very small, concluding that the impact of clouds is noticeable in the optical properties but not so much in the microphysical part.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"317 ","pages":"Article 107938"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decrease in urban-rural differences of nighttime humid heatwaves in the Yangtze River Delta, China","authors":"Wenqing Zhou ,&nbsp;Liping Zhang ,&nbsp;Qin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yi Li ,&nbsp;Gangsheng Wang ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Tang ,&nbsp;Xiao Li ,&nbsp;Zhengfeng Bao ,&nbsp;Hui Cao ,&nbsp;Benjun Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under the combined influence of climate change and human activities, heatwaves have become more frequent and intense globally. Nighttime humid heatwaves (HHWs), frequently occurring in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), pose greater risks to human health than daytime or dry heatwaves due to reduced relief from daytime heat and difficulty in heat dissipation under hot and humid environment. However, few studies focus on nighttime humid heatwave and the impact of urbanization on it also lacks. This study analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution of nighttime HHWs and evaluate the urban-rural differences in HHWs based on data from 58 meteorological stations across the YRD. The results show that nighttime HHWs became more durable, severe and frequent during 1985–2017. During the rapid urbanization phase of the YRD (2003–2017), while urban regions suffered more severe nighttime HHWs than rural areas, the differences in HHWs between the two decreased over time, as a result of the diminishing urban heat island effect, the differences in climatic characteristic as well as changes in land use and land cover. This study provides insights to evaluate the risk of nighttime HHWs in the YRD and scientific support for urban planning and climate change mitigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 107956"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143228019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of hourly summer precipitation products over the Tibetan Plateau: A comparative analysis of IMERG, CMORPH, and TPHiPr","authors":"Jingjing Jia ,&nbsp;Yongli He ,&nbsp;Boyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Zixin Huo ,&nbsp;Zhen Tang ,&nbsp;Shanshan Wang ,&nbsp;Haipeng Yu ,&nbsp;Xiaodan Guan","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107955","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107955","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays a crucial role in regional and global climate dynamics, making accurate precipitation data essential for meteorological studies. However, owing to the complex terrain and sparse observations, precipitation data are inadequate, particularly at the hourly scale, which hinders precise climate modeling and forecasting. To address this, we evaluate three precipitation products—IMERG, CMORPH, and TPHiPr—against observations from 84 rain gauges during summer from 2007 to 2018. Using traditional evaluation metrics and event-based error decomposition, we quantify each error component's contribution to the total bias. Our results show that at the hourly scale, IMERG outperforms CMORPH and TPHiPr, exhibiting the highest correlation with rain gauge data (CC = 0.43) and strong detection ability (POD = 0.58), although TPHiPr performs better at the daily scale. IMERG and CMORPH capture the diurnal cycle of precipitation frequency, but all three products significantly overestimate the precipitation frequency at noon. Additionally, all datasets tend to overestimate light rain and underestimate heavy rain, although IMERG and CMORPH demonstrate stronger detection of heavy rain (&gt;2.6 mm/h) than light rain (0.1–0.2 mm/h). Notably, IMERG tends to detect precipitation events that start and end earlier than observed, with errors in the 0.1–0.2 mm/h intensity range contributing 31.8 % to the total bias. While IMERG performs better than CMORPH and TPHiPr at the hourly scale over the TP, challenges remain in detecting weak precipitation. By highlighting the limitations and strengths of these products, our study provides valuable insights to improve satellite-based precipitation estimates and support better climate modeling and forecasting in this vital region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 107955"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multiscale analysis of the Dolores, Uruguay, tornadoes of 6 December 2012 and 15 April 2016","authors":"Maurício I. Oliveira ,&nbsp;Murilo M. Lopes ,&nbsp;Vitor Goede ,&nbsp;Marcelo Barreiro ,&nbsp;Paola M. Salio ,&nbsp;Eliton L. Figueiredo ,&nbsp;Ming Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On 15 April 2016, a destructive tornado impacted the town of Dolores, in the Department of Soriano, southwestern Uruguay (SWUY), resulting in one of the most damaging, single-event weather disasters in Uruguay's history. Remarkably, another strong tornado hit Dolores less than four years earlier on 6 December 2012, causing damage in the south portion of the town. This study investigates the Dolores tornado cases in order to document and compare them, with emphasis on the synoptic- and mesoscale environments that led to the two events. It is shown that both tornadoes occurred far downstream of upper-level troughs, under strong mid- and high-level northwesterly winds, and in warm sectors north of warm fronts in southern Uruguay. Key to the development of the tornadic storms was the presence of northwesterly low-level jets that were instrumental in building up conditional instability and low-level shear for tornadic supercells. Based on the the presence of enhanced lines of cumulus clouds noted on visible satellite imagery, it is speculated that local breeze circulations at the northern edge of the Parana river delta or outflow boundaries may have played a role in fostering storm initiation near the Argentina-Uruguay border, although the available data is insufficient to allow for in-depth analyses of these features. Reanalysis-derived soundings reveal that, upon formation, the storms developed in environments characterized by robust conditional instability, deep-layer shear, low-level helicity, low lifting condensation levels, and weak-to-modest convective inhibition, all ingredients favorable for supercell tornado development. This study stresses the need for more research addressing tornadoes in Uruguay and proposes some avenues for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 107947"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial interactions and potential ecological implications in rain and snow: Novel insights from a semi-humid city in Northwest China","authors":"Gaoshan Zhang ,&nbsp;Tantan Tan ,&nbsp;Ke Lu ,&nbsp;Yanpeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Live microorganisms dispersed through rain and snow can significantly impact urban environments, ecology and agricultural safety. The understanding of microbial interactions and ecological roles in rain and snow still remains unclear. In this study, samples from total 58 rain and snow events were collected in Xi'an, China, followed by determining the concentration, activity, and community structure of microbes. Co-occurrence networks were used to reveal interactions between microorganisms, and the functional genes within bacterial and fungal communities were also predicted. Results suggested a global trend of decreasing microbial concentrations in rain or snow with increasing latitude, while Xi'an shows a moderate level in comparison. The seasonal pattern of microbial concentration was opposite to that of activity and was significantly influenced by meteorological events. The predominant bacterial phyla were <em>Proteobacteria</em> (64.01 %), <em>Bacteroidota</em> (14.87 %), <em>Actinobacteriota</em> (4.50 %), while the dominant fungal phyla were <em>Ascomycota</em> (48.16 %) and <em>Basidiomycota</em> (44.40 %) in rain and snow. At the genus level, the relative abundance of dominant microbes in rain and snow was significantly correlated with the concentration of water-soluble inorganic ions. Additionally, the microbial profiles in rain exhibited significant differences between conditions with and without dust influence. Co-occurrence networks of microbes were complex, with cooperative relationships predominating. Furthermore, functional genes analysis indicated that metabolic pathways dominated bacterial communities, while plant pathogens and parasites comprised 50 % of the fungi across all seasons. These results may not only enrich our understanding of microbial seasonal dynamics in rain and snow but also highlight critical pathways through which microorganisms potentially affect ecological resilience and agricultural productivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 107953"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}